Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards
What are the steps (3) of atherosclerosis
1 - fatty streak in tunica intima
2 - fibrous plaque encroach upon lumen
3 - atheroma
The fundamental lesion of atherosclerosis is a raised intima plaque known as
Atheroma
Risk factors for arteriosclerosis (7)
Hyperlipidemia Cigarettes HTN (hypertention) DM (diabetes mellitis) Lack of exercise Being an old man (35-55 yo) Familial factors
What kind of sclerosis is associated with degeneration and calcification of the media of musclar arteries giving an appearance of “goose neck lamp”?
Mönckeberg’s (medial) sclerosis
Associated with thickening of small arteries and arterioles
Arteriosclerosis
Vs. atherosclerosis in large arteries
In ______ arteriorlar sclerosis, the most common type of arteriosclerosis, components of the vascular basement membrane and serum proteins accumulate in vessel wall and may narrow lumen
Hyaline
What is very high blood pressure that damages blood vessels and can be a cause of arteriolosclerosis
Malignant HTN (hypertention)
arterial disease of inflammatory origin that increases risk of thrombosis and aneurysm
Arteritis
Inflammatory injury to arteries, especially head region (superficial temporal artery) that is most common in 60+ females and present with jaw claudication, temple tenderness, headache and vision disturbances
Giant cell (temporal) arteritis
A disease of young male smokers where small neurovascular bundles of the digits become inflamed and undergo thrombosis. May contribute to/is a type of arteritis
Thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)
A segmental, necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium arteries (often renal arteries) perhaps from hepatitis B, RF (rheumatic fever), or idiopathic. May contribute to/is a type of arteritis
Polyarteritis nodosa
A rare, idiopathic disease of younger adults in which aortic arch and major branches thicken and become stenotic with reduced blood flow to upper body. May contribute to/is a type of arteritis
Takayasu’s arteritis
Typically associated with reversible spasmodic contraction and occlusion of arteries supplying fingers, toes, and noes, ears. May contribute to/is a type of arteritis
Raynaud’s phenomenon
What does C.R.E.S.T. stand for and what is it associated with?
Calcinosis Raynoun’s Esophageal Sclandactophy Telangetasia
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Arteriosclerosis (tension) aneurysms are most common in what location?
Abdominal aorta below renal arteries
Where is a common place for a dissecting And syphillitic aneurysms?
Proximal aorta (ascending aorta and aortic arch)
Note: Marfan’s syndrome is associated with defect in gene for “fibrillin” and includes a weakened aorta and “floppy” cardiac valves
Where are you most likely to see varicose veins (4)?
1 - saphenous veins
2 - hemorrhoidal veins
3 - esophageal veins
4 - pampiniform plexus
What are (4) risk factors for varicose veins?
1 - anything that causes poor return of blood/venous obstruction e.g. pregnancy, chronic constipation, tumors, poor posture
2 - physical inactivity
3 - periods of prolonged sitting/standing
4 - loss of integrity of valves
What are Phlebothrombosis and Thrombophlebitis?
Phlebothrombosis: “bland” thrombi
Thrombophlebitis: inflammation
In theory thrombophlebitis causes pain and the other doesn’t (until it progresses to phlebitis)
Thrombi are most common where?
Deep veins of leg and pelvis (DVT)
Patient presents with dusky skin, discoloration of the head, upper extremities and upper chest. Maybe with a headache. What syndrome might they have?
SVC syndrome (superior vena cava)
Patient presents with dusky appearance in lower body due to pooling of blood and unusual patterns of collateral circulation. What syndrome may they have?
IVC Syndrome
Concentric proliferation of intimal tissue (“onion skin”) of arterioles caused by malignant HTN, severe pulmonary HTN or scleroderma
Hyperplastic arteriolar sclerosis
“Tree bark grooves” on the intima of the proximal aorta as well as occlusion of the coronary artery and other ostia that leads to dilation of the arctic valve ring is seen in what condition?
Syphillitic aneurysm
Blood that enters the wall of the aorta through an intimal defect, separating layers of the aortic wall causes what?
Dissecting aneurysm
What are common causes of dissecting aneurysms?
Marfan’s syndrome
HTN
Cystic medial necrosis
Where do Berry (congenital) aneurysms occur?
Circle of Willis at the base of the brain
What is a positive Homan’s sign and what does is indicate?
Pain when squeezing calf or dorsiflexion of foot indicated DVT
