Exam 3 Vocab (11&5) Flashcards
1
Q
an early method of steel manufacturing in which air was blown into a vessel of molten iron to burn out impurities.
A
Bessemer process:
2
Q
Iron with a controlled amount of carbon, generally less than 2 percent.
A
Steel:
3
Q
Iron with too high a carbon content to be classified as steel.
A
Cast iron:
4
Q
A form of iron that is soft, tough, and fibrous in structure, containing about 0.1 percent carbon and 1-2 percent slag.
A
Wrought iron:
5
Q
Any iron-based metal. Steel unprotected from corrosion by either galvanizing or alloying.
A
Ferrous metal:
6
Q
The mineral waste that rises to the top of molten iron or steel or to the top of a weld.
A
Slag:
7
Q
A steel-making process in which a stream of pure oxygen is introduced into a batch of molten iron so as to remove excess carbon and other impurities.
A
Basic oxygen process:
8
Q
A rectangular solid of steel formed from an ingot as an intermediate step in creating rolled steel structural shapes.
A
Bloom:
9
Q
A bolt designed to connect steel members by clamping them together with sufficient force that the load is transferred between them by friction.
A
High-strength bolt:
10
Q
A steel alloy that forms a self-protecting rust layer when exposed to the atmosphere.
A
Weathering steel:
11
Q
A silver-colored steel alloy with superior corrosion resistance due principally to high chromium and nickel content.
A
Stainless steel:
12
Q
The rapid cooling of metal so as to alter its physical properties; a form of heat treatment.
A
Quenching:
13
Q
Controlled heating and cooling of a material to alter its mechanical properties; a form of heat treatment.
A
Tempering:
14
Q
The portion of a steel mill that rolls structural shapes.
A
Structural mill:
15
Q
Any of a wide range of structural steel components rolled in the shape of the letter I or H.
A
Wide-flange shape:
16
Q
Obsolete term; an American Standard section of hot-rolled steel, an archaic structural steel shape. (This term should not be applied to modern wide flange steel sections.)
A
I-beam:
17
Q
A structural section of steel, aluminum, or other material whose profile resembles the letter I.
A
Angle:
18
Q
A flat steel plate used to connect the members of a truss; a stiffener plate.
A
Gusset plate:
19
Q
A steel or aluminum section shaped like a rectangular box with one side missing.
A
Channel:
20
Q
Steel formed at a temperature at which it is no longer plastic, as by rolling or forging at room temperature.
A
Cold-formed steel:
21
Q
Hollow steel cylindrical or rectangular shapes used as structural members; also called structural tubing
A
Hollow structural section (HSS):
22
Q
A lightweight, prefabricated, welded steel truss used at closely spaced intervals to support floor or roof decking.
A
Open-web steel joist:
23
Q
A light steel truss used to support open-web steel joists.
A
Joist girder:
24
Q
In structural steel construction, an archaic fastener, in which a second head is formed after the fastener is in place; a threadless fastener used in sheet metal work.
A
Rivet:
25
A relatively low-strength bolt most often used for fastening minor steel framing elements or temporary connections.
The contacting surfaces of steel members joined with a slip-critical connection.
Carbon steel bolt:
Faying surface:
26
Chafing or tearing of one material against another under extreme pressure.
A device for tightening bolts and nuts by means of rapidly repeated torque impulses produced by electrical or pneumatic energy.
Galling:
Impact wrench:
27
A method of achieving the correct tightness in a highstrength bolt by first tightening the nut snugly, then turning it a specified additional fraction of a turn.
Turn-of-mut method:
28
A disk placed under the head or nut of a high-strength bolt to indicate sufficient tensioning of the bolt by means of the deformation of ridges on the surface of the disk; also called a direct tension indicator washer.
Load indicator washer:
29
A bolt tightened by means of a splined end that breaks off when the bolt shank has reached the required tension.
Tension control bolt:
30
A boltlike device that is passed through holes in structural steel components, held in very high tension, and closed with a steel ring that is squeezed onto its protruding shank.
Lockpin and collar fastener:
31
A consumable steel wire or rod used to maintain an arc and furnish additional weld metal in electric arc welding.
