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Nutrition > Exam 3: Minerals > Flashcards

Exam 3: Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

magnesium is the ____ most abundant mineral in the body

A

4

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2
Q

Magnesium found in the body

A

60% in skeleton
26% in muscle
14% in tissues and body fluids (with ATP)

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3
Q

Major junction of magnesium

A

Stabilize structure of ATP

- cofactors for >300 enzymes (kinases using ATP/ADP)

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4
Q

Magnesium in protein synthesis

A
  • cofactors for synthesis of new proteins

- required for cellular replication

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5
Q

Low Mg causes

A

GI dysfunction (decreased replication of enterocytes)

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6
Q

Mg stabilizes ATP because otherwise negative phosphates would

A

Repel each other

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7
Q

Kinases

A

Phosphorylate things

-require ATP/ ADP and Mg is a cofactor

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8
Q

Increased risk for migraine or chronic headaches is seen with

A

Low magnesium

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9
Q

Calcium causes muscle ______ and Magnesium causes muscle _____

A

Contraction; relaxation

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10
Q

Magnesium is a Ca channel _______

A

Blocker

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11
Q

Used to stop pre-term labor

A

MgSO4

-not specific for uterine, slows down contraction of every single tissue of body

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12
Q

MgATP is required for secretion of ________ and maintains normal _____

A

Thyroxine (T4); BMR

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13
Q

Mg is required for _____ secretion to maintain calcium homeostasis

A

PTH

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14
Q

AA precursor for thyroxine

A

Tyrosine

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15
Q

Calcium pumps moving Ca back to SR require

A

MgATP

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16
Q

Good sources of Magnesium

A
  • seeds
  • nuts
  • grains
  • legumes
  • dark green leafy veggies

Plant > animal

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17
Q

Moderate sources of Mg

A

Milk

tofu prepared by Mg precipitation

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18
Q

Mg RDA _______ with age

A

Increases

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19
Q

Most Americans get Mg in their diet from

A

White potatoes (French fries)

-provide 10% of all vitamins and minerals in the SAD

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20
Q

Mg Deficiency

A

Muscle weakness, tremor, tetany (not enough Mg for PTH release)

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21
Q

Tetany is preceded by _____ and ______ when deficient in Mg

A

Hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia

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22
Q

Moderate Mg depletion

A

Elderly

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23
Q

Acute depletion of Mg

A

Renal disease, malabs, hyperthyroidism, pancreatitis, protein insufficiency, diabetics, PTH disorders

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24
Q

Alcoholics experiencing hypomagnesemia

A

30-80%%

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25
Q

Magnesium Insufficiency is seen in patients with

A 
Migraines
HTN
Severe asthma 
Dysmenorrhea 
Leg cramps
Diabetes 
Osteoporosis 
Heart disease
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26
Q

Mg depletion is associated with

A

Chronic inflammatory status

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27
Q

Who is at risk of Mg toxicity?

A

Patients with kidney disease

-kidney is main regulator of Mg levels

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28
Q

Mg toxicity symptoms

A

Diarrhea, nausea, flushing slurred speech, migraine

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29
Q

TUL for Mg is only for

A

Supplements

  • no risk of toxicity through dietary intake
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30
Q

Sodium is a major ______ in ECF

A

Cation

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31
Q

Sodium functions in

A
  • fluid balance
  • muscle action
  • nutrient absorption
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32
Q

Na function in fluid balance

A

Maintains osmotic pressure with K+ and Cl-

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33
Q

Na function in muscle action

A

Na/K ATPase pump required for nerve transmission and muscle contraction

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34
Q

Sodium function in nutrient absorption

A

Bimolecular transport of glucose, amino acids, etc.

