Exam 1 Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
Providing for the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to provide for their needs. Providing healthy, resource-conserving, and energy efficient buildings.
A
Sustainability:
2
Q
Information or certifications used to describe the composition, environmental performance, or life-cycle impacts of a construction material or product.
A
Environmental labels:
3
Q
A material or product’s life-cycle contribution to global warming, caused by greenhouse gas emissions.
A
Global warming potential:
4
Q
A comprehensive method of describing the environmental impacts of a material or product, accounting for all phases of its life from original resource extraction through final disposal or recycling. 2 names.
A
Life-cycle analysis (LCA), Cradle-to-grave analysis:
5
Q
The total energy consumption associated with a material or product throughout its life cycle.
A
Embodied energy:
6
Q
A life-cycle analysis extending from original resource extraction only so far as when the material or product leaves its place of manufacture.
A
Cradle-to-gate analysis:
7
Q
The total freshwater consumption associated with a material or product throughout its life cycle.
A
Embodied water:
8
Q
The total carbon emissions associated with a material or product throughout its life cycle.
A
Embodied carbon:
9
Q
The written portion of the construction documents, concerning the quality of materials and execution of construction procedures required for a building.
A
Specifications:
10
Q
The graphic construction drawings and written specifications to which a building is constructed.
A
Construction documents:
11
Q
A law that specifies how land within a jurisdiction may be used.
A
Zoning ordinance:
12
Q
A set of regulations intended to ensure a minimum standard of health and safety
in buildings.
A
Building code:
13
Q
A code that is offered by a recognized national organization as worthy of adoption by state or local governments.
A
Model building code:
14
Q
The predominant Canadian model building code.
A
National Building Code of Canada:
15
Q
The predominant U.S. model building codes.
A
International Building Code (IBC):
16
Q
In the International Building Code, a definition of the types of activities that occur within the building or a part of the building, relating to considerations of life safety.
A
Occupancy:
17
Q
In the International Building Code, any of five major systems of building construction that are differentiated by their relative resistance to fire.
A
Construction type:
18
Q
The time, in minutes or hours, that a material or assembly will resist fire exposure as determined by ASTM E119.
A
Fire resistance rating:
19
Q
A wall that carries structural loads from floors, roofs, or walls above.
A
Bearing wall:
20
Q
An interior nonloadbearing wall.
A
Nonbearing wall, partition:
21
Q
A type of wood construction made from large wood members and solid timber decking in a post-and-beam configuration; in the International Building Code, buildings of Type IV HT construction, consisting of heavy timber interior construction and noncombustible exterior walls, which are considered to have moderate fire-resistive properties.
A
Heavy Timber construction:
22
Q
See International Building Code.
A
International Residential Code (IRC):
23
Q
A federal regulation establishing equal access for persons with disabilities to public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation facilities.
A
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA):
24
Q
A set of regulations or technical standards ensuring that buildings are accessible and usable by physically handicapped members of the population.
A
Access standard:
25
An organization that promulgates standards for testing, materials, and methods of building construction.
ASTM International: (American Society for Testing and Materials)
26
An organization that fosters the establishment of voluntary industrial standards.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI):
27
The trademarked title of a uniform indexing system for construction specifications, created by the Construction Specifications Institute and Construction Specifications Canada.
Master Format:
28
The trademarked name for a system of organizing building information based on functional relationships.
UniFormat:
29
The trademarked name for a system of describing building information encompassing a broad range of possible organizing criteria.
OmniClass Construction Classification System:
30
A method of providing design and construction services in which the design and construction phases of the project are provided by different entities, usually used in combination with sequential construction.
Design / bid / build:
31
A construction entity with responsibility for the overall conduct of a construction project.
General contractor:
32
A contractor who specializes in one area of construction activity and who works under a general CO2 tractor.
Subcontractor:
33
A method of providing design and construction services in which the design and construction phases of the project are provided by a single entity; frequently used in combination with fast track construction.
Design / build:
34
An entity that assists the owner in the procurement of construction services.
Construction manager:
35
A method of providing design and construction services in which each major phase of design and construction is completed before the next phase is begun.
Sequential construction:
36
A method of providing design and construction services in which design and construction overlap in time; (2 names)
Phased construction, fast track construction:
37
A graphic representation of a construction schedule, using a series of horizontal bars representing the duration of various tasks or groups of tasks that make up the project.
Gantt chart, bar chart:
38
The sequence of tasks that determines the least amount of time in which a construction project can be completed.
