Exam 3: Upper Limb Bones

Question 1

Clavicle Functions

Answer 1

• forms bony boundary for cervicoaxillary canal & protect neurovascular passage
• transmit shocks (traumatic impact) from upper limb to axial
• only rigid bone to support for upper limb to trunk
• allows upper limb to be mobile & flexible

Question 2

Costoclavicular Ligament

Answer 2

*fixes clavicle to the manubrium

Question 3

Coracoclavicular Ligament

Answer 3

• fix clavicle inferiorly to coracoid process of scapula

* suspends upper limb onto clavicle from underneath

Question 4

Clavicle Fracture

Answer 4

• common
• cause- indirect forces transmitted through arm/forearm or by falls directly onto shoulder
• location- junction of middle & lateral thirds
• deformity-
  
  • med. fragment- elevates due to sternocleidomastoid
  • lat: depresses
  • shoulder drops due to weight of limb
  • appears shorter due to adductor muscles

Question 5

Scapula Bony Marks (Ant. Surface)

Answer 5

• subscapular fossa
• coracoid process
• glenoid cavity- where hum. articulates
  
  • supraglenoid tubercle: above. where long head biceps attaches
  • infraglenoid tubercle: below. where long head triceps attaches

Question 6

Scapula Bony Marks (Post. Surface)

Answer 6

• spine
• acromion
• supraspinous fossa- above spine. supraspinatus attaches
• infraspinatus- below spine. infraspinatus & t. minor attach

Question 7

Scapula Bony Marks (Lat. Surface)

Answer 7

• head of scapula- where glenoid is

* neck of scapula- medial to head

Question 8

Scapula Functions

Answer 8

• form shoulder joint
• allow attachment of muscles from axial skeleton & upper limb
• enabling free movement of the arm

Question 9

Humerus (Prox. End)

Answer 9

• head- ball shaped surface
• anatomical neck- groove circumscribing head separating greater and lesser tubercles
• lesser tubercle- medial side
• greater tubercle- lateral side
• intertubercular groove (bicipital)- between greater and lesser
• surgical neck- narrow part distal to tubercles & crests
  
  • common site for fractures

Question 10

Humerus (Body)

Answer 10

• deltoid tuberosity- lat. side. attachment for delt

* radial groove- post. radial n. & deep a. of arm run in it (triangular space)

Question 11

Humerus (Distal End)

Answer 11

• med. supracondylar ridge & med. epicondyle- forearm flexor m. attachment
  
  • more pointed than lat.
• lat. supracondylar ridge and lat. epicondyle- forearm extensor m. attachment
• capitulum- articulate w/ radial head
• trochlea- med. to capitulum. articulate w/ trochlear notch of ulna
• coronoid fossa- ant & sup to trochlea
• radial fossa- ant. & sup. to capitulum

Question 12

Humerus (Nerve & Vessel Injuries)- Fractures

Answer 12

• surgical neck- axillary n.
• radial groove- radial n. & deep arm vessels
• distal end- median n.
• medial epicondyle- ulnar n.

Question 13

Ulna (Proximal End)

Answer 13

• olecranon
• trochlear notch- articulates w/ trochlea of hum.
• coronoid process
• radial notch- where head of radius articulates
• tuberosity of ulna
• supinator crest- supinator m. attachment
• supinator fossa

Question 14

Ulna (Distal End)

Answer 14

• head

* ulnar styloid process

Question 15

Radius (Proximal End)

Answer 15

• head- articulates w/ capitulum of hum. & radial notch of ulna on med. side
• neck
• radial tuberosity- attachment for biceps

Question 16

Radius (Body & Distal)

Answer 16

• ulna notch- articulates w/ head of ulna

* radial styloid process- extends more distally than styloid process of ulna

Question 17

Interossuous Membran

Answer 17

• between ulna & radius
• strong tying 2 bones together
• flexible allowing pronation & supination
• provides attachment for some deep forearm m.
• separates forearm into 2 compartments

Question 18

Joints at Elbow

Answer 18

1. between trochlea of hum. & trochlear notch of ulna
   
   • on med. side
   • mainly mediates flex/ext
2. between capitulum of hum. & head of radius
   
   • mediates flex/ext
3. between radial notch of ulna & head of radius
   
   • mediates rotation between radius & ulna

Question 19

Colles Fracture

Answer 19

• complete trans. fracture w/in distal 2cm of radius
• most common
• from forced dorsiflexion of hand
• deformity:
  
  • dinner fork: distal fragments displaced dorsally & proximally
  • radius & ulna in straight line, not offset

Question 20

Olecranon Fracture

Answer 20

• cause- fall on elbow, common
• appearance- olecranon pulled upward by triceps
• treatment- orthopedic surgical intervention (pin & cast)

Question 21

Carpal Bones (Proximal)

Answer 21

• scaphoid- articulates w/ radius & has tubercle of scaphoid
• lunate- articulates w/ radius
• triquetrum- articulates w/ articular disc of distal radioulnar joint
• pisiform- lies on palmer surface of triquetrum

Question 22

Carpal Bones (Distal)

Answer 22

• trapezium
• trapezoid
• capitate
• hamate

Question 23

Metacarpels

Answer 23

• 5
• base- proximal end
• body
• head- distal end

Question 24

Phalanges

Answer 24

• 14

* proximal base, body, distal head

Question 25

Fracture of Scaphoid

Answer 25

• most frequent
• result from fall to palm when hand is abducted
• generated when press into snuffbox
• poor blood supply to prom. part of scaphoid resulting in slow bone union& even avascular necrosis of the proximal fragment- degenerative joint disease of the wrist

Question 26

Fracture of Metacarpals

Answer 26

• Boxers fracture

* pinky- least stable

Question 27

Cephalic Vein

Answer 27

• superficial
• runs inside deltopectoral triangle
• forms from dosal hand venous plexus & runs radial side of forearm, arm then goes into throat region & drains into subclavian v.

Question 28

Basilic Vein

Answer 28

• superficial
• runs on ulnar (medial) side
• when gets to arm- drains into brachial vein (deep)

Question 29

Median Antebrachial Vein

Answer 29

*communicates between cephalic & basilic