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Nutrition > Exam 3: Trace Minerals > Flashcards

Exam 3: Trace Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Major minerals require

A

> 100 mg/d

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2
Q

Trace minerals require

A

<100 mg/d

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3
Q

Iron is mostly found in

A

Hemoglobin (69%) and myoglobin (8%)

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4
Q

Women store _____ iron than males

A

Less

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5
Q

Iron is easily _______ and reused daily

A

Recovered (90%)

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6
Q

We must get _____% of iron from our diet

A

10%

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7
Q

Iron is extremely

A

Oxidative… if free can cause oxidative reactions to occur (toxic)

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8
Q

Iron-binding proteins

A

Ferritin, ferroportin, transferrin

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9
Q

Ferritin is found in _____________ and functions as a

A

SI, liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Iron store

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10
Q

Ferrroportin is located in the ________ and functions to

A

SI; transport Fe across basolateral membrane, requires copper

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11
Q

Transferrin is located in the ____ and functions to

A

Plasma; transports Fe in plasma

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12
Q

Iron function in hemoglobin synthesis

A

Part of heme and acts as carrier for oxygen (also part of myoglobin)

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13
Q

Iron function in metabolism

A

Cofactor for cytochromes (ETC and phase I detox enzymes), glucose metabolism, collagen and purine synthesis, catalase

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14
Q

Catalase is a

A

Antioxidant enzyme

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15
Q

Peroxide enzymes found in peroxisomes of cell and WBCs

A

Catalase (CAT) and Myeloperoxidase

  • both require iron
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16
Q

Only mineral that female have a higher requirement than males

A

Iron (because of mensuration)

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17
Q

1 nutritional deficiency world wide

A

Iron

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18
Q

Vegetarians require _____ times the RDA of iron

A

1.8

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19
Q

Sources of iron

A 
Liver and other organ meats
Seafood
Lean meat
Poultry
Legumes
Vegetables
Black strap molasses 
Dried fruit
Whole grain or enriched breads
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20
Q

Full-term babies are born with _______ of iron stores if their mom is not deficient

A

4 months

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21
Q

Bad sources of iron

A

Milk and dairy product
Corn and other starchy veggies
High fiber, phytate or oxalate-containing foods

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22
Q

Largest source of iron in the US

A 
Iron fortified breakfast cereal
Bread
Cakes
Cookies
Donuts
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23
Q

We absorb more ______ than _____

A

Heme than nonheme

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24
Q

Heme iron is found in

A

Animal products

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25
Q

Hcp1 absorbs

A

Heme iron ONLY

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26
Q

iron found in plants and supplements

A

Nonheme iron

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27
Q

Nonheme iron is found in __ form and reduced in the ______

A

Salt form; reduced in SI (requiring vit C)

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28
Q

Nonheme Irvine is absorbed by

A

Generic diva lent mineral transporter

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29
Q

Heme is absorbed by _______ _________ usingheme carrier protein 1

A

Facilitated diffusion

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30
Q

Iron is released inside enterocyte by

A

Heme oxygenase

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31
Q

Ferric iron is

A

3+ and found in plants and supplements

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32
Q

Ferrous iron is absorbed by _____ ________ using diva lent mineral transporter (DMT)

A

Facilitated diffusion

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33
Q

Things that increase iron absorption

A
  • fructose and sorbitol
  • acids (ascorbic, citric, lactic, tartaric)
  • meat, poultry, fish
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34
Q

Things that decrease iron absorption

A
  • polyphenols in coffee and tea
  • phytate (whole grains)
  • oxalate (tea, veggies, chocolate)
  • phosvitin (egg yolks)
  • Ca, Zn, Mn, Ni
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35
Q

Percentage of nonheme iron absorbed

A

2-10%

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36
Q

Percentage of heme iron bioavailable

A

20-30%

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37
Q

Iron absorption depends on

A

Growth state
Dietary contents
Other minerals

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38
Q

Iron must be bound to a. ____ at all times because it is extremely _____

A

Protein; reactive

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39
Q

If body needs iron it is transported across the basolateral membrane b

A

Ferroportin (oxidized to Fe+)

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40
Q

Transferrin picks up Fe ___ and shuttles it to ____, ____,, and _____

A

3+, liver, spleen, and bone marrow

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41
Q

Hepcidin

A

Peptide hormone produced in liver

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42
Q

Hepcidin binds to ______ and prevent transport of _______ across basolateral membrane

A

Ferroportin, iron

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43
Q

Inflammatory conditions _________ iron absorption

A

Decrease

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44
Q

Most common nutritional deficiency in US

A

Iron

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45
Q

Iron deficiency can be found with and without

A

Anemia

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46
Q

Who’s is at risk of iron deficiency?

