Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PTH 606 Neuro disorders II > Exam 3 -TBI, concussion, basal ganglia, parkinson > Flashcards

Exam 3 -TBI, concussion, basal ganglia, parkinson Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal lobe function and deficits

A

Function - emotional expression, thinking, problem solving, memory, language, personality

Deficits - ability to think, communicate, personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pre motor function and deficits

A

function - planning, spatial guidance

deficits - poor motor execution due to decreased planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Prefrontal function and deficits

A

function - personality, decision making, social behavior

deficits - personality changes, poor decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Occipital lobe injury function and deficits

A

function - visual perception system, visuospatial processing, discrimination of movement and color

deficits - visual field deficits, scotomas (partial loss of vision), visual hallucinations/illusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thalamus function and deficits

A

function - relay center

deficits - sensory perception distortions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

reticular formation function and deficits

A

function - maintain behavioral arousal and consciousness

deficits - irreversible coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Temporal lobe function and deficits

A

function - sensory output into meanings for appropriate retention of visual memories, language comprehension, emotion association, auditory perception

deficits - speech, recalling visual stimuli, poor attention span, unable to recognize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Amygdala function and deficits

A

function - response and memory of emotions, especially fear, survival instinct

deficits - difficult with memory that is linked with emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hippocampus function and deficits

A

function - processing long term memory and emotional responses, behavioral inhibition

deficits - behavior, long term memory, emotional disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the purpose of the CSF?

A
  • to surround and protect the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 4 functions of the CSF?

A
  • protection: acts as cushion
  • buoyancy: reduces pressure at the base of the brain
  • excretion of waste products: one way flow from CSF to blood
  • endocrine medium for brain: transports hormones throughout brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

most TBIs that occur each year are what?

A

-75% concussions or other mild forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

TBI by age

A
  • kids 0-4 years
  • teens 15-19
  • adults 65+

= most likely to sustain one. over 75 y/o is highest rate of TBI related death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

TBI by gender

A

higher in males.

males aged 0-4 years have highest rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What the the meninges?

A
  • a covering/protective layer of brain and spinal cord
Dura mater (superficial) "tough"
arachnoid - prevents permeability of toxins into brain.
pia mater (deep) - super thin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What layer of meninges prevents permeability of toxins into brain?

A

-arachnoid mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

gray matter vs white matter

A 
gray = cell bodies
white = axons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

TBI - diffuse vs focal

A 
diffuse = axonal injury
focal = local injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

TBI - open vs closed

A
  • whether or not skull is fractured

- open = more risk of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

TBI - high vs low velocity

A 
high = MVA
low = blow from blunt object or fall less than 6 feet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glascow coma scale

A
  • 3-15 scale for acute brain injury
  • eye response, verbal response, motor response
  • lower score is worse.
  • mild, moderate, or severe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pathophys of brain injury (flow chart thing)

A

injury to brain -> swelling or bleeding increase volume -> increases pressure -> causes blood flow to slow -> cerebral hypoxia and ischemia -> brain may herniate -> cerebral blood flow stops.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is CT used to identify?

A
  • hematomas
  • ventricular enlargements
  • atrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is MRI used to identify?

A

better at discriminating soft tissue trauma

-diffusion weighted imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is PET, SPECT, fMRI used for?

A

-can look at active areas and blood flow during a single activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Subdural hematomas

A
  • venous
  • brain starts to shrink after age 45, stretch or tear of bridging veins causes bleeding

*watch ICP (nl=5-15 mmHg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Epidural hematoma

A
  • arterial
  • above dura
  • more deadly
  • progress a lot faster.
  • usually middle meningeal artery

*watch ICP (nl=5-15 mmHg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A
  • acute bleeding under the arachnoid

- may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Diffuse axonal injury - DAI

A

-widely scattered shearing of subcortical axons within their myelin sheaths. has cumulative effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

if brain injury affects 3rd cranial nerve =

A

disruption of parasympathetic input

-“blown pupil????”

31
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A
  • unable to create new memories

- usually last to recover after coma

32
Q

Post-traumatic amnesia

A

-cant remember events from injury to point of recovery

33
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A
  • inability to remember event prior to injury

- decreases with recovery

34
Q

Decorticate rigidity

A
  • corticospinal lesion at level of diencephalon
  • flexion of UE, ext of trunk and LE

**flex UE up like praying they don’t go to jail while in court.

35
Q

Decerebrate rigidity

A
  • cortical spinal lesion at level of brainstem
  • ext of trunk and all extremities

(reminder of saying: **flex UE up like praying they don’t go to jail while in court. = deCORTicate)

36
Q

Emotional lability

A
  • characteristic of R hemispheres lesion

- inability to control emotions with inappropriate laughing or crying

37
Q

The chance of having a 2nd concussion after having one in an athlete is?

