Exam 3 (Immunology) Flashcards
1
Q
Immunology
A
- The branch of science that studies the response of the body when challenged by antigens
- The body’s defense against the environment
2
Q
Immunity
A
What protects an animal from D2 causing pathogens
3
Q
Pathogen
A
D2 producing organism
4
Q
Resistance
A
Ability to ward of D2 by body’s defense
5
Q
Susceptibility
A
Vulnerability or lack of resistance
6
Q
Pus
A
Collection of dead cells and fluid
7
Q
Abscess
A
Accumulation of pus in a confined space
8
Q
Ulcer
A
Open inflamed tissue on surface of an organ
9
Q
Immune System Components
A
Physical barriers
Non-specific immunity (innate immunity)
Specific immunity (adaptive immunity)
10
Q
Physical Barriers (Mechanical)
A
First line of defense
-Generalized protection, does not initiate a specific response against a specific antigen
Mechanical (movement):
- Skin + mm
- Cilia
- Lacrimal apparatus
- Flow of urine, defecation, and vomiting
11
Q
Physical Barriers (Chemical)
A
First line of defense
-Generalized protection, does not initiate a specific response against a specific antigen
Chemical:
- Sebum-antibacterial properties
- Perspiration
- Gastric fluid
- Vaginal secretions
12
Q
Nonspecific Immunity (Innate)
A
Second line of defense
- Inflammatory response
- Fever
- Antimicrobial proteins
- Phagocytosis
- Natural Killer Cells (NKC)
13
Q
Interferon
A
-Protein released by cell to inhibit spread and growth of virus
14
Q
Transferrin
A
-Protein attaches to iron and transports into marrow so bacteria can’t utilize for survival
15
Q
Complement
A
-Inactive protein stored in plasma, becomes active during infection and attaches to antigen and destroys it
16
Q
Specific Immunity (Adaptive)
A
3rd line of defense
- Ability of the body to target and destroy specific antigens
- Lymphocytes involved
- Properties of Specific Immunity:
1. Able to specify for particular antigens
2. Has memory of previous antigens and produces rapid and vigorous response during 2nd encounter
17
Q
Antibody
A
Proteins produced by plasma cells in response to antigen
18
Q
Immunogenicity
A
Ability to provoke immune response in animal
19
Q
Reactivity
A
Ability of antigen to produce specific reaction
20
Q
Cell-Mediated Immunity
A
- Involves T cells which have specific antigen receptors on cell membranes (unique to one antigen)
- Antigen ingested by macrophage and presented on cell membrane
- T cell attaches to antigenic site and becomes sensitized T cell
- Then clones itself into army of cytotoxic cells who in turn attach to antigen
21
Q
Cytotoxic T Cells (Sensitized T Cell)
A
- Similar to NKC but had to be “trained”
- Killer T Cells
- Attach to antigenic cells and destroy them directly
22
Q
Helper T Cells (Sensitized T Cell)
A
- “Bottom of pyramid”
- Most numerous T cell
- Enhances activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and NKC
23
Q
Suppressor T Cells (Sensitized T Cell)
A
- “Police man”
- Inhibits T cell function by negative feedback
- Controls immune responses
24
Q
Memory T Cells (Sensitized T Cell)
A
- Survive in lymphoid tissue and wait for a second exposure to the same antigen
- Quicker response time and greater response than initial immune response
25
Humoral Immunity
- Involves B cells (action takes place in the plasma)
- Also known as "antibody-mediated" immunity
- B cells transform into plasma cells and produce specific protective proteins called antibodies in response to antigen
- Antigen and antibody fit together and form a complex which activates B cells to clone itself
26
How do antibodies work?
