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Nutrition > Exam 2: Water-Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Exam 2: Water-Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin C functional form

A

Ascorbic acid

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2
Q

Vitamin C is nonessential for

A

Most animals and plants (made from glucose and galactose)

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3
Q

Vitamin C IS essential for

A

Humans, primates, fruit bats, guinea pigs and some birds

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4
Q

Vitamin C function in connective tissue

A
  • Required for collagen synthesis

- necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine

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5
Q

Vitamin C is a coenzyme for

A

More metabolically active tissues (adrenals, brain, liver, pancreas)

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6
Q

Vit C is required for conversion of _____ to _____, synthesis of _______, metabolism of ________ and absorption of ________

A

Dopamine to norepinephrine, synthesis of carnitine, metabolism of folate and tryptophan, absorbs non-heme iron

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7
Q

Vitamin C acts as an____ and can regenerate

A

Antioxidant, regenerate vitamin E

Can donate 2 hydrogens

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8
Q

Proline to Hydroxyproline requires

A

Vitamin C and iron via proline hydroxylase

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9
Q

Lysine to hydroylysine requires

A

Vitamin C and iron via lysyl hydroxylase

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10
Q

RDA for Vitamin C

A 
Men= 90 mg
Women= 75 mg
Smokers= RDA + 35 mg
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11
Q

Smokers require more vitamin C because of

A

Free radicals

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12
Q

Characteristics of Vitamin C deficiency

A 
Easy bruising 
Pinpoint Hemorrhages
Bone fracture 
Poor wound healing 
Bleeding gums
Tooth loss
Scurvy
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13
Q

4 Hs of Scurvy

A

Hemorrhagic signs (poor wound healing)
Hyperkeratosis of hair follicles
Hypochondriasis (psychological)
Hematologic (impaired collagen synthesis and decreased iron absorption)

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14
Q

Scurvy can be found in people with

A

Poor diet, alcoholism, or drug habits

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15
Q

Must consume ______ vitamin C to prevent scurvy

A

10 mg/ day

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16
Q

Sources of vitamin C

A
  • Bell peppers
  • Citrus fruits and fruit juices
  • Broccoli
  • Dark green leafy veggies
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17
Q

Vitamin C is unstable due to

A

Oxygen, heat, and basic pH (baking soda destroys)

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18
Q

Cooking effects on vitamin C

A
  • easily extracted in water
  • prepared veggies refrigerated for 24 hours has lost about 50% of the vitamin C
  • Frozen often contains more vit C than fresh
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19
Q

Thiamin functions

A

Coenzyme (TDP or TPP)

Noncoenzyme (TTP)

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20
Q

Thiamin as a coenzyme

A
  • energy production (used by dehydrogenase)

- NADPH and pentode synthesis (part of transketolase)

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21
Q

Thiamin functions as a noncoenzyme in

A

Nervous system

- regulates sodium channels and chloride transport in nerve transduction

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22
Q

Thiamin requirements

A

Men- 1.2 mg

Women- 1.1 mg

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23
Q

Organs target by thiamin deficiency

A

Peripheral nerves, heart and brain

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24
Q

Thiamin sources

A 
Yeast
Pork
Whole grains
Enriched grains
Legumes
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25
Q

Thiamin deficiency in nerves, heart, and the brain causes

A

In Peripheral nerves- numbing and paralysis
Heart- edema and fatigue
Brain- decreased alertness

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26
Q

Chronic thiamin deficient is called

A

Beriberi

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27
Q

Populations where beriberi is common

A

Where diet mostly consists of polished rice

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28
Q

Dry Beriberi

A
  • low thiamin and high carb intake

- muscle weakness, extremity wasting, peripheral neuropathy, tender calf muscles

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29
Q

Wet beriberi

A
  • enlarged heart, rapid heart beat, peripheral edema, high BP
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30
Q

Acute beriberi

A
  • chronic infant deficiency (2-5 months)
  • breastfed by mothers with poor thiamin intake
  • anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lactic acidosis
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31
Q

Chronic thiamin deficiency in alcoholics

A

Wernicke- Korsakoff Syndrome

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32
Q

Chronic thiamin deficiency in alcoholics results in

A

Decreased thiamin intake
Decreased thiamin absorption
Increased thiamin utilization

