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ANT 2410 - Cultural Anthropology > Exam 2 - Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Review Flashcards

1
Q

People who are in the same family, not because of blood relation, but because of marriage.

A

Principle of affinity

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2
Q

The principle of blood/through birth.

A

Principle of consanguinity

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3
Q

What is a nuclear family?

A

Procreative couple and their children

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4
Q

What is an extended family?

A

A family that extends beyond the nuclear family –> including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one household

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5
Q

Be able to work with kinship diagrams…work with them..

A

Practice!

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6
Q

________: father is the head of the household, trace lineage through father’s household

A

Patrilineal

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7
Q

The _____ are patrilineal.

A

Bhil in India

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8
Q

________: mother is the head of the household, trace lineage through mother’s household.

A

Matrilineal

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9
Q

The ___ are matrilineal.

A

Na

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10
Q

________ or ________: trace lineage through both sides

A

Bilinea or bilateral

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11
Q

What is endogamy?

A

Marrying within the local community/village

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12
Q

What is exogamy?

A

Marrying outside the local community/village

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13
Q

Clan organization (the ____ of India’s Bhils)

A

Arak –> means “clan”

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14
Q

The Bhil are endogamic/exogamic

A

Exogamic

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15
Q

What are cross cousins?

  • Your father’s _______ kids
  • Your mother’s _______ kids
A

Father’s sister’s kids

Mother’s brother’s kids

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16
Q

What are parallel cousins?

  • Your father’s _______ kids
  • Your mother’s _______ kids
A

Father’s brother’s kids

Mother’s sister’s kids

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17
Q

It is “perfectly okay” to marry your father’s _______ kids because they are _____ cousins.

A

father’s sisters kids

cross cousins

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18
Q

What’s the importance of marrying cross-cousins? (2)

A

1) Preserve the family line

2) Preserve the wealth into your family

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19
Q

What are the reasons for arranged marriage?

A
  • Can’t leave such important decisions up to young and foolish children.
  • Typically found in kinship-centered societies.
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20
Q

U.S. Marriage (cultural values expressed) is based off of:

A

Emotional reasons, love, marriage, personal independence, individualism, and neolocality

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21
Q

Where do you live after marriage?

  • _________ is when the wife moves in with the husband’s household.
  • _________ is when the husband moves in with the mother’s household.
A

Patrilocality

Matrilocality

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22
Q

________ is when both spouses move outside of their families’ households and start new.

A

Neolocality

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23
Q

We are ________.

A

bilateral

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24
Q

What does it mean if you are patrilocal? You’re living in your ______’s household.

A

It means you are living in your husband’s household

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25
Q

_________: one parter for life.

A

Monogamy

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26
Q

________ _________: one partner at a time.

A

Serial monogamy

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27
Q

________: multiple spouses.

A

Polygamy

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28
Q

________: multiple wives –> women do more work.

A

Polygyny

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29
Q

________: multiple husbands –> men do more work.

A

Polyandry

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30
Q

The example of Tibetan polyandry and its function…

The husbands were all _______.
Function?

A
  • bothers

- Sharing jobs so that one brother is always at home (work rotation). This prevents the land from being broken up.

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31
Q

______ is found in a society where women are less valued. The father of the bride pays the groom to marry his daughter.

A

Dowry

32
Q

_____ _____: generally found in a society where women are highly valued (for their labor).
Men pay the fathers to marry their daughters.

A

Bride-price/bride-wealth.

Think of the “price” to marry the daughter. Must pay up.

33
Q

_____ ______: when the man works for the father for a period of time to earn the daughter’s hand in marriage.

A

Bride service

34
Q

Marriage in Guinea - the hardship for young Guinean men

  • In Guinea, when do you become a man?
  • But most young men can’t afford the _____-_____ and therefore cannot get married.
  • Also, what kind of men did families want their daughter’s marrying?
  • Which would result in what?
  • They practiced both _____ and ______ cousin marriage, anyone really.
  • Intersection of class and masculinity.
A
  • You become a man when you get married
  • bride-price
  • Older, more successful men
  • Which would result in less women being available for the young men to marry.
  • cross and parallel cousin marriage
35
Q

Bhil marriage

  • Many more restrictions about who you can marry
  • Partilineal/matrilineal?
  • Endogamous/exogamous?
  • You CANNOT marry anyone in your, your _______’s, or your _________’s patriline.
A

-

  • Patrilineal
  • Exogamous
  • your, your mother’s, your grandmother’s patriline
36
Q

Be able to compare marriage in the U.S to marriage among the Bhil in India, to marriage in Guinea, etc.

A

Do it

37
Q

Women opting out of careers to have children –>

A

The opt-out phenomenon

38
Q

______ ______: there is only so far a woman can go in her career.

A

Glass ceiling

39
Q

_______ _____: domestic work, women doing all the work at home and also financially providing for the family.

A

Second shift

40
Q

The idea of “traditional” gender role with the man as the __________.

