Exam 3 (Vaccines)

Question 1

Vaccine

Answer 1

Product developed to stimulate immunity against dz

Question 2

Vaccination

Answer 2

Injection of vaccine to induce immunity against specific dz

Question 3

Immunization

Answer 3

Creating immunity by introducing a killed/modified infectious agent which allows body to create antibodies

Question 4

Edward Jenner

Answer 4

1796- vaccinated people against small pox by scratching them with cow pox
“Father of immunology”

Question 5

Why Do We Vaccinate

Answer 5

1. Protect individuals
2. Protect populations-herd immunity
3. Protect against transmission of zoonotic dz
4. Health benefits for pets?
5. Decrease dz burden

Question 6

6 Types of Vaccines

Answer 6

Modified live
Killed (inactivated)
Polyvalent
Subunit
Heterologous
DNA based

Question 7

Modified Live Vaccine

Answer 7

Contains a live organism
Modified so it is unable to cause the dz in the body
Example: Distemper

Question 8

Advantages of Modified Live Vaccine

Answer 8

More rapid protection
Produces strong mediated immunity 
Longer lasting immunity
No adjuvant required
Less expensive to produce

Question 9

Disadvantages of Modified Live Vaccine

Answer 9

Must handle carefully to maintain viability
Potentially reverts to former virulence
May cause dz in immunocompromised animals
Potential abortion or fetal abnormalities

Question 10

Killed Vaccine

Answer 10

Organisms have been killed/inactivated by chemical/physical agents
Cannot replicate
Used in conjunction with an adjuvant
Example: Rabies vaccine

Question 11

Adjuvant

Answer 11

• Substance that is added to an inactivated (killed) vaccine to stimulate an inflammatory immune response
• Increases response to antigen by stimulating immune system, combined with killed vaccine, they stimulate a protective immune response

Question 12

Advantages of Killed Vaccine

Answer 12

No possibility of reversion to virulence
Won’t cause abortion or abnormalities
Remains stable longer in storage and when handled

Question 13

Disadvantages of Killed Vaccine

Answer 13

Requires an adjuvant for maximum immune response
Greater chance of hypersensitivity reaction
Not as immunogenic as MLV
Requires more frequent revaccination

Question 14

Bacterin

Answer 14

Killed vaccine made up of bacteria

Example: Leptospirosis

Question 15

Polyvalent Vaccine

Answer 15

Killed vaccine that contains 2 or more antigens from related organisms
Example: Pasturella multicida A and D
Leptospirosis (4 strains)

Question 16

Subunit Vaccine

Answer 16

Vaccine that is made up of parts of the virus (less reactive)
Example: FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus)

Question 17

DNA Based

Answer 17

• Type of subunit vaccine
• Gene or DNA that produces immuno protective proteins on the pathogen are removed and inserted into an avirulent vector (canarypox)
• These vaccines are genetically engineered to provide a safer alternative to MLV –> There is no chance that they will revert to a virulent form

Example: West Nile Equine Vaccine

Question 18

Heterologous Vaccine

Answer 18

-Vaccine where 1 pathogen is introduced to provide protection against another
-Causes cross-protection (non-specific antibody to certain dz)
Ex: Measles

Question 19

Antibody Titers

Answer 19

• A measurement of the concentration of antibodies in the blood by exposing diluted blood samples to an antigen
• Have been used to determine the need for revaccination –> Have determined that core vaccines have a longer duration than previously thought

Question 20

Pros of Antibody Titers

Answer 20

• Shelters may utilize titers during intake or during an outbreak to help control dz
• After a vaccination series, a veterinarian may utilize titers to determine if a puppy can start socialization/doggy day care

Question 21

Cons of Antibody Titers

Answer 21

Not a guarantee of immunity
Cost
Unacceptable as an alternative for rabies revaccination

Question 22

Canine Vaccine Combo

Answer 22

D- Distemper
H- Hepatitis 
L- Leptospirosis
P- Parainfluenza
P- Parvo virus
CV- Corona Virus

Question 23

Canine Core Vaccinations

Answer 23

Canine Parvovirus (CPV)
Canine Distemper (CDV)
Canine Adenovirus (CAV)
Rabies

Question 24

Canine Lifestyle Vaccines

Answer 24

Influenza
Bordetella
Leptospirosis
Parainfluenza
Corona virus
Borrelia Burgdorferi (Lyme)