Electrode:
32
A small rectangular strip of steel applied beneath a joint to provide a solid base for beginning a weld between two steel structural members.
Backup bar:
33
One of a pair of small rectangular steel bars attached temporarily at the end of a prepared groove for the purpose of permitting the groove to be filled to its very end with weld metal.
Runoff bar:
34
A structural steel connection weld, essential to the stability of the structure during a seismic event and subject to special quality control and inspection procedures during construction.
Demand-critical weld
35
A connection designed to resist only the tendency of one member to slide past the other, and not, as in a moment connection, to resist any tendency of the members to rotate with respect to one another; in steel frame construction, a simple connection.
Shear connection:
36
A deformation in which planes of material slide with respect to one another.
Shear:
37
The combination of tension and compression forces that cause a beam or other structural member to bend.
Bending moment:
38
A shear connection between steel members made by means of steel angles or plates connecting to the web of the beam or girder.
Framed connection:
39
A connection between two structural members that is resistant to rotation between the members and therefore capable of transmitting bending moments between the connected members, as differentiated from a shear connection, which allows (slight) rotation. See also Fully restrained moment connection, Partially restrained moment connection, and Simple connection.
Moment connection:
40
A steel plate attached to a structural member to support it against heavy localized loading or stresses.
Stiffener plate:
41
A structural building frame strengthened against lateral forces with diagonal members.
Braced frame:
42
Diagonal members, either temporary or permanent, installed to stabilize a structure against lateral loads.
Bracing:
43
The addition of energy-absorbing components into a structural building frame, to reduce lateral deflections and lessen the stresses imparted into the frame when subjected to high wind or seismic forces.
Damping:
44
A stiff wall that imparts lateral force resistance to a building frame.
Shear wall:
45
A structural building frame that is strengthened to resist lateral forces with moment connections between beams and columns.
Moment-resisting frame:
46
A steel frame connection with no useable resistance to rotation.
Simple connection:
47
A connection in which a steel beam rests on top of a steel angle or tee that is fastened to a column or girder.
Seated connection:
48
The company that prepares structural steel members for erection; any entity that assembles building components prior to arrival of the components on the construction site.
Fabricator:
49
Detailed drawings prepared by a fabricator to guide the shop production of such building components as cut stonework, steel or precast concrete framing, curtain wall panels, and cabinetwork.
Shop drawings:
50
A slight, intentional curvature in a beam or slab.
Camber:
51
The subcontractor who raises, connects, and plumbs up a building frame from fabricated steel or precast concrete components.
Erector:
52
A skilled laborer who erects steel building frames or places reinforcing bars in concrete construction.
Ironworker:
53
The portion of a multistory steel building frame supported by one set of fabricated column pieces, commonly two stories in height.
Tier:
54
A steel plate inserted between a column and a foundation to spread the concentrated load of the column across a larger area of the foundation.
Baseplate:
55
A steel plate placed in grout on top of a concrete foundation to create a level bearing surface for the lower end of a steel column.
Leveling plate:
56
A high-slump mixture of Portland cement, aggregates, and water, which can be poured or pumped into cavities in concrete or masonry for the purpose of embedding reinforcing bars and/ or increasing the amount of loadbearing material in a wall; a specially formulated mortarlike material for filling under steel baseplates and around connections in precast concrete framing; a mortar used to fill joints between ceramic tiles or quarry tiles.
Grout:
57
The process of making a steel building frame vertical and square.
Plumbing up:
58
A heavy-duty lifting device that uses a tower-mounted boom that may rotate in any vertical plane as well as in a horizontal plane.
Luffing-boom crane:
59
A heavy-duty lifting device that uses a tower-mounted horizontal boom that may rotate only in a horizontal plane.
Hammerhead boom crane:
60
A rope attached to a building component to help guide it as it is lifted by a crane or derrick.
Tagline:
61
A tapered steel rod used to align bolt holes in steel connections during erection.
Drift pin:
62
Corrugated metal sheets used as the structural base for floors (“sloor decking") and roofs (“roof decking") in steel frame construction. See also Cellular decking and Composite metal decking.