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33
Q

Most common nutritional deficiency in alcoholics

A

Thiamin

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34
Q

TUL of thiamin

A

None

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35
Q

Raw seafood contains ______ which

A

Thiaminases; degrades thiamin… bad source

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36
Q

Which disorder is only due to a dietary deficiency of thiamin

A

Acute beriberi

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37
Q

Dry beriberi consists of low thiamin intake and

A

High carbohydrate intake; therefore need to eat more thiamin

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38
Q

Symptoms of Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome

A

Psychosis/ delirium
ataxia of gait and stance, anorexia
Vomiting
Enlarged heart

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39
Q

Thiamin toxicity is rare but problems could be caused when:

A

100X the RDA is given by IV

-causes headache, convulsions, cardiac arrhythmia, anaphylactic shock

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40
Q

Thiamin instability is caused by

A

Neutral or basic pH that occurs in water during cooking

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41
Q

Riboflavin coenzymes

A

FAD and FMN

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42
Q

FAD and FMN coenzyme functions

A
  • Flavin ring important for redox reactions
  • Found in ETS for dehydrogenases and 1st step in beta-oxidation and Krebs
  • Synthesis of niacin, folate, and B6
  • Converts retinal to retinoic acid
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43
Q

Requirements of riboflavin

A 
Men= 1.3 mg
Women= 1.1 mg
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44
Q

Riboflavin Deficiency happens after

A

Several months of deficient intake

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45
Q

Riboflavin deficiency causes

A

Photophobia
Burning and itching eyes
Soreness of mouth (cheilosis, angular stomatitis, glossitis & magenta tongue)

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46
Q

Severe riboflavin deficiency inhibits

A

Vitamin B6 and NAD synthesis

*B vitamin deficiencies can have similar signs

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47
Q

Magenta tongue differentiates

A

Ariboflavinosis vs any other b vitamin deficiency

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48
Q

Riboflavin deficiency causes

A

Ariboflavinosis

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49
Q

400 mg of riboflavin can help treat

A

Migraines with no side effects

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50
Q

Riboflavin sources

A
  • cow’s milk
  • enriched grains
  • almonds
  • soybeans
  • eggs
  • meats
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51
Q

Riboflavin instability is caused by

A

Light and water during cooking

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52
Q

Niacin coenzymes

A

NAD and NADP

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53
Q

NAD and NADP are coenzymes for >200 enzymes that are mostly

A

Dehydrogenases

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54
Q

Most common nutritional deficiency in alcoholics

A

Thiamin

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55
Q

Vit C is required for what posttranslational modification in collagen synthesis?

A

Hydroxylation q

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56
Q

A male smoker should consume how much vitamin C daily?

A

125 mg

110- female smoker

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57
Q

Which is NOT one of the 4 H’s of scurvy?

  1. Hyperkeratosis
  2. Hypertension
  3. Hematologic
  4. Hypochondriasis
A
  1. Hypertension
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58
Q

T/F there is no tolerable upper intake level set for vit. C?

A

False

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59
Q

TTP is used in

A

Na+/Cl- transport

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60
Q

A good source of thiamin

A

Grilled pork chops

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61
Q

Disorder due to a dietary deficiency only

A

Dry Beriberi

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62
Q

Dry beriberi causes

A

Tense calf muscles

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63
Q

Symptoms seen with Ariboflavinosis near the mouth

A

Cheilosis
Angular stomatitis
Glossitis and MAGENTA TONGUE

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64
Q

Other Ariboflavinosis symptoms

A

Photophobia and corneal vascularization
Seborrheic dermatitis
Anemia
Peripheral neuropathy

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65
Q

NAD and NADPH function as _ ______ in redox reactions

A

H acceptors

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66
Q

NAD

A

Used in glycolysis, Krebs cycle, beta oxidation, and ethanol metabolism

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67
Q

NADPH

A

Used in fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and folate synthesis

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68
Q

Most of our niacin comes from

A

Tryptophan

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69
Q

60 mg tryptophan =

A

1 mg niacin

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70
Q

Pellagra was discovered by

A

Dr. Joseph Goldberger

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71
Q

3 D’s of Pellagra

A

Dermatitis
Dementia
Diarrhea

*DEATH

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72
Q

Dermatitis associated with pellagra looks like a _____ on face, neck, and extremities

A

Sunburn.