Question 25

Canine Combo Vaccine Schedule

Answer 25

1st dose: 6-8 weeks (earlier if hand raised, 5 weeks) 2nd dose: 10-12 weeks 3rd dose: >16 weeks Adults: 2 boosters 3-4 weeks apart -->1 year --> every 3 years

Question 26

Rabies Vaccine

Answer 26

Puppies: 16 weeks or older (legal @ 12 weeks) Adults: every 1-3 years

Question 27

Kennel Cough

Answer 27

Organism: Bordetella bronchiseptica *Also in vaccine --> parainfluenza and adenovirus 2 Intranasal/injectable/PO

Question 28

Injectable Bordetella Vaccine

Answer 28

Puppies: 1st given @ 8 weeks, then 12 weeks Adults: 2 doses 2-4 weeks apart, then every year after booster *Lasts longer *Will have protective antibodies in 3 weeks after booster

Question 29

Intranasal Bordetella Vaccine

Answer 29

Puppies: 1st given @ 10-12 weeks then every 6 months Adults: Single dose then every 6 months *Will have protection within 48-72 hours with much shorter duration of immunity

Question 30

Canine Influenza Vaccine (CIV)

Answer 30

Lifestyle Vaccine Nobivac Canine Flu (Strain: H3N8, H3N2) Killed vaccine virus 1st dose: 8 weeks or older (can be given at 6 weeks) Booster: 2 weeks then every year

Question 31

Feline Vaccine Combo

Answer 31

``` FVR- Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis C- Calici C- Chlamydia P- Panleukopenia *Not all combos include chlamydia ```

Question 32

Feline Core Vaccines

Answer 32

Feline Herpesvirus Feline Calicivirus Feline Leukopenia Virus Rabies Virus

Question 33

Feline Lifestyle Vaccines

Answer 33

Feline Leukopenia Virus Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Chlamydia Bordetella

Question 34

Feline Combo Vaccine Schedule

Answer 34

1st dose: 6-8 weeks 2nd dose: 10-12 weeks 3rd dose: >16 weeks Adults: 2 boosters 3-4 weeks apart --> 1 year --> every 3 years

Question 35

Feline Leukopenia (FeLV)

Answer 35

Kittens: 10-12 weeks, booster @ 16 weeks, then every year Adults: Booster after 2-4 weeks, then every year

Question 36

Vaccination Principles

Answer 36

- Do not vaccinate a critically ill pt. - Puppies + Kittens: First dose should be given after maternal antibodies decrease (6-8 weeks) - Prevent vaccine interference by waiting 2-4 weeks to boost - Do not give pregnant animals MLV

Question 37

Causes of Vaccine Failure

Answer 37

``` Maternal interference Stress Age (geriatrics) Nutritional deficiency Antibiotics Unconventional route of administration Immunosuppression Inappropriate storage Concurrent dz Vaccines given too close together ```

Question 38

Normal Response to Vaccinations

Answer 38

- Mild fever (under 103 for 24 hour duration) - Less active for 24 hour duration - Reduced appetite for 24 hour duration - Soreness and mild swelling @ injection site for 2-3 days

Question 39

Adverse Response to Vaccinations

Answer 39

GI or skin symptoms - Repeated V/D - Whole body itching/hives - Swelling of face/legs - Dyspnea - Collapse - Pale/cyanotic mm

Question 40

Injection Site Associated Sarcomas

Answer 40

- Cats are predisposed to developing tumors - Associated with use of adjuvant - May be benign or malignant - We typically administer vaccines @ certain sites and much lower on leg for cats - Owners should contact vet if tumor lasts longer than 3 weeks

Question 41

1-2-3 Recommendation

Answer 41

Advise clients to return to vet if: Mass is still growing after 1 month Mass is greater than 2 cm in diameter Mass persists for longer than 3 months

Question 42

Canine Vaccination Administration Locations

Answer 42

``` Rabies: right rear Distemper combo: right front Leptospirosis: left rear Bordetella/Kennel Cough: Intranasal or PO Bordetella Injectable: Left front ```

Question 43

Feline Vaccination Administration Locations

Answer 43

Rabies: right rear FVRCCP: right front Feline Leukemia: left rear