Exam 3: Trace Minerals Flashcards
1
Q
Major minerals require
A
> 100 mg/d
2
Q
Trace minerals require
A
<100 mg/d
3
Q
Iron is mostly found in
A
Hemoglobin (69%) and myoglobin (8%)
4
Q
Women store _____ iron than males
A
Less
5
Q
Iron is easily _______ and reused daily
A
Recovered (90%)
6
Q
We must get _____% of iron from our diet
A
10%
7
Q
Iron is extremely
A
Oxidative… if free can cause oxidative reactions to occur (toxic)
8
Q
Iron-binding proteins
A
Ferritin, ferroportin, transferrin
9
Q
Ferritin is found in _____________ and functions as a
A
SI, liver, spleen, and bone marrow
Iron store
10
Q
Ferrroportin is located in the ________ and functions to
A
SI; transport Fe across basolateral membrane, requires copper
11
Q
Transferrin is located in the ____ and functions to
A
Plasma; transports Fe in plasma
12
Q
Iron function in hemoglobin synthesis
A
Part of heme and acts as carrier for oxygen (also part of myoglobin)
13
Q
Iron function in metabolism
A
Cofactor for cytochromes (ETC and phase I detox enzymes), glucose metabolism, collagen and purine synthesis, catalase
14
Q
Catalase is a
A
Antioxidant enzyme
15
Q
Peroxide enzymes found in peroxisomes of cell and WBCs
A
Catalase (CAT) and Myeloperoxidase
- both require iron
16
Q
Only mineral that female have a higher requirement than males
A
Iron (because of mensuration)
17
Q
1 nutritional deficiency world wide
A
Iron
18
Q
Vegetarians require _____ times the RDA of iron
A
1.8
19
Q
Sources of iron
A
Liver and other organ meats Seafood Lean meat Poultry Legumes Vegetables Black strap molasses Dried fruit Whole grain or enriched breads
20
Q
Full-term babies are born with _______ of iron stores if their mom is not deficient
A
4 months
21
Q
Bad sources of iron
A
Milk and dairy product
Corn and other starchy veggies
High fiber, phytate or oxalate-containing foods
22
Q
Largest source of iron in the US
A
Iron fortified breakfast cereal Bread Cakes Cookies Donuts
23
Q
We absorb more ______ than _____
A
Heme than nonheme
24
Q
Heme iron is found in
A
Animal products
25
Hcp1 absorbs
Heme iron ONLY
26
iron found in plants and supplements
Nonheme iron
27
Nonheme iron is found in __ form and reduced in the ______
Salt form; reduced in SI (requiring vit C)
28
Nonheme Irvine is absorbed by
Generic diva lent mineral transporter
29
Heme is absorbed by _______ _________ usingheme carrier protein 1
Facilitated diffusion
30
Iron is released inside enterocyte by
Heme oxygenase
31
Ferric iron is
3+ and found in plants and supplements
32
Ferrous iron is absorbed by _____ ________ using diva lent mineral transporter (DMT)
Facilitated diffusion
33
Things that increase iron absorption
- fructose and sorbitol
- acids (ascorbic, citric, lactic, tartaric)
- meat, poultry, fish
34
Things that decrease iron absorption
- polyphenols in coffee and tea
- phytate (whole grains)
- oxalate (tea, veggies, chocolate)
- phosvitin (egg yolks)
- Ca, Zn, Mn, Ni
35
Percentage of nonheme iron absorbed
2-10%
36
Percentage of heme iron bioavailable
20-30%
37
Iron absorption depends on
Growth state
Dietary contents
Other minerals
38
Iron must be bound to a. ____ at all times because it is extremely _____
Protein; reactive
39
If body needs iron it is transported across the basolateral membrane b
Ferroportin (oxidized to Fe+)
40
Transferrin picks up Fe ___ and shuttles it to ____, ____,, and _____
3+, liver, spleen, and bone marrow
41
Hepcidin
Peptide hormone produced in liver
42
Hepcidin binds to ______ and prevent transport of _______ across basolateral membrane
Ferroportin, iron
43
Inflammatory conditions _________ iron absorption
Decrease
44
Most common nutritional deficiency in US
Iron
45
Iron deficiency can be found with and without
Anemia
46
Who’s is at risk of iron deficiency?
- infants less than2
- adolescent girls
- females of childbearing age
- pregnant women
- vegetarians
47
Symptoms of Fe deficiency
Pallor, fatigue, decreased cognition, short attention span, depressed immune system
48
Causes of iron deficiency anemia
- low Intake
- excessive blood loss
- achlorhydria
- consumption of binders
- GI lesions decreasing absorption
49
TUL for iron
40-45 mg/day
50
People at risk for iron toxicity
```
Supplemental overdose in kids
Genetic disorder (hemochromatosis
Transfusion overload
```
51
Hemochromatosis and transfusion overload cause a _______ in exciting levels
Decrease
52
Symptoms of iron toxicity
Organ damage from iron deposition, GI bleeding, shock, metabolic acidosis
53
Hemochromatosis
Genetic defect in how a person gets rid of iron
54
Contraindications for iron supplementation
- postmenopausal women
- older males
- alcoholics
55
Iodine is important for
Thyroid hormones
| -required for synthesis of T4 and T3
56
Sources of iodine
Iodized salt
Seafood
Dairy
Fruits and veggies (depending on soil)
57
How many iodine’s are on thyroxine?
4
58
How many iodine’s are on triiodothyronine
3
59
Higher iodine requirements for
Pregnant and lactating females
60
Only ____ of salt sold is iodized
50%... iodinization is not mandatory in the US
61
Proteins that bind iodine and prohibit absorption
Found in cabbage, turnips, soy, peanuts, cassava
*issue in thyroid disorders
62
Who is at risk of iron deficiency?
Those in developing nations
63
Low ____ causes pituitary to secrete TSH and leads to ____
T4; hyperplasia (goiter)
64
Iodine deficiency is the #1 cause of preventable _____ ______ worldwide
Brain damage
65
Iodine deficiency can cause
```
Cretinism
Congenital hypothyroidism
Goiter
Impaired mental and physical development
Hypothyroidism
```
66
Iodine in cretinism
Deficiency in utero because mom gets the 1st dibs on iron
67
Congenital hypothyroidism is a ___ ____ caused by iodine deficiency
Genetic defect
68
Milk iodine deficiency in utero can lead to
Decrease in IQ
69
Long term deficiency of iron in childhood or adolescence can cause
Delayed growth or sexual maturation
70
Symptoms of iodine toxicity
Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, iodine-excess goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis, hypothyroidism
71
Zinc functions
- synthesis DNA, RNA, and protein
- immune system
- synaptic neurotransmission
- folate digestion (conjugase)
- macronutrient metabolism
- brown growth (alkaline phosphates)
72
Zinc dependent enzyme needed to remove ____________ to digest _______
Glutamic acid residues; folate
73
Inhibitors of conjugase
Legumes, oranges, cabbage, chronic alcohol consumption
74
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) requires
Zinc and copper
75
SOD1 is found
In cytosol
76
SOD3 is found
Extra-cellular
77
Superoxide dismutase is a
Antioxidant enzyme
78
Best source of zinc
Oysters
79
Sources of zinc
```
Seafood
Meat (70% in SAD- red meat)
Legumes
Dairy
Fortified cereals
```
80
Common symptoms of zinc deficiency
Diminished taste mechanism (hypotension)
Decreased growth
Impaired immune function (decreased # of NK cells)
81
Less common zinc deficiency symptoms
Poor wound healing
Delayed sexual maturation (hypogonadism in males)
diarrhea
82
Why don’t we get enough zinc?
- dietary fiber intake
- iron to zinc ration >3:1 in supplements
- vegetarian diets contain less bio available zinc
- needed to synthesize transport proteins for iron and vitamin A
83
People as risk for zinc deficiency
- Malabsorptive conditions
- alcoholics (30-50%)
- Vegetarians
- Pregnant/ lactating women
- Exclusively breastfed infants >6 months
- those with sickle cell anemia
84
Zinc toxicity symptoms
Anemia, fever, metallic taste, headache, nausea, vomiting, copper deficiency
85
Selenium function
Cofactor (selenocysteine or selnomethionine)
86
Selenium is required for
Glutathione peroxidase
87
Selenium converts
T4 to T3
88
Sources of selenium
```
Brazil nuts
Seafood
Meat (pork, poultry)
Whole grains
Highly dependent on soil content
```
89
Who is at risk for selenium deficiency?
People living in china
90
What causes Keshan’s disease?
Selenium deficiency and a Coxsackie virus
91
Symptoms of Keshan’s disease
Cardiomyopathy in children and women
92
What causes Kachin-Beck’s disease?Symptoms?