Critical path:
39
A small platform suspended on ropes from a steel building frame to permit ironworkers to work on a connection; a trowel with a slightly rough surface used in an intermediate stage of finishing a concrete slab; as a verb, to use a float for finishing concrete.
Float:
40
The sequence of tasks that determines the least amount of time in which a construction project can be completed.
Critical path method:
41
Methods of construction and its management that emphasize efficiency, elimination of waste, and continuous improvement in quality.
Lean construction:
42
The digital, three-dimensional modeling of building systems, with the linking of model components to a database of properties and relationships.
Building information modeling (BIM):
43
The digital two-dimensional representation of building systems.
Computer-aided design (CAD):
44
The portion of a building that transmits structural loads from the building into the earth.
Foundation:
45
Permanent loads on a building, including the weight of the building itself and any permanently attached equipment.
Dead load:
46
Nonpermanent loads on a building caused by the weights of people, furnishings, machines, vehicles, and goods in or on the building.
Live load:
47
A force on a building caused by wind pressure and/or suction.
Wind load:
48
A force on a structure caused by movement of the earth relative to the structure
during an earthquake.
Seismic load:
49
Subsidence of the various foundation elements of a building at the same rate, resulting in no distress to the structure of the building.
Uniform settlement:
50
A curtain wall system consisting of prefabricated panel units secured with site-applied mullions.
Unit-and-mullion system:
51
Subsidence of the various foundation elements of a building at differing rates.
Differential settlement:
52
Rock or soil.
Earth material:
53
A solid stratum of rock.
Bedrock:
54
Any particulate earth material, excluding rock.
Soil:
55
A fine-grained soil with plate-shaped particles, typically less than 0.0002 inch (0.005 mm) in size, whose properties are significantly influenced by the structural arrangements of the particles and the electrostatic forces acting between them.
Clay:
56
Soil with particles 0.003 inch (0.075 mm) or less in size; silts and clays.
Soil containing decayed vegetable and/or animal matter; topsoil.
Fine-grained soil:
| Organic soil:
57
A soil, such as sand or gravel, that relies primarily on friction rather than attractive or repulsive forces between particles for its strength; (2 names)
Frictional soil, cohesionless soil:
58
A phenomenon in which a water-saturated soil loses most of its strength under the influence of sudden, large variations in loading such as can occur during an earthquake.
Soil liquefaction:
59
A soil such as clay whose particles are able to adhere to one another by means of cohesive and adhesive forces.
Cohesive soil:
60
The moisture content at which a soil arrives at a flowable consistency; a relative indication of soil cohesiveness.
Liquid Limit:
61
A clay soil that expands significantly with increased moisture content.
Expansive Soil:
62
Coarse-grained soil with a full range of particle sizes (2 names)
Well graded soil: and poorly sorted soil
63
A special instance of a poorly graded soil in which the soil particles are mostly of one size.
Uniformly graded soil:
64
A soil graded so as to contain a broad range of particle sizes, but with certain sizes omitted.
Gap graded soil:
65
Crushed stone or gravel backfill materials with good drainage characteristics, placed around a foundation to facilitate drainage.
Drainage fill:
66
The level at which the pressure of water in the soil is equal to the atmospheric pressure; effectively, the level to which groundwater will fill an excavation; a wood molding or shaped brick used to make a transition between a thicker foundation and the wall above.
Water table:
67
The steepest angle at which an excavation may be sloped so that the soil will not slide back into the hole. (2 names)
Maximum allowable slope, angle of repose:
68
Temporary vertical or sloping supports of steel or timber.
Shoring:
69
Planks placed between soldier beams to retain earth around an excavation.
Lagging:
70
A low-slump concrete mixture that is deposited by being blown from a nozzle at high speed with a stream of compressed air; pneumatically placed Concrète.
Pneumatically applied concrete, shotcrete:
71
A watery mixture of insoluble materials with a high concentration of suspended solids.
Slurry:
72
Horizontal compression members running from one side of an excavation to the other, used to support sheeting.
Crosslot bracing:
73
A horizontal beam used to support sheeting or concrete formwork.
Waler:
74
A sloping brace for supporting sheeting around an excavation.
Raker:
75
A tie, one end of which is anchored in the ground, with the other end used to support
sheeting around an excavation.
Tieback:
76
A posttensioned rod or cable inserted into a rock formation for the purpose of tying it together.
Rock anchor:
77
The extraction of water from an excavation or its surrounding soil.
Dewatering:
78
The above-ground portion of a building.
Superstructure:
79
A building foundation located at the base of a wall or a column, bearing on soil relatively close to the ground surface.
Shallow foundation:
80
A building foundation that extends through upper strata of incompetent soil to reach deeper strata with greater bearing capacity.
Deep foundation:
81
Earth compacted into place in such a way that it has predictable physical properties, based on laboratory tests and specified, supervised installation procedures.
Engineered fill:
82
The depth in the earth to which the soil can be expected to freeze during a severe winter.
Frost line:
83
A concrete surface lying upon, and supported directly by, the ground beneath.
The mineral waste that rises to the top of molten iron or steel or to the top of a weld.
Slab on grade:
| Slag:
84
A pit designed to collect water for removal from an excavation or basement.
Sump:
85
The occupied belowground portion of a building.
Substructure:
86
A space that is not tall enough to stand in, located beneath the bottom floor of a building.
Crawlspace:
87
A reinforced concrete beam castas part of a masonry wall, whose primary purpose is to hold the wall together, especially against seismic loads, or cast between a number of isolated foundation elements to maintain their relative positions.
Tie beam:
88
A single concrete footing that is essentially equal in area to the area of ground covered by the building.
Mat foundation, raft foundation:
89
A foundation placed at depth such that the weight of the soil removed is approximately equal to the weight of the building being supported.
Floating foundation, compensated foundation:
90
A cylindrical sitecast concrete foundation unit that penetrates through incompetent soil to rest upon an underlying stratum of rock or satisfactory soil; an enclosure that permits excavation work to be carried out underwater.(2 names)
Caisson, drilled pier:
91
A long, slender piece of material driven into the ground to act as an element of a foundation.
Pile:
92
A thick slab of reinforced concrete poured across the top of a pile cluster to cause the cluster to act as a unit in supporting a column or grade beam.
Pile cap:
93
A reinforced concrete foundation element that transmits the load from a bearing wall into spaced foundations such as pile caps or caissons.
Grade beam:
94
A machine for driving piles.
Piledriver:
95
The forcing upward of ground or buildings by the action of frost or pile driving.
Heaving:
96
A device at foundation level that diminishes the transmission of seismic motions to a building.
Base isolator:
97
The process of placing new foundations beneath an existing Structure.
Underpinning:
98
A sequence of construction activity in which construction proceeds downward on the sublevels of a building at the same time as it proceeds upward on the superstructure.
Up-down construction:
99
Removal of water.
Drainage:
100
A coating intended to resist the passage of water, commonly applied to the
outside face of basement walls or to the inner face of a cavity in a masonry cavity wall.
Dampproofing:
101
Material acting as a barrier to the flow of water and capable of withstanding hydrostatic pressure.
Waterproofing:
102
An impervious layer or coating on the outside of a foundation wall that, for reasons of inaccessibility, was installed before the wall was constructed.
Blind-side waterproofing:
103
The submersion of a horizontal waterproofing system, usually for an extended period of time, to check for leaks.
Flood test:
104
Semirigid board or sheet material placed over a waterproofing or roofing layer, to protect the layer from damage.
Protection board:
105
A wall that resists horizontal soil pressures at an abrupt change in ground elevation.
Retaining wall:
106
A synthetic cloth used beneath the surface of the ground to stabilize soil or promote drainage.
Geotextile:
107
A large funnel with a tube attached, used to deposit concrete in deep forms or beneath water or slurry.
Tremie:
108
A synthetic cloth used beneath the surface of the ground to stabilize soil or promote drainage.
Geotextile:
109
Earth or earthen material used to fill the excavation around a foundation; the act of filling around a foundation.
Backfilling:
110
A concrete that is purposely formulated to have a very low but known strength, used primarily as a backfill material.
Controlled low-strength material (CLSM):
111
A gray or white powder, composed principally of calcium silicates, which, when combined with water, hydrates to form the binder in concrete, mortar, and stucco.
Portland cement:
112
A structural material produced by mixing predetermined amounts of cement, aggregates, and water and allowing this mixture to cure under controlled conditions.
Concrete:
113
Inert particles, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, or expanded minerals, in a concrete, mortar, or plaster.
Aggregate:
114
Gravel or crushed stone in a concrete mix.
Sand used in concrete, mortar, or plaster mixes.
Coarse aggregate:
Fine aggregate
115
The hardening of concrete, plaster, gunnable sealant, or other wet materials. It can occur through evaporation of water or a solvent, hydration, polymerization, or chemical reactions of various types, depending on the formulation of the material.
Curing:
116
The process by which cements combine chemically with water to harden.
The thermal energy given off by concrete or gypsum as it cures.
Hydration:
| Heat of hydration:
117
Shrinkage of concrete, mortar, or plaster that occurs as excess water evaporates from the material.