A
  • infants less than2
  • adolescent girls
  • females of childbearing age
  • pregnant women
  • vegetarians
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47
Q

Symptoms of Fe deficiency

A

Pallor, fatigue, decreased cognition, short attention span, depressed immune system

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48
Q

Causes of iron deficiency anemia

A
  • low Intake
  • excessive blood loss
  • achlorhydria
  • consumption of binders
  • GI lesions decreasing absorption
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49
Q

TUL for iron

A

40-45 mg/day

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50
Q

People at risk for iron toxicity

A 
Supplemental overdose in kids 
Genetic disorder (hemochromatosis
Transfusion overload
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51
Q

Hemochromatosis and transfusion overload cause a _______ in exciting levels

A

Decrease

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52
Q

Symptoms of iron toxicity

A

Organ damage from iron deposition, GI bleeding, shock, metabolic acidosis

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53
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Genetic defect in how a person gets rid of iron

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54
Q

Contraindications for iron supplementation

A
  • postmenopausal women
  • older males
  • alcoholics
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55
Q

Iodine is important for

A

Thyroid hormones

-required for synthesis of T4 and T3

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56
Q

Sources of iodine

A

Iodized salt
Seafood
Dairy
Fruits and veggies (depending on soil)

57
Q

How many iodine’s are on thyroxine?

A

4

58
Q

How many iodine’s are on triiodothyronine

A

3

59
Q

Higher iodine requirements for

A

Pregnant and lactating females

60
Q

Only ____ of salt sold is iodized

A

50%… iodinization is not mandatory in the US

61
Q

Proteins that bind iodine and prohibit absorption

A

Found in cabbage, turnips, soy, peanuts, cassava

*issue in thyroid disorders

62
Q

Who is at risk of iron deficiency?

A

Those in developing nations

63
Q

Low ____ causes pituitary to secrete TSH and leads to ____

A

T4; hyperplasia (goiter)

64
Q

Iodine deficiency is the #1 cause of preventable _____ ______ worldwide

A

Brain damage

65
Q

Iodine deficiency can cause

A 
Cretinism
Congenital hypothyroidism 
Goiter 
Impaired mental and physical development 
Hypothyroidism
66
Q

Iodine in cretinism

A

Deficiency in utero because mom gets the 1st dibs on iron

67
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism is a ___ ____ caused by iodine deficiency

A

Genetic defect

68
Q

Milk iodine deficiency in utero can lead to

A

Decrease in IQ

69
Q

Long term deficiency of iron in childhood or adolescence can cause

A

Delayed growth or sexual maturation

70
Q

Symptoms of iodine toxicity

A

Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, iodine-excess goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis, hypothyroidism

71
Q

Zinc functions

A
  • synthesis DNA, RNA, and protein
  • immune system
  • synaptic neurotransmission
  • folate digestion (conjugase)
  • macronutrient metabolism
  • brown growth (alkaline phosphates)
72
Q

Zinc dependent enzyme needed to remove ____________ to digest _______

A

Glutamic acid residues; folate

73
Q

Inhibitors of conjugase

A

Legumes, oranges, cabbage, chronic alcohol consumption

74
Q

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) requires

A

Zinc and copper

75
Q

SOD1 is found

A

In cytosol

76
Q

SOD3 is found

A

Extra-cellular

77
Q

Superoxide dismutase is a

A

Antioxidant enzyme

78
Q

Best source of zinc

A

Oysters

79
Q

Sources of zinc

A 
Seafood
Meat (70% in SAD- red meat)
Legumes 
Dairy
Fortified cereals
80
Q

Common symptoms of zinc deficiency

A

Diminished taste mechanism (hypotension)
Decreased growth
Impaired immune function (decreased # of NK cells)

81
Q

Less common zinc deficiency symptoms

A

Poor wound healing
Delayed sexual maturation (hypogonadism in males)
diarrhea

82
Q

Why don’t we get enough zinc?

A
  • dietary fiber intake
  • iron to zinc ration >3:1 in supplements
  • vegetarian diets contain less bio available zinc
  • needed to synthesize transport proteins for iron and vitamin A
83
Q

People as risk for zinc deficiency

A
  • Malabsorptive conditions
  • alcoholics (30-50%)
  • Vegetarians
  • Pregnant/ lactating women
  • Exclusively breastfed infants >6 months
  • those with sickle cell anemia
84
Q

Zinc toxicity symptoms

A

Anemia, fever, metallic taste, headache, nausea, vomiting, copper deficiency

85
Q

Selenium function

A

Cofactor (selenocysteine or selnomethionine)

86
Q

Selenium is required for

A

Glutathione peroxidase

87
Q

Selenium converts

A

T4 to T3

88
Q

Sources of selenium

A 
Brazil nuts 
Seafood
Meat (pork, poultry)
Whole grains
Highly dependent on soil content
89
Q

Who is at risk for selenium deficiency?

A

People living in china

90
Q

What causes Keshan’s disease?

A

Selenium deficiency and a Coxsackie virus

91
Q

Symptoms of Keshan’s disease

A

Cardiomyopathy in children and women

92
Q

What causes Kachin-Beck’s disease?Symptoms?

