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ANT 2410 - Cultural Anthropology > Exam 3 - Review > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Review Flashcards

1
Q

What do political anthropologists study?

A

They study power (not just governmental power), but how people relate to higher authorities

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2
Q

______: competition between two people.

A

Contest

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3
Q

__-_______: mediators, settling outside of court.

A

Go-betweens

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4
Q

_______: series of tests and trials (ex: Knighthood).

A

Ordeal

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5
Q

_____: community court. Not professional (ex: councils).

A

Moot

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6
Q

______: our modern court system.

A

Courts

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7
Q

________: gaining authority by force.

A

Coercion

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8
Q

_________ _______: popular acceptance of an authority figure.

A

Legitimate authority

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9
Q

________ _______: equality, give and get back.

A

Reciprocal exchange

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10
Q

__________: producing surplus, so they choose a big man to give the surplus to and he will be in charge of __________.

A

Redistribution

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11
Q

The ____ Man Potlatch, moka, or muminai feast; giving away your extra stuff to other people. What’s the purpose?

A

Proving how you are the best for the status

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12
Q

________: status was earned.

A

Achieved

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13
Q

________ status: born into it.

A

ascribed

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14
Q

What is the relationship between people and their environments?

A

Cultural ecology

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15
Q

____________ justice: social movement for those who are affected the most; poorest areas.

A

Environmental

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16
Q

Several phases of subsistence strategies

Hunting and gathering –>

Horticulture –>

Pastoralism –>

Agriculture –>

Industrialization –>

A

Hunting and gathering –> (foraging)

Horticulture –> gardening, smaller scale plant cultivation

Pastoralism –> domestication of animals/herding Agriculture –> growing one thing in one place (sedentary)

Industrialization –>

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17
Q

Subsistence strategies (impact on health, gender relations)

  • Foraging, horticulture, pastoralism –>
  • Agriculture –>
  • Market system –>
A
  • Foraging, horticulture, pastoralism –> gender equality because both genders produced
  • Agriculture –> men monopolize and women are kept at home and devalued –> large gender inequality *Nutrition decreases, Disease gets worse due to sedendary living*
  • Market system –> equality starts to come back because both genders can sell their labor - even though it isn’t completely equal
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18
Q

Hunter-gatherers (critiques of the term, critiques of the assumptions about hunter-gatherers)

  • _______ is preferred.
  • Hunter-gatherer is gender biased toward ___.
  • More emphasis on hunting rather than _______.
A

Foraging men gathering

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19
Q

“Indian giving” versus “white-man keeping”:

A

-Early colonists in NE, upset at Native Americans that they would give something but expect something in return. -Indian giving is common in our society, white-man keeping is not.

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20
Q

Gifting through Fair Trade and ethical consumerism

  • Economy is a big part of buying people gifts (Christmas, birthdays, etc).
  • A lot of people doing the buying do not have the money to buy these gifts.
  • ______ _______: There’s a gift in what you’re buying (Boy Scout’s popcorn).
  • People buy Fair Trade products, even though more expensive, because people aren’t mistreated.
A

Ethical branding

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21
Q

Stratified vs rank vs egalitarian societies

Stratified:

Rank:

Egalitarian societies:

A
  • Stratification: Presence of social divisions with unequal wealth and power (USA)
  • Rank: Not much inequality, but people are born with different statuses (Native American)
  • Egalitarian: Everything is equal (!Kung)
22
Q

Class: Caste:

A

You can change your class, but you’re born into a caste system.

23
Q

Climate change among the Sakha of Siberia

  • What has happened to the Bull of Winter and the buluu?
  • Scaling up and scaling down knowledge
  • Environmental justice and political ecology
A

**Climate change: Their winters are much warmer now. In addition: *Rain variability *Summers are cold *Seasons come late *Too much snow during the winter *More flooding *Temp suddenly changes *Fewer wildlife *Increase of water on the land *Winters are warm

**Their mythological beast, the bull of winter, comes bringing with him the cold three-month period when it is too dry to snow and all is held in a frozen silence. The sakha believe that this climate change is a result of the Bull of Winter not arriving anymore.

Scaling up and scaling down knowledge: **Some scientists are developing ways to “scale down” global climate models to make them relevant to local communities. In the anthropological work done on global climate change and place-based peoples, it is often asked if the anthropologists will “scale up” their findings to have global significance. Though this information can have a wider application, it will not be by scaling it up, but rather by giving the world community a local window into the diverse ways global climate change is unsettling and challenging such time-refined adaptions as those of the Sakha.

24
Q

Impact of market exchange on subsistence economies (with examples: the !Kung, the Miskito) –>

  • The people became ______ and because they had to rely on a market, they were no longer provided with adequate _______.
  • reliance on _____ rather than _________ economy -depletion of resources
  • individualization
  • loss of generalized reciprocity, from communities to neighborhoods
A

poorer

nutrition

market

subsistence

25
Q

Capitalist vs. pre-capitalist logics

Capitalist logic: -_______ and ______

  • ownership of means of production in hands of a few -surplus value, or profit
  • wages are ___, profits are _____.
A

Supply and demand

low, high

26
Q

Capitalist (or market)

  • _______ value
  • ____ labor power
  • __________ (turning things into commodities to exchange)
  • _____ maximization
  • individual/collective?
  • return on investment
A

exchange

sell

commodification

profit

individual

27
Q

Pre-capitalist (pre-market) systems

  • ___ value (the value of how it can be used)
  • control _____ power
  • non-________
  • adaptation
  • individual/collective
  • ________
A

use

labor

non-transferability

sustainability

28
Q

Lifestyle branding: more than selling a brand, selling a _______ –> the brands that you use/wear to express your attitudes, opinions, and culture

A

lifestyle

29
Q

Why is “globalization” often written in quotes?

A
  • Because the term varies too much depending on the context with which it is being spoken about.
  • Means a lot of different things to different people.
30
Q

Globalization of what? (know the -scapes)

Ethno-scapes –>

Finance-scape –>

Media-scape –>

Ideo-scape –>

Techno-scape –>

A

Ethno-scapes –> the movement of people

Finance-scape –> the movement of money

Media-scape –> the movement of media

Ideo-scape –> the movement of ideas

Techno-scape –> the movement of technology

31
Q

Globalization when?

A

Wallerstein’s phases of globalization

32
Q

Globalization where?

A

The challenge for anthropologists (places are becoming more different, movement of culture around the globe)

33
Q

What is McDonaldization?

A
  • cultures are becoming more and more the same
  • choices are already made for you
  • anthropologists argue against this.
34
Q

What is localization/hybridization?

A

-How things change and become localized -the people have a say in the changes being made –> each have different aspects that make them original (ex: technobrega)

35
Q

Phases of globalization (that there are phases, such as early colonialism, and post 1973)

A
  • 1973, oil crisis, debit crisis, and overall significance
  • Big policy makers, before 1973, wanted countries to set their own tarrifs, etc.
  • Egypt and Israel go to war.
  • Embargo of oil to western countries.
  • Oil spikes in 1973 –> OIL CRISIS.
  • DEBT CRISIS.
  • NYC went bankrupt.
  • A lot of underdeveloped countries suffered.
  • Turn to big banks to get them out of debt (IMF, World Bank).
  • Loaning money at very high interest rates, and structural adjustment plans.
  • Can’t subsidize farmers anymore (Malawi = massive hunger, defaulted on their loans).
36
Q

NAFTA and maquiladoras (export processing zones) as an example What does NAFTA stand for? Significance? Export processing zones:

A

North American Free Trade Agreement

-changes the way that in particular Mexico and Canada trade with America –> free-trade agreements Maquiladora, Mexico on the border of the USA

37
Q

Debt and its significance for globalization and global poverty:

  • What is the mechanism of debt used for?
  • It continues the active _____________ of certain countries and people
A
  • to control countries and people
  • underdevelopment
38
Q

No Logo, No Choice, No Jobs, and No Space

  • No logo:
  • No choice:
  • No jobs:
  • No Space:
A
  • No logo: protest movement against Multinational Corporations moving their bases to the EPZ’s
  • No choice: illusion of choice; still stuck buying through the same system
  • No jobs: shipping jobs overseas, low paying jobs remaining
  • No Space: Loss of public space. Privatization of space. Cannot do what you can usually do in a public space.
39
Q

Global Women in the New Economy (gendered aspects of work today:

  • In a globalized economy, relation between gender and labor has changed.
  • Informal economy:
  • Formal economy:
A
  • Informal economy: more women workers looked for. Nannies, house help.Trafficking of women around the world.
  • Formal economy: more women in factories = easier to control, less paying than men.
40
Q

World Bank/IMF/WTO:

  • What was it originally intended to do?
  • The development industry:
A
  • Institution to rebuild and lend money to Europe after WWII
  • World Bank and IMF (international monetary fund)
41
Q

World Bank: -came to be because we wanted to help the countries that were…?

  • perpetuates _________.
  • colonies that just became independent would become in ____ to the World Bank because they would offer _____ to build themselves up.
  • they have control over them through their economy, until they pay them back they have to follow the bank’s rules.
A
  • bombed to pieces during WWII.
  • globalization
  • debt, loans
42
Q

Impact on Malawi, Jamaica and other countries? Jamaica’s cases of agriculture and dairy:

  • American milk producers heavily _________
  • excess milk was turned into ________ milk
  • dumped in onto Jamaica for very _____
  • fresh milk much more expensive
  • Jamaica’s dairy industry stops functioning cause it can’t compete
A
  • subsidized
  • powdered
  • cheap
43
Q

What is Structural Adjustment?

A

When you go into debt with a company and they say they’ll keep lending you money, BUT you have to let them tell you how to handle your finances –> money comes with conditionalities

44
Q

Free market vs. protected market; tarrifs and subsidies; eventual impact on education, health care, poverty, agricultural production, etc. Free market:

A
  • Free market :no price fix, can set price to whatever you want
  • Protected market: structural adjustment program is a protected market, presence of tarrifs

tarrifs and subsidies: they control the prices and your currency valuation

-put less money into education, health cares and the individual in order to repay the loan

45
Q

Neo-colonialism, economic vs. political colonialism, and connect to underdevelopment

  • Using _______ to control a country or a people
  • Economic colonialism = exploiting people’s ________ -____________ because of the cash crops
  • People sacrificing their food and resources in order to make _____
  • Eating worse and they receive little profits
A
  • capitalism
  • resources
  • Underdevelopment
  • cash
46
Q

Anthropologists approach to globalization, they focus on –>

A
  • Transnationalism
  • cultural hybridization
  • global food
  • global pop culture and hip hop
47
Q

Pop culture and media (world music, Technobrega, Nollywood, and the Daily Show)

  • Mass manufactured US products, such as songs, moves, sent across the world.
  • Every culture becoming more _________.
  • McDonalization vs. hybridization.
  • They also keep the mainstream going while changing some things.
  • ________: Famous American songs with changes to its rhythm and beats –> famous in _____
A
  • westernized
  • Technobrega
  • Brazil
48
Q

Cultural change, emerging cultural industries, and Intellectual property, public domain:

  • Copyright laws and IP were originally made to protect investors/creators for only __-__ years so they would be able to make a profit before the IP became public property.
  • Now the ideas are bought and sold, and the originals can’t compete with the price of the copies because of development cost.
  • In addition, copyright laws last much longer now, for about ___ years –> need a balance of copy right and IP laws.
A

10-15 years 150 years

49
Q

**Essay/short answer question** Why study the global economy in an anthropology class?

A
  • You can study global economy in order to look at global poverty and the way the mechanism of debt is used in order to control countries and people. It continues the active underdevelopment of certain countries or people.
  • Talk about OIL CRISIS and how the big banks of the global economy were able to utilize this debt crisis to set up structrual adjustment plans with a lot of underdeveloped countries.
50
Q

**Exam question:

Why would you study politics in anthropology?

A
51
Q

**Exam question:

Why do tarrifs matter in anthropology?

A

ANT 2410 - Cultural Anthropology (3 decks)

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