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73
Q

Dementia symptoms associated with Pellagra

A

Headache, memory loss, confusion, disorientation

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74
Q

Diarrhea is caused during Pellagra because of

A

Digestive abnormalities causing inflammation of mucus membrane of mouth and GI tract (glossitis, cheilosis, angular stomatitis)

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75
Q

Pellagra is caused by a _____ or _______ deficiency

A

Niacin or tryptophan

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76
Q

Pellagra is common where ______ is a staple in the diet

A

Corn

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77
Q

Pellagra is often found with ________

A

Ariboflavinosis

Having Ariboflavinosis causes Pellagra because you make niacin from tryptophan and tryptophan needs riboflavin

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78
Q

Niacin Toxicity

A
  • No toxicity from dietary sources

- Gram doses can lower Triglycerides and LDL and raise HDL

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79
Q

Side effects of using Nicotinic Acid to lower TGs and LDL and raise HDL

A

Vasodilation (flushing from histamine), heartburn, liver damage, gout, impaired blood glucose

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80
Q

Sources of Niacin

A 
Enriched cereals
Chicken
Fish
Pork
Beef
Peanuts
Yeast
81
Q

Niacin instability is caused by

A

A basic pH and water during cooking

82
Q

Vit B6 Functions as a

A

Coenzyme (PLP)

83
Q

Pyridoxal Phosphate AKA

84
Q

PLP is required for

A 
Amino acid metabolism
Synthesis of heme
Sphingolipids in myelin sheath
Steroids
Niacin
Neurotransmitters 
Histamine
85
Q

Vitamin B6 requirements vary depending on

A

Protein intake (more protein, more B6 needed)

86
Q

B6 deficiency is ____ and symptoms include:

A

Rare;
Dermatitis, glossitis, cheilosis, stomatitis, seizures

  • Peripheral Neuropathy
  • Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia
87
Q

Hypochromic Microtyic Anemia is caused by a

A

Lack of heme synthesis

88
Q

B6 toxicity causes

A

Nerve damage

89
Q

B6 has a higher bioavailability from ______ than ____

A

Animal than plant

90
Q

Sources of B6

A
  • enriched grains
  • meats
  • nuts
  • grains
91
Q

B6 becomes unstable in

A
  • basic pH
  • Light
  • water during cooking
92
Q

Folium means

93
Q

Folate is B___

94
Q

Synthetic form of Folate

A

Folic acid

95
Q

Folic acid is the _______ stable form of folate

A

Most stable; does. Not require digestion and is absorbed 100%

96
Q

Folate contains _____ ____. _____ which are removed by _____ in the brush border

A

Glutamic acid residues; conjugate

97
Q

Conjugase is a ____ dependent enzyme

98
Q

Conjugase inhibitors

A

Legumes, oranges, cabbage, chronic alcohol consumption

99
Q

Folate functions as enzymes

A

Tetrahydrofolate, THF or TH4

100
Q

Folate as an enzyme

A
  • Donor and acceptor in 1 carbon metabolisms
  • DNA synthesis and repair
  • Formation of RBC and WBC
  • AA metabolism
101
Q

Folate coenzyme is important in

A

Embryogenesis

102
Q

Folate is used in AA metabolism to convert

A

Histidine to glutamate

Homocysteine to methionine (with B12)

103
Q

Without B12 THF cannot be regenerated and folate is

A

Trapped as 5-methyl THF

Methyl-folate trap

104
Q

Folate is important for

A

Preventing neural tube defects

105
Q

Women capable of becoming pregnant are recommended to take _______ of folic acid daily

106
Q

The only true government required fortified vitamin

107
Q

Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia is caused by

A

Folate and B12 Deficiency

108
Q

Megaloblastic Macrocyticc Anemia

A
  • Occurs in 1 month with a low folate diet
  • large RBC due to inadequate DNA synthesis
  • occurs with B9 and 12 deficiencies
109
Q

Symptoms of Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

A

Fatigue, headaches, difficulty concentrating, shortness of breath, and palpitations

110
Q

Neural tube defects caused by folate deficiency

A

Spina Bifida

Anencephaly

111
Q

Folate is not toxic with dietary intake but may become toxic with supplemental doses

A
  • masks a b12 deficiency

- binds with zinc in GI tract, causing a ZN deficiency

112
Q

Sources of folate

A
  • dark leafy veggies
  • mushrooms
  • liver
  • legumes
  • fortified cereals (folic acid)
  • orange juice
113
Q