35
Q

Sources of sodium

A
  • salt
  • processed or canned foods
  • condiments
  • cured meats
  • naturally found in meats, veggies, and grains
36
Q

Sea salt to drop blood pressure

A

No evidence to support, not recommended

37
Q

NaCl and sea salt are

A

40% Na

38
Q

Sodium deficiency

A

Rare

- muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, coma and seizures

39
Q

Who is at risk for hyponatremia (Na deficiency)

A 
Excessive sweating
Severe trauma (brain trauma)
40
Q

Who is at risk of hypernatremia (sodium toxicity)

A

Elderly (impaired thirst)

Those with kidney disease

41
Q

Symptoms of hypernatremia

A

HTN, hypocalcemia, osteoporosis and tetany

42
Q

Excess sodium increases Ca excretion and leads to

A

Hypocalcemia

43
Q

30-50% of people with HTN are

A

Salt sensitive

44
Q

Most common populations to be salt sensitive

A

African Americans, obsess, elderly

45
Q

______ sodium and ________ potassium may have the most benefit at decreasing blood pressure

A

Decreasing; increasing

46
Q

Major cation in ECF

A

Potassium

47
Q

Potassium function in insulin release

A

Required for release of insulin from beta-cells

48
Q

Potassium function in blood pressure

A

Balance of Na and K is more important than Na alone

Ratio of Na:K should be <1

49
Q

Very High potassium sources

A 
Banana 
Cantaloupe
Papaya 
Dried fruit
Avocado
Milk
White and sweet potatoes 
Squash corn
50
Q

Fluid balance and potassium function

A

Maintain osmotic pressure with Na and Cl

51
Q

Muscle action and potassium function

A

Na/K ATPase pump required for nerve transmission and muscle contraction

52
Q

Potassium function in metabolic reactions

A

Plays a role in ATP generation, storage of glycogen and synthesis of muscle protein

53
Q

High sources of potassium (200-300 mg/serving)

A 
Kiwi 
Orange
Peach
Mushrooms
Pumpkin
Nuts
Seeds
Chocolate
54
Q

Potassium deficiency AKA

A

Hypokalemia

55
Q

Hypokalmeia is usually due to

A

Excessive vomiting or diarrhea.. not inadequate intake

56
Q

Symptoms of hypokalemia

A

Cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, respiratory muscle weakness and cardiac arrest

57
Q

Potassium toxicity AKA

A

Hyperkalemia

58
Q

Potassium supplements

A

Should only be used under Dr. care

59
Q

Kidney disease puts patients at risk of

A

Hyperkalemia

60
Q

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

A

Cardiac arrhythmias and arrest

61
Q

Major anion in ECF

A

Chloride

62
Q

Chloride function in fluid balance

A

Maintains osmotic pressure with K and Na

63
Q

Chloride function in digestion

A
  • HCL in gastric juice

- Assists in destruction of foreign compounds during phagocytosis of WBC

64
Q

Chloride function in respiration

A

Cl helps balance negative charges in RBC during use of bicarbonate-carbonic acid pathway

65
Q

Sources of chloride

A

Salt, processed foods, eggs, meat, seafood

66
Q

Who is at risk of chloride deficiency/ toxicity

A

Those with chronic vomiting

67
Q

Chloride deficiency symptoms

A

Convulsions du to metabolic alkalosis

68
Q

sulfur is part of

A

Cysteine and methionine

69
Q

Sulfur function in hair, skin and nails

A

Disulfide bridges hold keratin structure together

70
Q

Sulfur and metabolic functions

A

Thiol groups can form high-energy bonds to aid in spontaneity of reactions and antioxidant

71
Q

Sulfur is part of _____ and ______ in vitamins

A

Thiamin and biotin

72
Q

Sulfur function in collagen structure

A

Disulfide bridges hold triple helix together

73
Q

Sulfur is found in

A

Meat, eggs, dairy, nuts, legumes

Found higher in animal products

74
Q

Sulfur AI, Deficiency, toxicity

A

No AI set and toxicity and deficiency are unlikely

75
Q

Which mineral stabilizes ATP

A

Magnesium- stabilizes negative charges

76
Q

Which minerals are most important for bone?

A

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium

77
Q

Which mineral is a calcium channel blocker

A

Magnesium

78
Q

Which mineral imbalance will NOT lead to tetany?

A

Hypercalcemia

79
Q

Hyperphosphatemia causes hypercalcemia and tetany by

A

Decreasing Ca absorption

80
Q

hypomangesemia decreases _______ and causes ___

A

PTH; tetany

81
Q

Hypernatremia increases _____ excretion in urine and causes _______

A

Ca 2+; tetany

82
Q

Clinical indicator of both hypo and hyperkalemia

A

Cardiac arrhythmias

83
Q

magnesium deficiency may present as _____; while toxicity may present as ______

A

Muscle weakness; slurred speech

Nutrition (10 decks)

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