Drying shrinkage:
118
A fused, pebble-like mass that is an intermediate product of cement manufacture; a brick that is over-burned.
Clinker:
119
Ingredients added generate bubbles during concrete mixing that create small, distributed voids in the finished concrete.
Air-Entraining Cement:
120
A portland cement that is white in color; used for architectural concrete where greater color control is required.
White portland cement:
121
A concrete in which a high percentage of cementing substance is sly ash rather than portland cement.
High-volume fly ash concrete (HVFA concrete):
122
Low-density aggregate used to make lightweight concrete, mortar, and plaster; in concrete, aggregate with a density of less than 70 lb/ fo (1120 kg/mo).
Lightweight aggregate:
123
Lightweight aggregate with sufficient density and strength for use in structural concrete.
Structural lightweight aggregate:
124
A structural lightweight aggregate made from ground shale particles that have been heated to the point that moisture within the particles vaporizes, causing the particles to expand.
Expanded shale aggregate:
125
Expanded mica, used as an insulating fill or lightweight aggregate.
Vermiculite:
126
Expanded volcanic glass, used as a lightweight aggregate in concrete and plaster and as
an insulating fill.
Perlite:
127
An expression of the relative proportions, by weight, of water and cement in a concrete mixture.
Water—cement ratio:
128
Hydraulic cementitious material or pozzolan mixed with portland cement to modify the cement product's properties or lower the energy required to manufacture the cement.
Supplementary cementitious material (SCM):
129
A supplementary cementitious material, such as fly ash, silica fume, and some naturally occurring shales and clays, that has few or no inherent cementitious properties but that, in the presence of moisture, can react with calcium hydroxide released by other cementitious materials to create a hydraulic cement product. The Romans mixed natural __________ with lime to make the first hydraulic cement.
Pozzolan:
130
Dust collected in the stacks of coal-fired power plants, used as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete and mortar.
Fly ash:
131
Very finely divided silicon dioxide, a pozzolan, used as an admixture in the formulation of high-strength, low-permeability concrete; (2 names)
Silica fume; microsilica.
132
A whitecolored natural pozzolan that enhances appearance, workability, and hardened properties of concrete.
High-reactivity metakaolin:
133
A hydraulic cementitious material formed as a byproduct of iron manufacture, used in mortar and concrete mixtures. (2 names)
Blast furnace slag; slag cement.
134
Cementitious materials, such as portland cement or blast furnace slag, that harden by reacting with water and whose hardened products are not water soluble.
Hydraulic cements:
135
Hydraulic cement made from a mixture of cementitious materials such as portland cement, other hydraulic cements, and pozzolans for the purpose of altering one or more properties of the cement or reducing the energy required in the cement manufacturing process.
Blended hydraulic cement:
136
In a concrete or mortar, a substance other than cementitious material, water, and aggregates included in the mixture for the purpose of altering one or more properties of the mixed material, either in its plastic working state or after it has hardened.
Admixture:
137
An admixture that causes a controlled quantity of stable microscopic air bubbles to form in concrete or mortar during mixing, usually for the purposes of increasing workability and resistance to freeze-thaw conditions.
Air-entraining admixture:
138
Concrete admixture that allows a reduction in the amount of mixing water while retaining the same workability, resulting in higher strength concrete.
Water-reducing admixture:
139
An admixture that makes wet concrete or grout extremely fluid without additional water.
High-range water-reducing admixture, Superplasticizer:
140
An admixture that causes concrete or mortar to cure more rapidly.
An admixture used to slow the curing of concrete, mortar, or plaster.
Accelerating admixture:
| Retarding admixture:
141
Admixture for concrete that improves the plasticity of wet material to make it easier to place in forms and to finish.
Workability agent:
142
A concrete additive that reduces drying shrinkage and the cracking that results.
Shrinkage-reducing admixture:
143
A concrete, mortar, or plaster admixture intended to prevent oxidation of steel reinforcing bars.
Corrosion inhibitor:
144
A concrete or mortar additive, used to allow curing under conditions of low ambient temperature.
Freeze protection admixture:
145
A substance that retards the onset of the curing reaction in concrete so that the material may be used over a protracted period of time after mixing.
Extended set-control admixture:
146
An expression of the relative proportions, by weight, of water and cement in a concrete mixture.
Water-cement ratio, w-c ratio:
147
Concrete mixed in a drum on the back of a truck as it is transported to the building site.
Transit-mixed concrete:
148
A test in which wet concrete or plaster is placed in a cone-shaped metal mold of specified dimensions and allowed to sag under its own weight after the cone is removed. The vertical distance between the height of the mold and the height of the slumped mixture is an index of the material's working consistency.
