Exam 3 - Review Flashcards
What do political anthropologists study?
They study power (not just governmental power), but how people relate to higher authorities
______: competition between two people.
Contest
__-_______: mediators, settling outside of court.
Go-betweens
_______: series of tests and trials (ex: Knighthood).
Ordeal
_____: community court. Not professional (ex: councils).
Moot
______: our modern court system.
Courts
________: gaining authority by force.
Coercion
_________ _______: popular acceptance of an authority figure.
Legitimate authority
________ _______: equality, give and get back.
Reciprocal exchange
__________: producing surplus, so they choose a big man to give the surplus to and he will be in charge of __________.
Redistribution
The ____ Man Potlatch, moka, or muminai feast; giving away your extra stuff to other people. What’s the purpose?
Proving how you are the best for the status
________: status was earned.
Achieved
________ status: born into it.
ascribed
What is the relationship between people and their environments?
Cultural ecology
____________ justice: social movement for those who are affected the most; poorest areas.
Environmental
Several phases of subsistence strategies
Hunting and gathering –>
Horticulture –>
Pastoralism –>
Agriculture –>
Industrialization –>
Hunting and gathering –> (foraging)
Horticulture –> gardening, smaller scale plant cultivation
Pastoralism –> domestication of animals/herding Agriculture –> growing one thing in one place (sedentary)
Industrialization –>
Subsistence strategies (impact on health, gender relations)
- Foraging, horticulture, pastoralism –>
- Agriculture –>
- Market system –>
- Foraging, horticulture, pastoralism –> gender equality because both genders produced
- Agriculture –> men monopolize and women are kept at home and devalued –> large gender inequality *Nutrition decreases, Disease gets worse due to sedendary living*
- Market system –> equality starts to come back because both genders can sell their labor - even though it isn’t completely equal
Hunter-gatherers (critiques of the term, critiques of the assumptions about hunter-gatherers)
- _______ is preferred.
- Hunter-gatherer is gender biased toward ___.
- More emphasis on hunting rather than _______.
Foraging men gathering
“Indian giving” versus “white-man keeping”:
-Early colonists in NE, upset at Native Americans that they would give something but expect something in return. -Indian giving is common in our society, white-man keeping is not.
Gifting through Fair Trade and ethical consumerism
- Economy is a big part of buying people gifts (Christmas, birthdays, etc).
- A lot of people doing the buying do not have the money to buy these gifts.
- ______ _______: There’s a gift in what you’re buying (Boy Scout’s popcorn).
- People buy Fair Trade products, even though more expensive, because people aren’t mistreated.
Ethical branding
Stratified vs rank vs egalitarian societies
Stratified:
Rank:
Egalitarian societies:
- Stratification: Presence of social divisions with unequal wealth and power (USA)
- Rank: Not much inequality, but people are born with different statuses (Native American)
- Egalitarian: Everything is equal (!Kung)
Class: Caste:
You can change your class, but you’re born into a caste system.
Climate change among the Sakha of Siberia
- What has happened to the Bull of Winter and the buluu?
- Scaling up and scaling down knowledge
- Environmental justice and political ecology
**Climate change: Their winters are much warmer now. In addition: *Rain variability *Summers are cold *Seasons come late *Too much snow during the winter *More flooding *Temp suddenly changes *Fewer wildlife *Increase of water on the land *Winters are warm
**Their mythological beast, the bull of winter, comes bringing with him the cold three-month period when it is too dry to snow and all is held in a frozen silence. The sakha believe that this climate change is a result of the Bull of Winter not arriving anymore.
Scaling up and scaling down knowledge: **Some scientists are developing ways to “scale down” global climate models to make them relevant to local communities. In the anthropological work done on global climate change and place-based peoples, it is often asked if the anthropologists will “scale up” their findings to have global significance. Though this information can have a wider application, it will not be by scaling it up, but rather by giving the world community a local window into the diverse ways global climate change is unsettling and challenging such time-refined adaptions as those of the Sakha.
Impact of market exchange on subsistence economies (with examples: the !Kung, the Miskito) –>
- The people became ______ and because they had to rely on a market, they were no longer provided with adequate _______.
- reliance on _____ rather than _________ economy -depletion of resources
- individualization
- loss of generalized reciprocity, from communities to neighborhoods
poorer
nutrition
market
subsistence