Virus + Se deficiency
| Stiffness, swelling and pain in finger joints and osteoarthritis
93
Selenosis
Se toxicity
| Hair and nail brittleness, tooth decay, GI upset, mutagenic, can be lethal
94
Fluoride used to
Prevent dental caries
95
How fluoride prevents dental caries
- facilitates crystallization of calcium and phosphorus as fluoropatite
- promotes repair and remineralization
- reverses decay process
- decreases growth of microorganisms in the mouth
96
Sources of fluoride
- fluoridated water
- fluoridated toothpaste
- tea (black>green>white)
- grape juice, raisins
- crab, shrimp
97
Fluoridation has decreased cavities by
>50%
98
Fluoride deficiency
People who consume well or bottled water at risk
- risk of dental Aries
99
Fluorosis
Fluoride toxicity
100
Symptoms of fluorosis
Chronic: mottling of teeth, pitting of bones
Acute: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heart arrhythmias, death
Kids and supplement users at risk
101
Copper is found in high concentrations in
Liver, brain, heart and kidney
102
Ceruloplasmin
90% of copper in serum is a part of this glycoproteins, oxidative enzyme
103
Copper function cofactor
Metalloenzyme
104
Metalloenzyme is required for
- iron transport out of the enterocyte
- metabolism of superoxide, catecholamiens , serotonin
- synthesis of ATP, hemoglobin and peptide hormones
- Cross linking of collagen
105
Cytochrome C contains _____ copper atoms per molecule
3
106
Major sources of copper
Liver and oysters
107
Sources of copper
```
Liver
oysters
Nuts and seeds
Legumes
Cocoa (Major source in US)
Meat
```
108
Genetic disease found with copper deficiency due to copper malabsorption and excessive urinary loss
Menkes syndrome (AKA Kinky-hair syndrome)
109
Symptoms of copper deficiency
Anemia, depigmentation of skin and hair, bone demineralization, neutropenia (impaired immunity- best early indicator)
110
Copper toxicity is ______ and symptoms include:
Rare
| - nausea, vomiting, gastric pain, liver damage, kidney damage (little to no urine output)
111
Wilson’s disease is caused by
Copper toxicity
112
In Wilson’s disease copper accumulates in
Liver, brain, kidneys and eyes
113
Symptoms of Wilson’s disease are usually seen ________ of age and cause
>7 years of age
| Kayser- fleischer rings around cornea
114
Manganese used as a cofactor
- used by enzymes in mitochondria
- formation of con and skeletal tissue
- growth
- reproduction
- SOD2
115
Manganese can replace _____ when low
Magnesium
116
Manganese- SOD is found in
Mitochondria
117
Sources of manganese
```
Whole grains
Legumes
Nuts
Coffee
Tea
```
118
Symptoms of Mn deficiency
Decreased reproduction and growth, skeletal abnormalities
119
Mn toxicity
Liver and brain damage, neurological abnormalities, tremors (Parkinson’s like), memory impairment
**only seenin miners inhaling Mn dust
120
Molybdenum functions as a cofactor in
Xanthine oxidase
121
Xanthine oxidase converts
Hypoxanthine to uric acid
| - purine metabolism and gout
122
Chromium functions with _____ secretion and binding
Insulin
123
Highest levels of chromium found in
Yeast
Oysters
Liver
Potatoes
124
Moderate levels of chromium found in
Seafood
Whole grains
Meat
Cheese
125
Poor sources of chromium
Dairy (breast milk included)
Fruits
Veggies
126
Amount of chromium absorbed
<2%
127
Symptoms of insulin deficiency
Insulin resistance, high plasma fret fatty acid concentrations
128
Chromium supplementation
Controversial: mixed results as an aide for diabetic patients
- Hexavalent form has been shown to cause DNA damage
129
Chromium toxicity
Not likely to be toxic from food (No TUL)
130
Body water functions
Solvent
Transport
Thermoregulation
Lubricant
131
The body requires ____ mL/Cal of water for metabolism
1 mL/Cal
132
Chronic dehydration can cause
Renal infections
Kidney stones
Gallstones
Constipation
133
Water intoxication AKA
Hyponatremia
134
Hyponatremia symptoms
Delirium, seizures, coma and death
| - blood is diluted and moves to ICF, leading to edema, lung congestion and muscle weakness
135
Water balance in increased by
Water in liquids and floods and products of metabolism
136
Water balance is decreased by
Loss through kidneys, skin, lungs and feces
137
Total % of body weight of water in infants
75%
138
Total body weight % of water in males
60%
139
Total body weight % of water in females
50%
