Exam 3 (Vaccines) Flashcards
Vaccine
Product developed to stimulate immunity against dz
Vaccination
Injection of vaccine to induce immunity against specific dz
Immunization
Creating immunity by introducing a killed/modified infectious agent which allows body to create antibodies
Edward Jenner
1796- vaccinated people against small pox by scratching them with cow pox
“Father of immunology”
Why Do We Vaccinate
- Protect individuals
- Protect populations-herd immunity
- Protect against transmission of zoonotic dz
- Health benefits for pets?
- Decrease dz burden
6 Types of Vaccines
Modified live Killed (inactivated) Polyvalent Subunit Heterologous DNA based
Modified Live Vaccine
Contains a live organism
Modified so it is unable to cause the dz in the body
Example: Distemper
Advantages of Modified Live Vaccine
More rapid protection Produces strong mediated immunity Longer lasting immunity No adjuvant required Less expensive to produce
Disadvantages of Modified Live Vaccine
Must handle carefully to maintain viability
Potentially reverts to former virulence
May cause dz in immunocompromised animals
Potential abortion or fetal abnormalities
Killed Vaccine
Organisms have been killed/inactivated by chemical/physical agents
Cannot replicate
Used in conjunction with an adjuvant
Example: Rabies vaccine
Adjuvant
- Substance that is added to an inactivated (killed) vaccine to stimulate an inflammatory immune response
- Increases response to antigen by stimulating immune system, combined with killed vaccine, they stimulate a protective immune response
Advantages of Killed Vaccine
No possibility of reversion to virulence
Won’t cause abortion or abnormalities
Remains stable longer in storage and when handled
Disadvantages of Killed Vaccine
Requires an adjuvant for maximum immune response
Greater chance of hypersensitivity reaction
Not as immunogenic as MLV
Requires more frequent revaccination
Bacterin
Killed vaccine made up of bacteria
Example: Leptospirosis
Polyvalent Vaccine
Killed vaccine that contains 2 or more antigens from related organisms
Example: Pasturella multicida A and D
Leptospirosis (4 strains)
Subunit Vaccine
Vaccine that is made up of parts of the virus (less reactive)
Example: FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus)
DNA Based
- Type of subunit vaccine
- Gene or DNA that produces immuno protective proteins on the pathogen are removed and inserted into an avirulent vector (canarypox)
- These vaccines are genetically engineered to provide a safer alternative to MLV –> There is no chance that they will revert to a virulent form
Example: West Nile Equine Vaccine
Heterologous Vaccine
-Vaccine where 1 pathogen is introduced to provide protection against another
-Causes cross-protection (non-specific antibody to certain dz)
Ex: Measles
Antibody Titers
- A measurement of the concentration of antibodies in the blood by exposing diluted blood samples to an antigen
- Have been used to determine the need for revaccination –> Have determined that core vaccines have a longer duration than previously thought
Pros of Antibody Titers
- Shelters may utilize titers during intake or during an outbreak to help control dz
- After a vaccination series, a veterinarian may utilize titers to determine if a puppy can start socialization/doggy day care
Cons of Antibody Titers
Not a guarantee of immunity
Cost
Unacceptable as an alternative for rabies revaccination
Canine Vaccine Combo
D- Distemper H- Hepatitis L- Leptospirosis P- Parainfluenza P- Parvo virus CV- Corona Virus
Canine Core Vaccinations
Canine Parvovirus (CPV) Canine Distemper (CDV) Canine Adenovirus (CAV) Rabies
Canine Lifestyle Vaccines
Influenza Bordetella Leptospirosis Parainfluenza Corona virus Borrelia Burgdorferi (Lyme)
Canine Combo Vaccine Schedule
1st dose: 6-8 weeks (earlier if hand raised, 5 weeks)
2nd dose: 10-12 weeks
3rd dose: >16 weeks
Adults: 2 boosters 3-4 weeks apart –>1 year –> every 3 years
Rabies Vaccine
Puppies: 16 weeks or older (legal @ 12 weeks)
Adults: every 1-3 years
Kennel Cough
Organism: Bordetella bronchiseptica
*Also in vaccine –> parainfluenza and adenovirus 2
Intranasal/injectable/PO
Injectable Bordetella Vaccine
Puppies: 1st given @ 8 weeks, then 12 weeks
Adults: 2 doses 2-4 weeks apart, then every year after booster
*Lasts longer
*Will have protective antibodies in 3 weeks after booster
Intranasal Bordetella Vaccine
Puppies: 1st given @ 10-12 weeks then every 6 months
Adults: Single dose then every 6 months
*Will have protection within 48-72 hours with much shorter duration of immunity
Canine Influenza Vaccine (CIV)
Lifestyle Vaccine
Nobivac Canine Flu (Strain: H3N8, H3N2)
Killed vaccine virus
1st dose: 8 weeks or older (can be given at 6 weeks)
Booster: 2 weeks then every year
Feline Vaccine Combo
FVR- Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis C- Calici C- Chlamydia P- Panleukopenia *Not all combos include chlamydia
Feline Core Vaccines
Feline Herpesvirus
Feline Calicivirus
Feline Leukopenia Virus
Rabies Virus
Feline Lifestyle Vaccines
Feline Leukopenia Virus
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
Chlamydia
Bordetella
Feline Combo Vaccine Schedule
1st dose: 6-8 weeks
2nd dose: 10-12 weeks
3rd dose: >16 weeks
Adults: 2 boosters 3-4 weeks apart –> 1 year –> every 3 years
Feline Leukopenia (FeLV)
Kittens: 10-12 weeks, booster @ 16 weeks, then every year
Adults: Booster after 2-4 weeks, then every year
Vaccination Principles
- Do not vaccinate a critically ill pt.
- Puppies + Kittens: First dose should be given after maternal antibodies decrease (6-8 weeks)
- Prevent vaccine interference by waiting 2-4 weeks to boost
- Do not give pregnant animals MLV
Causes of Vaccine Failure
Maternal interference Stress Age (geriatrics) Nutritional deficiency Antibiotics Unconventional route of administration Immunosuppression Inappropriate storage Concurrent dz Vaccines given too close together
Normal Response to Vaccinations
- Mild fever (under 103 for 24 hour duration)
- Less active for 24 hour duration
- Reduced appetite for 24 hour duration
- Soreness and mild swelling @ injection site for 2-3 days
Adverse Response to Vaccinations
GI or skin symptoms
- Repeated V/D
- Whole body itching/hives
- Swelling of face/legs
- Dyspnea
- Collapse
- Pale/cyanotic mm
Injection Site Associated Sarcomas
- Cats are predisposed to developing tumors
- Associated with use of adjuvant
- May be benign or malignant
- We typically administer vaccines @ certain sites and much lower on leg for cats
- Owners should contact vet if tumor lasts longer than 3 weeks
1-2-3 Recommendation
Advise clients to return to vet if:
Mass is still growing after 1 month
Mass is greater than 2 cm in diameter
Mass persists for longer than 3 months
Canine Vaccination Administration Locations
Rabies: right rear Distemper combo: right front Leptospirosis: left rear Bordetella/Kennel Cough: Intranasal or PO Bordetella Injectable: Left front
Feline Vaccination Administration Locations
Rabies: right rear
FVRCCP: right front
Feline Leukemia: left rear
