Cardiovascular Disorders

Question 1

What are the steps (3) of atherosclerosis

Answer 1

1 - fatty streak in tunica intima
2 - fibrous plaque encroach upon lumen
3 - atheroma

Question 2

The fundamental lesion of atherosclerosis is a raised intima plaque known as

Answer 2

Atheroma

Question 3

Risk factors for arteriosclerosis (7)

Answer 3

Hyperlipidemia
Cigarettes 
HTN (hypertention)
DM (diabetes mellitis)
Lack of exercise
Being an old man (35-55 yo)
Familial factors

Question 4

What kind of sclerosis is associated with degeneration and calcification of the media of musclar arteries giving an appearance of “goose neck lamp”?

Answer 4

Mönckeberg’s (medial) sclerosis

Question 5

Associated with thickening of small arteries and arterioles

Answer 5

Arteriosclerosis

Vs. atherosclerosis in large arteries

Question 6

In ______ arteriorlar sclerosis, the most common type of arteriosclerosis, components of the vascular basement membrane and serum proteins accumulate in vessel wall and may narrow lumen

Answer 6

Hyaline

Question 7

What is very high blood pressure that damages blood vessels and can be a cause of arteriolosclerosis

Answer 7

Malignant HTN (hypertention)

Question 8

arterial disease of inflammatory origin that increases risk of thrombosis and aneurysm

Answer 8

Arteritis

Question 9

Inflammatory injury to arteries, especially head region (superficial temporal artery) that is most common in 60+ females and present with jaw claudication, temple tenderness, headache and vision disturbances

Answer 9

Giant cell (temporal) arteritis

Question 10

A disease of young male smokers where small neurovascular bundles of the digits become inflamed and undergo thrombosis. May contribute to/is a type of arteritis

Answer 10

Thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)

Question 11

A segmental, necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium arteries (often renal arteries) perhaps from hepatitis B, RF (rheumatic fever), or idiopathic. May contribute to/is a type of arteritis

Answer 11

Polyarteritis nodosa

Question 12

A rare, idiopathic disease of younger adults in which aortic arch and major branches thicken and become stenotic with reduced blood flow to upper body. May contribute to/is a type of arteritis

Answer 12

Takayasu’s arteritis

Question 13

Typically associated with reversible spasmodic contraction and occlusion of arteries supplying fingers, toes, and noes, ears. May contribute to/is a type of arteritis

Answer 13

Raynaud’s phenomenon

Question 14

What does C.R.E.S.T. stand for and what is it associated with?

Answer 14

Calcinosis
Raynoun’s
Esophageal
Sclandactophy
Telangetasia

Raynaud’s phenomenon

Question 15

Arteriosclerosis (tension) aneurysms are most common in what location?

Answer 15

Abdominal aorta below renal arteries

Question 16

Where is a common place for a dissecting And syphillitic aneurysms?

Answer 16

Proximal aorta (ascending aorta and aortic arch)

Note: Marfan’s syndrome is associated with defect in gene for “fibrillin” and includes a weakened aorta and “floppy” cardiac valves

Question 17

Where are you most likely to see varicose veins (4)?

Answer 17

1 - saphenous veins
2 - hemorrhoidal veins
3 - esophageal veins
4 - pampiniform plexus

Question 18

What are (4) risk factors for varicose veins?

Answer 18

1 - anything that causes poor return of blood/venous obstruction e.g. pregnancy, chronic constipation, tumors, poor posture
2 - physical inactivity
3 - periods of prolonged sitting/standing
4 - loss of integrity of valves

Question 19

What are Phlebothrombosis and Thrombophlebitis?

Answer 19

Phlebothrombosis: “bland” thrombi
Thrombophlebitis: inflammation

In theory thrombophlebitis causes pain and the other doesn’t (until it progresses to phlebitis)

Question 20

Thrombi are most common where?

Answer 20

Deep veins of leg and pelvis (DVT)

Question 21

Patient presents with dusky skin, discoloration of the head, upper extremities and upper chest. Maybe with a headache. What syndrome might they have?

Answer 21

SVC syndrome (superior vena cava)

Question 22

Patient presents with dusky appearance in lower body due to pooling of blood and unusual patterns of collateral circulation. What syndrome may they have?

Answer 22

IVC Syndrome

Question 23

Concentric proliferation of intimal tissue (“onion skin”) of arterioles caused by malignant HTN, severe pulmonary HTN or scleroderma

Answer 23

Hyperplastic arteriolar sclerosis

Question 24

“Tree bark grooves” on the intima of the proximal aorta as well as occlusion of the coronary artery and other ostia that leads to dilation of the arctic valve ring is seen in what condition?

Answer 24

Syphillitic aneurysm

Question 25

Blood that enters the wall of the aorta through an intimal defect, separating layers of the aortic wall causes what?

Answer 25

Dissecting aneurysm

Question 26

What are common causes of dissecting aneurysms?

Answer 26

Marfan’s syndrome
HTN
Cystic medial necrosis

Question 27

Where do Berry (congenital) aneurysms occur?

Answer 27

Circle of Willis at the base of the brain

Question 28

What is a positive Homan’s sign and what does is indicate?

Answer 28

Pain when squeezing calf or dorsiflexion of foot indicated DVT