Folate instability caused by

A

Heat and water during cooking

114
Q

Vitamin B12 AKA

A

Cobalamins

115
Q

Active B12 coenzymes

A

5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (5-deoxyadenosyl)

Methylcobalamin (CH3)

116
Q

Methylcobalamin functions in

A

Folate pathway and homocysteine removal

Heme synthesis

117
Q

Low b12 can cause

A

Neuropathy

118
Q

Deoxyadenosylcobalamin coenzyme

A

Threonine and isoleucine metabolism or metabolism of odd-chain fatty acids

119
Q

B12 requirements

A

Anyone over 50 should consume B12-fortified. Foods or supplements

120
Q

B12 deficiency is caused by _____ ______

A

Poor absorption

- intrinsic factor required for absorption

121
Q

Poor absorption of B12 happens as we age because we must have ____; acid suppressing medications decrease _____ and _____ ____

A

HCL; HCL and B12 absorption

122
Q

Intrinsic factor is secreted from

A

Parietal cells of stomach

123
Q

Increased difficulty of B12 absorption is caused by

A

-Saturated receptors which causes all B12 to go to the ileum q

124
Q

Conditions that decrease B12 digestion and absorption

A

Zollinger Ellison syndrome. (Too much HCL)
Medications (histamine blockers, protein pump inhibitors)
Pancreatic insufficiency
Malabsorptive syndromes (Crohn’s)

125
Q

Folate can get rid of hematologic symptoms of MMA but not neurological symptoms due to demyelination of nerves because of

A

Decreased DNA synthesis

126
Q

MMA causes

A

Fatigue, headaches, difficulty concentrating, shortness of breath and PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY (dif than folate!)

127
Q

Pernicious anemia is a type of

A

Megaloblastic anemia

128
Q

Pernicious anemia is a _________ condition where antibodies attack _____________ and _________ cells

A

Autoimmune; gastric parietal and mucosal cells

129
Q

decrease HCL secretion (acholrhydria) causes

A

Impaired b12 release from food proteins

130
Q

Impaired IF secretion causes

A

Inability to absorb B12

131
Q

Pernicious anemia is treated with

A

B12 injections

132
Q

Who is at risk of B12 deficiency?

A 
Strict Vegetarians/ Vegans
Elderly (15% deficient, take injections or nasal spray)
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Pernicious anemia gastritis 
Achlorhydria (decreased HCL)
Malabsorptive conditions 
Patients on acid-reducing meds
Pregnant women
133
Q

Vegans may not develop B12 ddeficiency for

A

5-10 years

-tiny requirement and stored up in liver

134
Q

B12 toxicity

A

No known toxicity

135
Q

Sources of B12

A 
Shellfish
Meats
Poultry
Fish
Dairy (5-10% lost through pasteruization) 
Fortified Cereals
136
Q

B12 is bound to ______ in food

137
Q

Instability of B12 caused by

A

Water during cooking

138
Q

Pantothenic Acid

139
Q

Pantothenic acid is part of

A

Coenzyme A (CoA) and Acyl-carrier protein (ACP)

140
Q

Pantothenic Acid use as CoA

A

Metabolism of carbs, lipids, and proteins

Synthesis of FA, cholesterol, and heme

141
Q

Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) contains

A

Pantothenic acid

142
Q

Sources of pantothenic acid

A 
Meats
Poultry
Egg yolk
Legumes
Whole grains
Potatoes
Broccoli 
Mushrooms
Avocados
143
Q

Pantothenic acid is stable during _____ and _______, but may be lost while ___________________

A

Cooking and storage; thawing frozen meats

144
Q

Pantothenic acid deficiency causes

A

Burning feet syndrome

145
Q

Burning feet syndrome

A

Extremely rare, causes numb toes, burning of feed, depression, fatigue, insomnia, and weakness

146
Q

Biotin coenzyme functions

A

Bound to carboxylases

-FA synthesis, gluconeogenesis, metabolism of propionate and leucine

147
Q

Biotin function as a noncoenzyme

A

Transcription of several enzymes

Glucokinase, phospoenol pyruvate, carboxykinase

148
Q

Biotin dependent enzymes

A

Pyruvate carboxylase and Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

149
Q

Role of pyruvate carboxylase

A

Pyruvate to oxaloacetate

-replenish oxaloacetate for TCA cycle; required for gluconeogenesis.