Metal decking:
63
Thin, corrugated steel sheets that serve as permanent formwork for a reinforced concrete deck.
Form deck:
64
Panels made of steel sheets corrugated and welded together in such a way that hollow longitudinal cells are created within the panels.
Cellular decking:
65
Metal decking with slotted perforations designed to allow excess moisture in the concrete cast onto the deck to evaporate downward through the decking.
Vented metal decking:
66
Corrugated steel decking manufactured in such a way that it bonds securely to the concrete fill to form a reinforced concrete deck.
Composite metal decking:
67
A piece of steel welded to the top of a steel beam or girder so as to become embedded in the concrete fill over the beam and cause the beam and the concrete to act as a single structural unit.
Shear stud:
68
A very small roof framing member that spans between joists or purlins. 4
Subpurlin:
69
A horizontal beam that supports wall cladding between columns.
Girt:
70
Structural steel intended to be left exposed in the finished building and fabricated and installed to a higher quality standard.
Architecturally exposed structural steel (AESS):
71
Material used around steel or concrete structural elements to insulate them against excessive temperatures in case of fire.
Fireproofing:
72
Fibrous or cementitious insulation applied to steel or concrete with a sprayer to provide protection against the heat of fire.
Spray-applied fire-resistive material (SFRM):
73
A paint or mastic that expands to form a stable, insulating char when exposed to fire.
Intumescent coating:
74
A steel wide-flange section whose web has been cut along a zigzag path and reassembled by welding in such a way as to create a deeper section.
Castellated beam:
75
A large beam made up of steel plates, sometimes in combination with steel angles, that are welded, bolted, or riveted together.
Plate girder:
76
A top or bottom member of a truss.
Chord:
77
A steel framing system in which story-high trusses, staggered one-half bay from one story to the next, support floor decks on both their top and bottom chords.
Staggered truss system:
78
A truss that spans with two-way action.
Space truss, space frame:
79
A structural device that supports a vertical load by translating it into axial inclined forces at its supports.
Arch:
80
Saddle-shaped or having curvature in two opposing directions.
Anticlastic:
81
A low-slump concrete mixture that is deposited by being blown from a nozzle at high speed with a stream of compressed air; pneumatically placed Concrète.
Shotcrete:
82
A structure, usually long span, with a fabric roof supported by a higher air pressure inside the structure relative to outside the structure.
Air-supported structure:
83
Concrete that has been pretensioned or posttensioned.
Prestressed concrete:
84
Applying an initial compressive stress to a concrete structural member, either by pretensioning or postlemsioning.
Prestressing:
85
A wooden building frame composed of closely spaced members nominally 2 inches (50 mm) thick, in which the wall members are single pieces that run from the top of the foundation to the underside of the roof framing.
Balloon frame:
86
One of an array of small, closely spaced, parallel wall framing members; a heavy steel pin.
Stud:
87
A framing member that runs up and down the slope of a steep roof.
Rafter:
88
Wood or other material used to partition concealed spaces within combustible framing; intended to restrict the spread of fire within such spaces.
Fireblocking:
89
A wooden building frame composed of closely spaced members nominally 2 inches (51 mm) thick in which the wall members do not run past the floor framing members.
Platform frame:
90
The rough covering applied to the outside of the roof, wall, or floor framing of a structure.
Sheathing:
91
A wooden joist running perpendicular to the primary direction of the joists in a floor and closing off the floor platform at the outside face of the building. Also called a rim joist.
Band joist:
92
The loadbearing beneath a finish floor.
Subfloor:
93
The horizontal piece of dimension lumber at the bottom of the studs in a wall in a light frame building; also called a bottom plate.
Sole plate:
94
The horizontal member at the top of the studs in a wall in a light frame building.
Top plate:
95
A nonstructural framing member against which the upper ends of rafters are fastened.
Ridge board:
96
The horizontal bottom portion of a window or door; the exterior surface, usually sloped to shed water, below the bottom of a window or door.
Sill:
97
A shortened stud that carries a header above a wall opening; also called a trimmer stud.
Trimmer stud:
98
A shortened stud that carries a header above a wall opening; also called a trimmer stud.
Jack stud:
99
Boards mounted on stakes outside the excavation area of a building, used to preserve locations for string lines marking the corners of the building foundation.
Batter board:
100
A diagram showing the arrangement and sizes of the structural members in a floor or roof.
Framing carpentry, as distinguished from finish carpentry.
Framing plan:
Rough carpentry:
101
A compressible material placed between a foundation and a wood sill plate to reduce air infiltration between the outdoors and indoors.
Sill seal:
102
A metal flashing placed on top of a concrete foundation to prevent termites from traveling undetected from the ground into the superstructure.
Termite shield:
103
Bracing or blocking installed between steel or wood joists at intermediate points to stabilize the joists against buckling and, in some cases, to permit adjacent joists to share loads.
Bridging:
104
A full-length stud nailed alongside a jack stud.
| A wood wall framing member that is shorter than full-length studs because it is interrupted by a header or sill.
King stud:
Cripple stud:
105
A force acting generally in a horizontal direction, such as wind, earthquake, or soil pressure against a foundation wall.
Lateral force:
106
Forcing out of plumb.
Wracking:
107
A stiff wall that imparts lateral force resistance to a building frame.
Shear wall:
108
A structural building frame strengthened against lateral forces with diagonal members.
Braced frame:
109
A framing component that transfers lateral forces into parts of the structure designed to resist those forces.
Collector:
110
A framing member or component acting as a collector to transfer lateral forces within the building frame; also called a drag tie.
Drag strut:
111
Short lengths of framing lumber, inserted under points of concentrated load to prevent overloading of I-joist framing members.
Squash block:
112
One of a parallel array of light, closely spaced beams used to support a floor deck (floor joist) or low-slope roof (ceiling joist).
Joist:
113
A structural beam supporting the upper ends of rafters in a sloped roof, required where the rafters are not tied at their lower ends.
Ridge beam:
114
The slope of a roof or other plane, often expressed as inches of rise per foot of run; a dark, viscous hydrocarbon distilled from coal tar; a viscous resin found in wood.
Pitch:
115
A difference in elevation, such as the rise of a stair from one floor to the next or the rise per foot of run in a sloping roof.
Rise:
116
Horizontal dimension in a stair or sloping roof.
Run:
117
An L-shaped measuring tool used by carpenters to lay out right angle cuts as well as more complicated cuts, such as those required for stairs and sloping roof rafters.
Framing square:
118
A trough formed by the intersection of two roof slopes.
Valley:
119
A roof rafter at the intersection of two sloping roof planes. See also Common rafter.
Hip rafter:
120
A diagonal rafter that supports a valley.
Valley rafter:
121
A wood rafter cut to size and shape and then used to trace cuts onto additional wood members so as to assure consistent dimensions among all rafters.
Pattern rafter:
122
A structure protruding through the plane of a sloping roof, usually containing a window and having its own smaller roof.
Dormer:
123
A roof rafter that runs parallel to the main slope of the roof. See also Hip rafter.
Common rafter:
124
A nonstructural framing member against which the upper ends of rafters are fastened.
Ridge board:
125
A piece of wood nailed across two opposing rafters near the ridge to resist wind uplift.
Collar tie:
126
An angled notch cut into a rafter to allow the rafter to seat securely on the top plate of a wall.
Birdsmouth cut:
127
The exposed vertical face of an eave.
Fascia:
128
The sloping edge of a steep roof.
Rake:
129
A saw cut that produces a vertical (plumb) surface in a sloping rafter after the rafter is in its final position.
Plumb cut:
130
A saw cut that produces a level surface in a sloping rafter when the rafter is in its final position.
Level cut:
131
A short rafter, running perpendicular to the other rafters in the roof, which supports a rake overhang.
Lookout:
132
A rafter in a rake overhang.
Fly Rafter:
133
A wood light framing system that minimizes redundant framing members, reducing the amount of lumber required and increasing the thermal efficiency of the insulated frame.
Advanced framing techniques:
