Exam 3: Minerals Flashcards by Sarah Kucza

magnesium is the ____ most abundant mineral in the body

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Magnesium found in the body

60% in skeleton
26% in muscle
14% in tissues and body fluids (with ATP)

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Major junction of magnesium

Stabilize structure of ATP

- cofactors for >300 enzymes (kinases using ATP/ADP)

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Magnesium in protein synthesis

cofactors for synthesis of new proteins

- required for cellular replication

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Low Mg causes

GI dysfunction (decreased replication of enterocytes)

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Mg stabilizes ATP because otherwise negative phosphates would

Repel each other

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Kinases

Phosphorylate things

-require ATP/ ADP and Mg is a cofactor

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Increased risk for migraine or chronic headaches is seen with

Low magnesium

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Calcium causes muscle ______ and Magnesium causes muscle _____

Contraction; relaxation

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Magnesium is a Ca channel _______

Blocker

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Used to stop pre-term labor

MgSO4

-not specific for uterine, slows down contraction of every single tissue of body

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MgATP is required for secretion of ________ and maintains normal _____

Thyroxine (T4); BMR

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Mg is required for _____ secretion to maintain calcium homeostasis

PTH

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AA precursor for thyroxine

Tyrosine

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Calcium pumps moving Ca back to SR require

MgATP

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Good sources of Magnesium

seeds
nuts
grains
legumes
dark green leafy veggies

Plant > animal

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Moderate sources of Mg

Milk

tofu prepared by Mg precipitation

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Mg RDA _______ with age

Increases

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Most Americans get Mg in their diet from

White potatoes (French fries)

-provide 10% of all vitamins and minerals in the SAD

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Mg Deficiency

Muscle weakness, tremor, tetany (not enough Mg for PTH release)

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Tetany is preceded by _____ and ______ when deficient in Mg

Hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia

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Moderate Mg depletion

Elderly

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Acute depletion of Mg

Renal disease, malabs, hyperthyroidism, pancreatitis, protein insufficiency, diabetics, PTH disorders

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Alcoholics experiencing hypomagnesemia

30-80%%

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Magnesium Insufficiency is seen in patients with

``` Migraines HTN Severe asthma Dysmenorrhea Leg cramps Diabetes Osteoporosis Heart disease ```

Mg depletion is associated with

Chronic inflammatory status

Who is at risk of Mg toxicity?

Patients with kidney disease | -kidney is main regulator of Mg levels

Mg toxicity symptoms

Diarrhea, nausea, flushing slurred speech, migraine

TUL for Mg is only for

Supplements - no risk of toxicity through dietary intake

Sodium is a major ______ in ECF

Cation

Sodium functions in

- fluid balance - muscle action - nutrient absorption

Na function in fluid balance

Maintains osmotic pressure with K+ and Cl-

Na function in muscle action

Na/K ATPase pump required for nerve transmission and muscle contraction

Sodium function in nutrient absorption

Bimolecular transport of glucose, amino acids, etc.

Sources of sodium

- salt - processed or canned foods - condiments - cured meats - naturally found in meats, veggies, and grains

Sea salt to drop blood pressure

No evidence to support, not recommended

NaCl and sea salt are

40% Na

Sodium deficiency

Rare | - muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, coma and seizures

Who is at risk for hyponatremia (Na deficiency)

``` Excessive sweating Severe trauma (brain trauma) ```

Who is at risk of hypernatremia (sodium toxicity)

Elderly (impaired thirst) | Those with kidney disease

Symptoms of hypernatremia

HTN, hypocalcemia, osteoporosis and tetany

Excess sodium increases Ca excretion and leads to

Hypocalcemia

30-50% of people with HTN are

Salt sensitive

Most common populations to be salt sensitive

African Americans, obsess, elderly

______ sodium and ________ potassium may have the most benefit at decreasing blood pressure

Decreasing; increasing

Major cation in ECF

Potassium

Potassium function in insulin release

Required for release of insulin from beta-cells

Potassium function in blood pressure

Balance of Na and K is more important than Na alone Ratio of Na:K should be <1

Very High potassium sources

``` Banana Cantaloupe Papaya Dried fruit Avocado Milk White and sweet potatoes Squash corn ```

Fluid balance and potassium function

Maintain osmotic pressure with Na and Cl

Muscle action and potassium function

Na/K ATPase pump required for nerve transmission and muscle contraction

Potassium function in metabolic reactions

Plays a role in ATP generation, storage of glycogen and synthesis of muscle protein

High sources of potassium (200-300 mg/serving)

``` Kiwi Orange Peach Mushrooms Pumpkin Nuts Seeds Chocolate ```

Potassium deficiency AKA

Hypokalemia

Hypokalmeia is usually due to

Excessive vomiting or diarrhea.. not inadequate intake

Symptoms of hypokalemia

Cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, respiratory muscle weakness and cardiac arrest

Potassium toxicity AKA

Hyperkalemia

Potassium supplements

Should only be used under Dr. care

Kidney disease puts patients at risk of

Hyperkalemia

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

Cardiac arrhythmias and arrest

Major anion in ECF

Chloride

Chloride function in fluid balance

Maintains osmotic pressure with K and Na

Chloride function in digestion

- HCL in gastric juice | - Assists in destruction of foreign compounds during phagocytosis of WBC

Chloride function in respiration

Cl helps balance negative charges in RBC during use of bicarbonate-carbonic acid pathway

Sources of chloride

Salt, processed foods, eggs, meat, seafood

Who is at risk of chloride deficiency/ toxicity

Those with chronic vomiting

Chloride deficiency symptoms

Convulsions du to metabolic alkalosis

sulfur is part of

Cysteine and methionine

Sulfur function in hair, skin and nails

Disulfide bridges hold keratin structure together

Sulfur and metabolic functions

Thiol groups can form high-energy bonds to aid in spontaneity of reactions and antioxidant

Sulfur is part of _____ and ______ in vitamins

Thiamin and biotin

Sulfur function in collagen structure

Disulfide bridges hold triple helix together

Sulfur is found in

Meat, eggs, dairy, nuts, legumes Found higher in animal products

Sulfur AI, Deficiency, toxicity

No AI set and toxicity and deficiency are unlikely

Which mineral stabilizes ATP

Magnesium- stabilizes negative charges

Which minerals are most important for bone?

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium

Which mineral is a calcium channel blocker

Magnesium

Which mineral imbalance will NOT lead to tetany?

Hypercalcemia

Hyperphosphatemia causes hypercalcemia and tetany by

Decreasing Ca absorption

hypomangesemia decreases _______ and causes ___

PTH; tetany

Hypernatremia increases _____ excretion in urine and causes _______

Ca 2+; tetany

Clinical indicator of both hypo and hyperkalemia

Cardiac arrhythmias

magnesium deficiency may present as _____; while toxicity may present as ______

Muscle weakness; slurred speech