150
Q

Role of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

A

Acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA

-committed step of FA synthesis

151
Q

Most common FA made

A

Palmitic acid

152
Q

Sources of biotin

A 
Bacteria in large intestine 
Peanuts 
Almonds
Soy
Eggs
Dairy
Sweet potatoes 
(More in plants than animals)
153
Q

Avidin

A

Protein in raw egg whites that binds biotin and prevents absorption

When eggs are cooked they are denatured and its not a problem

154
Q

Biotin is easily extracted

155
Q

Deficiency of biotin

A

Rare:

May occur in a person who eats lots of raw egg whites or has biotiidase deficiency

156
Q

Biotinidase Deficiency

A

Person born with rare genetic donation of inborn error of metabolism of biotin

157
Q

Symptoms of biotin deficiency

A

Dermatitis, anorexia, depression, alopecia, muscle pain, lethargy, hallucinations

158
Q

Biotin toxicity

A

No toxicity reported

159
Q

Choline _______ essential

A

Is not; we synthesize it

160
Q

Lecithin makes up _____ of all phospholipids in the body

161
Q

Phosphatidylcholine AKA

162
Q

Choline functions as lecithin

A 
Cell membrane integrity
Lipid transport (lipoproteins)
163
Q

Choline functions as choline

A

Part of acetylcholine

164
Q

Sources of choline

A

Soy
Eggs
Liver
Meats

165
Q

Choline is easily extracted in

166
Q

Choline deficiency manifests as

A

Fatty liver disease

Possibly: cancer, CVD, neural tube defects, dementia

167
Q

Choline toxicity symptoms

A

Low BP
Fishy body odor
Excessive salivation and sweating
Decreased growth

168
Q

TUL of choline

169
Q

Which B vitamins are involved in pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

A

Pantothenic acid
Niacin.
Thiamin

170
Q

Which vitamin is NOT involved in ETS?

  1. Riboflavin
  2. Niacin
  3. Coenzyme Q10
  4. Vitamin C
171
Q

Niacin synthesis requires

A

Riboflavin

172
Q

Glossitis with magenta tongue is a clinical indication of which deficiency

A

Riboflavin

173
Q

NAD is a coenzyme for which class of enzymes?

A

Dehydrogenase

174
Q

Pantothenic acid is involved in fatty acid synthesis as part of

175
Q

Biotin deficiency manifests as

A

Dermatitis

176
Q

Meats are a good source of

177
Q

Diets high in phytochemicals are protective against

A

CVD, cancer and other chronic diseases

178
Q

Photochemical functions

A

Antioxidants
Hormonal activity
DNA replication
Antibacterial

179
Q

Lycopne

A

Red

-tomatoes, pink grapefruit, watermelon

180
Q

Anthocyanins

A

Red/purple

  • berries, grapes, red wine, plums
181
Q

Alpha and beta carotene

A

Orange

  • carrots, mangos, pumpkin, sweet potato
182
Q

Beta-cryptoxathin

A

Orange/yellow

-cantaloupe, peaches, oranges, papaya, nectaries

183
Q

Lutein, zeaxanthin

A

Yellow/green

-spinach, avocado, honeydew, turnip greens

184
Q

Sulforaphanes, indoles

A

Green

Cabbage, broccoli, brussle sprouts, cauliflower

185
Q

Allyl sulphides

A

White

-onion, garlic, chives, leeks

186
Q

Supplementation needed in pregnancy and lactation

187
Q

Supplementation for Infants, children, and adolescents

188
Q

Older adults need supplementation for

A

B12 and vitamin D

189
Q

Smokers need more

190
Q

Chronic alcohol intake increases needs of

A

Thiamin, folate, and B6

191
Q

Vegans need ____supplements

192
Q

Diet lower than _______ Calories require supplements

A

1200 Cal/d

193
Q

Principles of supplementation

A
  • read the label
  • can be harmful in large amounts
  • individual needs should be determined
  • all nutrients work together
  • food is best source of nutrients
194
Q

A Megadose is more than ____ times the RDA of a micronutrient

195
Q

Large doses may cause

A

Deficiency in other micronutrients

196
Q

Deficiencies can occur when people stop overdosing this is called the

A

Rebound effect

197
Q

At high doses supplements behave more like

198
Q

Liver can be damaged from to much__________ vitamins

A

Fat soluble

199
Q

High dose vitamin C. During pregnancy decreases

A

Infant birth weight

Nutrition (10 decks)

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