Slump test:
149
A watery mixture of insoluble materials with a high concentration of suspended solids.
Separation of the constituents of wet concrete caused by excessive handling or vibration.
Slurry:
Segregation:
150
An upright reinforcing bar in a concrete column; (2 names)
A device for holding two parts of a construction together; a structural device that acts in
tension.
Vertical bar; column bar
| Tie:
151
T/F Concrete shrinks during curing and drying
True
152
T/F Phased construction can introduce additional risks if elements built early come into conflict with later design decisions
True
153
T/F Piles are made of wood, steel, or brick
False; Wood, Steel, Concrete (sitecast or precast), and composite
154
T/F The proper curing of concrete requires sufficient quantities of water and air
False- Requires Time
155
T/F Fly ash is a naturally occurring volcanic ash found in the western US
False; Comes from Chimneys/smokestacks
156
T/F Zoning ordinances control how much land can be covered by buildings, building codes with safety and health relative to the quality of construction
True
157
T/F Sandy soils typically have a lower bearing capacity than silts or clays
False; Have a higher bearing capacity than Silts or Clays
158
T/F Caissons are a slope support system for deep excavations
False; foundation is Most often used in the construction of bridge piers & other structures that require foundation beneath rivers & other bodies of water
159
T/F Incomplete consolidation leads to a rock pocket in the concrete wall
True
160
Artificial aggregates may come from
blast furnace slag, fly ash
161
air-entraining, water reducing, fly ash, fibrous material
Concrete admixtures
162
fully noncombustible
Type 5
163
methodology used for rating the environmental sustainability of a building's design and construction
LEED
164
must transmit building loads, not fail, not settle so much, be economically and technically feasible
Foundation requirements
165
typically math occupancy type or use groups with construction types based on fire resistance ratings
Building codes
166
used concrete to improve workability and increases the resistance of freeze-thaw damage
Air entrainment
167
a concrete surface lying upon, and continuously supported by the ground
Slab on grade
168
used to eliminate trapped air and to fill around the reinforcing steel and into all corners of the formwork
Vibrator
169
deep foundation system used when the bearing strata is for below the ground surface
Friction piles
170
occurs during concrete placement if the concrete is dropped from a substantial height
Segregation
171
occurs at variable rates typically due to soils, loads and structural systems
Differential settlement
172
type of soil that includes sand and gravel
Coarse grained
173
wrap around the vertical bars to resists outward buckling of the bars
Ties
174
attached to the bottom end of a riser pipe in dewatering systems
Well point
175
A manufactured product that provides the binding agent for ready-mixed concrete
Portland cement
176
Structural strength of concrete is heavily dependent on the quality of this
Aggregates
177
Used to measure the workability of fresh concrete
Slump test
178
Eliminates voids and air pockets within concrete pour
Consolidation
179
Very little shear strength
Cohesionless
180
Strips of wood or metal are set in place to contain the concrete pour of the slab edges
Edge forms
181
Chemical bonding of water and cement
Prestressing
182
Applying initial compressive stress to a concrete member to improve its structural efficiency
Hydration
183
Soldier means and logging, sheet piling, slurry wall or soil mixing
Sheeting
184
Types of concrete elements that must be cast on site
caissons, pile caps, footing, slab on grade
185
full-depth separations between slab sections that allow full freedom of movement between sections
Expansion joints
186
What is performed after screeding
floating
187
Concrete ingredients
fine aggregate(sand), coarse aggregate (gravel), Portland cement, water
188
formed openings and cast in concrete structures; used a lot in tilt-up
Blockouts
189
4 stages of a slump test
collect sample, slump cone filled, cone removed and concrete allowed to slump, slump measured
190
steel strands are tensioned after concrete has been casted and reached adequate strength
Posttensioning
191
removing water before excavation
Well point
192
steel strands are tensioned before concrete is cast
Pretensioning
193
Does concrete shrink during curing and drying
yes
194
Piles are made of
steel, concrete, wood or composite
195
a coal combustion product composed of fine particles that are driven out of the boiler with the flue gases.
Fly ash
196
control how much land can be covered by buildings
Zoning ordinances
197
less expensive but requires a site without nearby property lines
sloped or benched excavation
198
legal, financial, zoning, soil capacity, available land, building material performance
Constraints
199
gravel, sand, cohesionless, structural properties little affected by moisture content
Coarse grained soils
200
silt, clay, varying degrees of cohesiveness
Fine grained soils
201
cohesive soil, structural properties vary greatly with moisture contnet
Clays