A

3-6 times greater chance of having another after having one

38
Q

When to refer to ER after concussion

A
  • any trouble with ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation)
  • unable, or unfamiliar with, assessing near function in all limbs
  • repeated vomiting
  • severe or worsening headache
  • seizure
  • unsteady gait
  • slurred speech
  • GCS
39
Q

80-90% of concussions in adults will resolve in

A

7-10 days

40
Q

return to play post concussion stages

A 
1-no activity
2- light aerobic 
3 - sport-specific exercises
4- non-contract drills
5 - full contact practice 
6- return to play
41
Q

Pediatric Rancho scale

A
  • levels 1-5
  • level 1 is highest function
  • level 5 is no response.
42
Q

Shaken baby syndrome

A
  • 50% of the time it is from parents
  • age, median income, medicaid were strongly associated with occurrence

***Key sign = retinal hemorrhage. (bleeding in light sensitive area in back of eye)

43
Q

Near Drowning

A
  • survival for at least 24 hours following submersion incident
  • lose consciousness after 2 mins (child)
  • areas most susceptible to injury = CNS, kidney, heart.
  • good outcome (88%) if submerged for less than 6 mins.
  • *water temp not associated with outcome (time is)
44
Q

Brain abscess (focal and multiple)

A

-microorganism reaches the brain tissue by a penetrating wound
-Focal = impacted tooth
Multiple = via bloodstream

45
Q

Meningitis

A

-infection spread through CSF involving pia and arachnoid matters, subarachnoid space and the superficial layers of the brain and spinal cord.

46
Q

Bacterial meningitis clinical features

A
  • fever
  • severe headache
  • altered consciousness
  • convulsions
  • nuchal rigidity
  • blood cultures with inc protein and dec glucose level
  • memingism (triad): neck stiffness, photophobia, headache
47
Q

Kernig’s sign

A
  • bend a knee up to 90/90
  • ent knee
  • (+) = causes pain and restriction past 135 degrees
48
Q

Brudzinski contralateral leg sign

A
  • passive flexion of one extremity

- causes the opposite LE to have a reflex into flexion

49
Q

Brudzinski neck sign

A
  • passive flex neck

- reflexive flexion of hips and knees

50
Q

Encephalitis

A
  • inflammation of parenchyma and surrounding meninges

- viral (common)

51
Q

seizures can be caused by?

A

-high fever, TBI, drugs, tumors, cardiac disorders, developmental disorders, metabolic

52
Q

When is it considered epilepsy?

A

patient has 2 or more seizures

53
Q

Epilepsy prognosis

A
  • cannot be cured
  • most do not cause damage. If untreated it can
  • commonly have co-morbidities
54
Q

Partial seizures - simple vs complex

A

simple = consciousness NOT impaired

complex = conscious IS impaired

55
Q

Generalized seizures

A
  • indicate both hemispheres are initially involved

- consciousness is usually impaired

56
Q

What is a ketogenic diet?

A
  • high in fat
  • low in carbs
  • can help control seizures in some people
57
Q

Function of basal ganglia

A

-purposeful motor activity
-slow, sustained contractions
-timing of movements
-sequencing
-resting/postural tone
-problem solving
-organizing behavior
-procedural (motor) learning
empathetic, socially appropriate behaviors

58
Q

SMA function stuff

A

postural movement/learned automatic responses without visual input. (typing)

59
Q

Premotor function stuff

A

-automatic experience which requires more coordination and visual input (throwing darts)

60
Q

Limbic system main areas?

A

anterior cingulate cortex
dorsal lateral prefrontal area
orbitofrontal area

61
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

A
  • part of limbic

- rationale cognitive functions, decision making, empathy and emotion, procedural learning

62
Q

Dorsal lateral prefrontal areas

A
  • part of limbic
  • integrating sensory
  • attention switching
63
Q

Orbitofrontal areas

A
  • part of limbic

- critical frontal region for memory formation

64
Q

Parkinson’s disease (what is it, and 4 signs)

A

-loss/decrease of dopamine neurons in SN (substantial nigra)
=lose excitation on direct, and inhibition of indirect (increase inhibition of thalamus -> less movement)
**overactive indirect pathway

  • ***TRAP
  • Tremor
  • Rigidity
  • Akinesia/bradykinesia
  • postural instability
65
Q

Huntington’s disease (what does it do?)

A
  • loss of indirect pathway (*overactive direct)
  • inhibits at level of GPe
  • degeneration of Striatum
  • loss of GABA secretion neurons.

**too much glutamate. Have excessive movements

66
Q

Parkinson’s vs Huntington’s

A

PD = rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia/akinesia

HD = involuntary mvmt, chorea, sensorimotor deficits, cognitive changes, psychiatric disorders

67
Q

Hemiballismus

A
  • injury to STN
  • decreased inhibition (indirect pathway)
  • **uncontrolled flinging (violent, uncontrolled mvmt)
    • treat with dopamine antagonist
68
Q

Pyramidal vs extrapyramidal signs and symptoms

A

Pyramidal - spasticity

Extra - tramor, athetosis, dystonia, chorea

69
Q

Hoehn and Yahr scale for parkinson’s

A

Stage 1 = tremor, one side of body
Stage 2 = both sides of body, “facial masking”
Stage 3 = worse. problems with balance
Stage 4 = need help with some or all ADLs
Stage 5 = confined to w/c or bed. Need total assist.

70
Q

What is the hallmark sign of parkinson’s?

A

-bradykinesia

71
Q

What is the gold standard to drug treatment in PD?

A

dopamine replacement. L-dopa/cabidopa (use dopamine agonists prior to using)

72
Q

PD- anticholinergics help with treating

A

moderate tremor and dystonia only

73
Q

LSVT LOUD - first and second half of session

A
  • first = “ah” (sustained, high/low, phrases)

- second = core exercises

74
Q

PWR Moves (4)

A
  • posture (power up)
  • weight shift (power rock)
  • axial mobility (power twist)
  • transitions (power step)

PTH 606 Neuro disorders II (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions