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Pathology II > Exam 3 - urinary and reproductive > Flashcards

Exam 3 - urinary and reproductive Flashcards

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1
Q

Inflammation fo kidney

A

Nephritis

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2
Q

Inflammatory renal disease the arises in glomerulus

A

Glomerulonephritis

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3
Q

Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney, most common in ascending urinary tract infections

A

Pyelonephritis

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4
Q

“Disease of kidney” refers to degenerative conditions of renal tubules

A

Nephrosis

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5
Q

An elevation in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine related largely to reduced glomerular filtration rates (GFR).

A

Azotemia

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6
Q

Causes of azotemia

A

Glomerular disease, urinary obstruction or decreased renal perfusion

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7
Q

a clinical syndrome complex of renal failure

A

Uremia

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8
Q

Virtually complete reduction of urinary output; (<50ml urine/day)

A

Anuria

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9
Q

partial reduction of urinary output; <400ml urine/day

A

Oliguria

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10
Q

Blood in the urine “smoky” or “dusky” color

A

Hematuria

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11
Q

What is it called when you see packed “red cell casts” in urinary sediment?

A

Hematuria

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12
Q

Which one of these is associated with red cell casts in urinary sediment?

Azotemia
Uremia
Hematuria
Nephritis
Nephrosis
A

Hematuria

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13
Q

What is a symptom complex associated with ACUTE glomerular injury (glomerulonephritis, etc)

A

Nephritic syndrome

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14
Q

What is the symptom complex that makes up nephritic syndrome?

A

a) Hematuria (with red cell casts)
b) Azotemia and oliguria
c) Some degree of hypertension is common, etc.

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15
Q

In what case does the renal glomerulus become more permeable to plasma proteins

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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16
Q

What are features of Nephrotic syndrome

A

Renal glomerulus becomes more permeable to plasma proteins.

  • Proteinuria > 3.5gm/day
  • Hypoalbuminemia <3gm/dl
  • Generalized edema
  • Hyperlipidemia and lipiduria
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17
Q

Rapidly progressive oliguria or anuria of sudden onset

A

Acute renal failure

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18
Q

Causes of acute renal failure

A
  • severe pyelonephritis (inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney)
  • acute tubular necrosis
  • urinary obstruction
  • renal artery thrombosis
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19
Q

“End stage” of chronic renal disease and a common cause for morbidity and mortality

A

Chronic renal failure

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20
Q

Progressive stages of reduced functional activity in Chronic renal failure includes

A
  • Progressive diminished renal reserve
  • Renal insufficiency
  • Azotemia
  • Total renal failure
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21
Q

Most common causes of Chronic renal failure include

A
  • Chronic glomerulonephritis

- Chronic pyelonephritis

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22
Q

Manifestations of Chronic renal failure

A
  • early stages symptoms are vague

- long term effects: HTN, polyuria, anemia, bone loss

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23
Q

Inflammation of glomerulus

A

Glomerulonephritis (GN)

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24
Q

Goodpasture’s syndrome is associated with what condition

A

Glomerulonephritis

Goodpasture’s syndrome is associated with auto-reactive antibodies directed against glomerular basement membranes

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25
Name the (5) types of glomerulonephritis (GN) and the prognosis or significant feature
- post streptococcal GN, “acute” | good in children & fair in adults - rapidly progressive GN | poor prognosis - membranous GN | thickened glomerular basement membrane, nephrotic syndrome - lipoid nephrosis “minimal change” | good in children, less good in adults - chronic GN | end stage, leads to chronic renal failure
26
Infection of kidney (renal pelvis and parenchyma)
Pyelonephritis Acute and chronic patterns are differentiated by clinical course, symptoms and prognosis.
27
Acute pyelonephritis vs chronic pyelonephritis
Acute: sudden onset of fever, malaise, pain in costal-vertebral region Chronic: major cause of chronic renal failure, affected kidneys become strophic and deformed by scarring
28
Pyelonephritis
Kidney infection
29
What are two malformations of the kidney?
``` Horseshoe kidney Ectopic kidney (lies inferior to normal position) ```
30
What happens during development in congenital polycystic diseases?
Cystic structures appear and contribute to obstruction. Multiple cysts appear and may resemble tumors
31
What are “simple” or acquired cysts?
In the process of aging, people may end up with single or multiple cysts that may look like tumors. Contributing conditions include scaring, abscesses, or infarcts.
32
What contributes to hydronephrosis?
Total obstruction of urinary tract
33
hydronephrosis
Dilation of renal pelvis and calyces with pressure atrophy of parenchyma
34
What causes obstruction of the ureters?
Kidney stones Scars and strictures Tumors and hyperplastic lesions Pregnancy
35
What is a calculi / urolithiasis
Kidney stone
36
4 types of calculi. What is the most common composition? Which one is most commonly associated with gout?
- Calcium oxalate ** in US - Urates **50% are associated with gout - Triple - Cystine Usually urolithiasis are mixed
37
Causes of urolithiasis?
Altered urinary pH Dehydration Hypercalcemia and hypercalcuria
38
What causes renal vascular disease?
HTN | Nephrosclerosis (due to HTN)
39
What is the most common renal cancer in adults?
Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
40
Triad features typical with renal cell carcinoma?
Hematuria Costovertebral pain Palpable mass
41
What is the embryonic “mixed” malignant renal tumor of children?
Wilm’s tumor - nephroblastoma
42
What is nephroblastoma and hypernephroma?
Nephroblastoma is associated with “mixed” tumor cancer in children Hypernephroma is renal cell carcinoma, the most common renal center in adults
43
What systemic diseases do renal diseases affect the most?
Diabetes | Systemic lupus erythematosus
44
How does renal disease affect Diabetes?
Renal failure is 2nd to MI as cause of death. Vascular problems, glomeruli sclerosis, pyelonephritis is more common
45
What nodular sclerosis lesions of the glomeruli do you see in diabetics with renal problems?
Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions
46
How does renal disease affect SLE?
Deposition of DNA-anti-DNA immune complexes within glomeruli Glomerulonephritis is common
47
What kind of reproductive cancer is most common in young males and cause about 10% of cancer-associated deaths?
Testicular cancer | 15-34 years old
48
What is varicocele
Enlarged pampiniform plexus *swelling, pain, infertility
49
What is hematocele
Blood in tunica vaginalis *uncommon, likely caused by trauma, neoplasm, torsion of spermatic cord
50
What is hyrocele
Fluid in tunica vaginalis Contributing causes: infection, neoplasm, incomplete closure of canals
51
What is chylocele
Accumulation of lymph in tunica vaginalis associated with lymph obstruction
52
What kind of disease contributes to enlargement and increased incidence for urinary obstruction in males?
Prostate diseases
53
What is more common: acute or chronic bacterial prostatitis?
Chronic bacterial prostatitis
54
What is the most common form of prostatitis reported by clinicians?
Chronic *abacterial* prostatitis (idiopathic)
55
What is nodular hyperplasia?
Benign prostatic hypertrophy “BPH” *hyperplasia is increased # of cells, not increased cell size
56
What region of the prostate is most affected?
Central / median
57
Where does prostate carcinoma typically arise?
Posterior location: outer subcapsular zone
58
Where does prostate cancer metastasize?
Skeleton — osteoplastic lesions are nearly diagnostic for prostate cancer
59
Inflammatory reactions (cervicitis) contribute to scarring and obstruction of cervical glands which give rise to what kind of cyst?
Nabothian cysts
60
What are some risk factors that may cause tumors of the cervix?
HPV is the major cause for squamous cell carcinoma Multiple sex partners Cervical dysplasia can cause “frank” invasive carcinoma
61
Where does frank/invasive carcinoma spread?
Regional lymph and adjacent organs
62
What is endometriosis?
Mass of endometrial tissue that appears outside the body of the uterus
63
What is adenomyosis
Endometrial glands extend deep into myometrium
64
What is a common problem of the endometrium that specifically affects multiparous (more than 1 child)
adenomyosis
65
What is endometritis? Contributing causes?
Inflammation of endometrium - chronic pelvic inflammatory disease - retained placental fragments - IUD - TB - idiopathic
66
What is a myometrium fibroid called?
Leiomyoma
67
What are cysts of the ovaries that are less than 6 cm in diameter?
Non-neoplastic or “physiologic” cysts
68
What are 3 types of Non-neoplastic or “physiologic” cysts of the ovaries?
Follicular - follicles that fail to rupture or seal up after ovulation Luteal - focal masses of hyperplastic corpus luteum Polycystic ovary - anovulatory
69
Polycystic ovary is also what syndrome
Stein-Leventhal syndrome
70
4 kinds/origin of tumors in the ovaries
Surface epithelium Germ cell origin Ovarian stroma and “sex-cord” tumors Kruckenberg tumor
71
What is the most common tumor of the ovaries?
Surface epithelium
72
In the ovaries, what type of tumor is associated with teratomas?
Germ cell origin
73
Kruckenberg tumor in the ovaries is characterized by mucus secreting adenocarcinoma cells that come chiefly from what origin?
Stomach | Seen in 10% women with gastric cancer
74
What is infection of uterine tube with risk for mucosal adhesions and scars that contribute to infertility and increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy?
Salpingitis
75
What is an abscess of uterine tube?
Pyosalpinx
76
What is watery fluid, usually occurs when fallopian tubal lumen has been obstructed by inflammation in women
Hydrosalpinx
77
What is hemorrhage of ovarian/Fallopian tubes called
Hematosalpinx
78
90% of ectopic pregnancies are _____
Tubal
79
What is pre-eclampsia (characterized by 3 things)
HTN Albuminuria Edema 24th week of gestation or later
80
What is eclampsia
Endstage pre-eclampsia. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with risk for organ infarcts, convulsions, coma *fatal if left untreated*
81
What is a disorder of pregnancy where there is torphoblast but no fetus/fetal heart sounds
Hydatidiform mole Mole = “shapeless mass” Basically, its a non-cancerous tumor that forms after a non-viable implantation.
82
What is choriocarcinoma
Fast growing cancerous mass that forms from (50% of cases) complete hydatidiform mole
83
What is hydrops fetalis
Sever fetal edema, congestive heart failure, hepatosplenomegaly, etc. Fetal edema because of decreased synthesis of plasma proteins. E.g. Rh factor incompatibility

Pathology II (7 decks)

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