- Neutralize the antigen
- Prevent attachment of pathogen to cell
- Immobilization of bacteria
- Agglutination and precipitation of antigen
- Enhance phagocytosis by other phagocytic cells
27
IgG Antibody
- Most common antibody
- Found in blood and extracellular fluid after prolonged exposure to antigen
- Combats bacterial and viral infections
- Can cross placental barrier to provide passive immunity to fetus
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IgM Antibody
- 1st antibody made by newborns (in response to antigen)
| - Provides temporary protection
29
IgA Antibody
- Mucosal immunity
| - Blocks attachment of antigen on mucosal surfaces
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IgE Antibody
-Allergic response
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IgD Antibody
- Activates other cells to produce anti-microbial factors
| - Hangs out on unexposed B cells and acts as a receptor
32
B Memory Cells
- Function the same as T memory cells
- Do not differentiate into plasma cells
- Survive in lymphoid tissue and wait for a 2nd exposure
- Creates a quicker, greater response to antigen
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Passive Immunity
- Immunity produced by administration of preformed antibody
- Causes immediate but short lived immunity
- Maternal: ingestion of colostrum
- Artificial: Administration of plasma or antiserum
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Active Immunity
-The body mounts an immune response to the presence of an antigen
- Recovery from natural infection
- Vaccination
35
Type 1- Immediate Hypersensitivity
- 20-30 minutes
- Anaphylactic reaction (histamine is released)
- C/S: redness, swelling, hives, airway obstruction
- GI: diarrhea, abdominal cramping
- Most common cause: vaccines
- Treatment: Benadryl, +/- epinephrine
36
Type II- Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
- Antibodies formed against the animals own blood or tissue cells
- Autoimmune reaction
- Example: Immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
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Type III- Immune Complex
- Inflammatory reaction
- Antibodies and antigens combine to form complexes --> become trapped in endothelium
- Example: Rheumatoid arthritis
38
Type IV- Delayed Hypersensitivity
- Inflammatory reaction happens over time (days)
| - Example: TB test, skin allergy test
39
Primary Lymphatic Organs
- Red bone marrow
| - Thymus
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Secondary Lymphatic Organs
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Tonsils
- GI associated lymph tissue
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Functions of the Lymphatic System
- Removal of excess interstitial fluid
- Waste material transport
- Filtration
- Protein transport
- Transportation of dietary lipids
- Protect against foreign invasion
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Lymph
-Fluid carried by lymphatic system
-Contains:
Interstitial fluid
Lymphocytes (WBC)
Macrophages
Proteins
Waste
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Red Bone Marrow
Produces all WBC's
44
Thymus
- University of Thymus
- Located around trachea at thoracic inlet
- Prominent in young animals and regresses at puberty
- T lymphocytes are processed here before distribution into peripheral tissues
- Kicks start normal immune development
45
Lymphatic Vessels
- Similar to veins (thin, walled, one way valves)
- Collect excess interstitial fluid --> send through lymph nodes --> return to blood
- Stream via the thoracic duct which empties into the systematic circulation via the right atrium of the heart
46
Lymph Nodes
-Small, kidney bean shaped structures along length of lymphatic vessels
-Function:
Filter blood, add lymphocytes to lymph fluid
47
Peripheral Lymph Nodes
```
Submandibular **
Prescapular **
Axillary
Inguinal
Popliteal **
```
** Can be palpated
48
Spleen
-Largest lymph organ in the body
-Functions:
Storage of blood
Removal of foreign material by macrophages
Removal of dead, dying abnormal RBC's by macrophages
Lymphocyte cloning during immune response
49
Tonsils
- Nodules of lymphoid tissue, found in epithelial tissue
- Mature lymphocytes live in tonsils
- Pharyngeal tonsils: Prevent spread of infection into the respiratory or digestive system
50
Differences between Tonsils and Lymph Nodes
- Tonsils are found in moist epithelial surfaces
- Tonsils do not have a capsule (LN do)
- Tonsils are found at the beginning of lymph drainage system, not along the way
51
Gut Associated Lymph Tissue (GALT)
- Located in lining of intestines
- Largest lymphoid organ in the body (spread out but not a true organ)
- Contains mature lymphocytes
- Ensures no bacteria escape GI tract
52
Dietary Lipids
-Transported by chylomicrons and are deposited into the blood stream via lymphatic vessels
53
Post-Prandial Lipemia
-Commonly seen if an animal has not fasted before blood work
54
Chyle
- Lymph from digestive system
| - Contains chylomicrons after a pt. has eaten
55
Chylomicrons
-Microscopic particles of fat