A

Virus + Se deficiency

Stiffness, swelling and pain in finger joints and osteoarthritis

93
Q

Selenosis

A

Se toxicity

Hair and nail brittleness, tooth decay, GI upset, mutagenic, can be lethal

94
Q

Fluoride used to

A

Prevent dental caries

95
Q

How fluoride prevents dental caries

A
  • facilitates crystallization of calcium and phosphorus as fluoropatite
  • promotes repair and remineralization
  • reverses decay process
  • decreases growth of microorganisms in the mouth
96
Q

Sources of fluoride

A
  • fluoridated water
  • fluoridated toothpaste
  • tea (black>green>white)
  • grape juice, raisins
  • crab, shrimp
97
Q

Fluoridation has decreased cavities by

A

> 50%

98
Q

Fluoride deficiency

A

People who consume well or bottled water at risk

  • risk of dental Aries
99
Q

Fluorosis

A

Fluoride toxicity

100
Q

Symptoms of fluorosis

A

Chronic: mottling of teeth, pitting of bones
Acute: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heart arrhythmias, death

Kids and supplement users at risk

101
Q

Copper is found in high concentrations in

A

Liver, brain, heart and kidney

102
Q

Ceruloplasmin

A

90% of copper in serum is a part of this glycoproteins, oxidative enzyme

103
Q

Copper function cofactor

A

Metalloenzyme

104
Q

Metalloenzyme is required for

A
  • iron transport out of the enterocyte
  • metabolism of superoxide, catecholamiens , serotonin
  • synthesis of ATP, hemoglobin and peptide hormones
  • Cross linking of collagen
105
Q

Cytochrome C contains _____ copper atoms per molecule

A

3

106
Q

Major sources of copper

A

Liver and oysters

107
Q

Sources of copper

A 
Liver 
oysters 
Nuts and seeds
Legumes 
Cocoa (Major source in US)
Meat
108
Q

Genetic disease found with copper deficiency due to copper malabsorption and excessive urinary loss

A

Menkes syndrome (AKA Kinky-hair syndrome)

109
Q

Symptoms of copper deficiency

A

Anemia, depigmentation of skin and hair, bone demineralization, neutropenia (impaired immunity- best early indicator)

110
Q

Copper toxicity is ______ and symptoms include:

A

Rare

- nausea, vomiting, gastric pain, liver damage, kidney damage (little to no urine output)

111
Q

Wilson’s disease is caused by

A

Copper toxicity

112
Q

In Wilson’s disease copper accumulates in

A

Liver, brain, kidneys and eyes

113
Q

Symptoms of Wilson’s disease are usually seen ________ of age and cause

A

> 7 years of age

Kayser- fleischer rings around cornea

114
Q

Manganese used as a cofactor

A
  • used by enzymes in mitochondria
  • formation of con and skeletal tissue
  • growth
  • reproduction
  • SOD2
115
Q

Manganese can replace _____ when low

A

Magnesium

116
Q

Manganese- SOD is found in

A

Mitochondria

117
Q

Sources of manganese

A 
Whole grains
Legumes 
Nuts 
Coffee
Tea
118
Q

Symptoms of Mn deficiency

A

Decreased reproduction and growth, skeletal abnormalities

119
Q

Mn toxicity

A

Liver and brain damage, neurological abnormalities, tremors (Parkinson’s like), memory impairment

**only seenin miners inhaling Mn dust

120
Q

Molybdenum functions as a cofactor in

A

Xanthine oxidase

121
Q

Xanthine oxidase converts

A

Hypoxanthine to uric acid

- purine metabolism and gout

122
Q

Chromium functions with _____ secretion and binding

A

Insulin

123
Q

Highest levels of chromium found in

A

Yeast
Oysters
Liver
Potatoes

124
Q

Moderate levels of chromium found in

A

Seafood
Whole grains
Meat
Cheese

125
Q

Poor sources of chromium

A

Dairy (breast milk included)
Fruits
Veggies

126
Q

Amount of chromium absorbed

A

<2%

127
Q

Symptoms of insulin deficiency

A

Insulin resistance, high plasma fret fatty acid concentrations

128
Q

Chromium supplementation

A

Controversial: mixed results as an aide for diabetic patients
- Hexavalent form has been shown to cause DNA damage

129
Q

Chromium toxicity

A

Not likely to be toxic from food (No TUL)

130
Q

Body water functions

A

Solvent
Transport
Thermoregulation
Lubricant

131
Q

The body requires ____ mL/Cal of water for metabolism

A

1 mL/Cal

132
Q

Chronic dehydration can cause

A

Renal infections
Kidney stones
Gallstones
Constipation

133
Q

Water intoxication AKA

A

Hyponatremia

134
Q

Hyponatremia symptoms

A

Delirium, seizures, coma and death

- blood is diluted and moves to ICF, leading to edema, lung congestion and muscle weakness

135
Q

Water balance in increased by

A

Water in liquids and floods and products of metabolism

136
Q

Water balance is decreased by

A

Loss through kidneys, skin, lungs and feces

137
Q

Total % of body weight of water in infants

A

75%

138
Q

Total body weight % of water in males

A

60%

139
Q

Total body weight % of water in females

A

50%

Nutrition (10 decks)

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