A

breadwinner

41
Q

Your biological makeup.

A

Sex

42
Q

A socioculturally, rather than biologically, constructed attribute; may or may not be binary.

A

Gender

43
Q

How you express sexual pleasure.

A

Sexuality

44
Q

Are there only two sexes?

A
  • No, there is also intersexual (existing or occurring between the sexes/mix between male and female)
  • XXY
45
Q

_____ is something that is done or performed through linguistic practices…not something that someone has.

A

Gender

46
Q
  • ______ _________ is imprinted with gender expectations from the moment of birth.
  • What are some examples?
A
  • Gender socialization –> how the culture teaches us about our own gender, what types of things are for boys and girls.
  • ex: colors (blue vs. pink), toys (trucks vs. dolls), jobs, etc.
  • In England, babies/young boys wore pink because its a shade of red and when they grow up they’ll eventually get to wear red (redcoats).
  • In England, little girls wore light blue.
47
Q

Gender as _________

Something you do, not something that is simply assigned to you –> you perform or enact masculinity/femininity as you move through different social spheres thought the day.

A

Gender as performance

48
Q

Men without Sawmills

  • What was the assumption that households were only run by women?
  • What was the actual reason that the men were kicked out?
  • Did the women actually care if the men didn’t have jobs?
  • But how did the men feel about not having a job?
  • In what ways were the men that did not have a job express their masculinity?
  • The blame was on the men for…?
A
  • That the women kicked the men out because the men didn’t have jobs
  • Substance abuse/drugs/domestic abuse/alcohol abuse
  • No
  • The men felt emasculated
  • Hunting, fishing, hiking
  • for not handling the loss of their job
49
Q

If instability was at the root of single-parent families, what was the root of the instability? Solutions?

A
  • A crisis of masculinity.

- Solutions: Find ways to channel masculinity as the economy changes and what it means to be a man changes.

50
Q

Gender and human rights: example of “do Muslim women need saving”?

  • The burqa or hijab as a “______ _____” and other symbolism (status, class, piety).
  • Also keeps them _________.
  • __, because that’s not being _______ ______. People don’t understand that it’s also empowering.
A
  • mobile home
  • anonymous
  • No, because that’s not being culturally relative.
51
Q

Race vs. Ethnicity vs. Nationality (what it means to call them “imagined” communities)

In what ways is race:

  • Race and Nation –> ________.
  • Ethnic –> _______.
  • Group –>
A
  • Race and Nation –> majority
  • Ethnic –> minority
  • Group –> all are imagined communities/social constructs

Mahoney:

Race - a problematic category based upon arbitrary biological features to group people. Today it is source of pride, identity, discrimination, etc. In the U.S., everyone has race.

Race is like ethnicity in that they are both imagined communities or groups of people. There is often a lot of work that goes into making them communities. Ethnicities are often thought of as cultural groups. Often people will say ethnicity is a better term than race to group people because often when we talk about “races” we are often talking about cultural differences. But as with all identities, ethnicity is tricky. People who are multicultural can have multiple ethnic identities. If ethnicity just means cultural identity, that means everyone in the U.S. has ethnicity, including white ethnicity. Beginning in the late 1970s there was a rise in studies of white ethnicities (Irish, Italian, etc) which is significant because generally ‘ethnic’ Americans are your non-normative, often hyphenated Americans. So ethnicity is always political in relation to a nation. Everyone nation has their “ethnics.” Nations are, however, also imaged communities and basically the same thing as ethnicities except nations usually have a flag, often an army, and usually (though not always) a state to represent them.

I should say, these are not necessarily anthropological terms. These are widely used across the social sciences, and it is good to know the academic usages and distinctions.

52
Q

What are the three main points of Race?

A

1) A biological myth
2) A social construct
3) A social reality

53
Q

A biological myth? (will be one of the essays)

Realities of human genetic variation –>

  • In order to have different races, there needs to be at least about a __% - __% genetic variation.
  • There is only about a __% variation among different human races, and most variation occurs within the so-called races.
A
  • 20% to 40%

- 6%

54
Q

As a species, humans have very _____ genetic variation.

A
  • very little.

- We are all related within 50-70k years

55
Q

Essay:

Race is said to be a biological myth. What does that mean?

A
  • There is little genetic diversity in human beings and the rationale that certain races/ethnic groups are inferior are incorrect.
  • The reason for physiological differences is mostly due to environmental pressures and disease.
56
Q

Skin color (why is there variation? Basics about vitamin D)

  • Light and dark skin is a result of both natural and cultural selection.
  • _______ levels in the skin vary due to differing amount of ___, __ _______, _______ _ intake.
  • _____ and ____(seafood) also supply vitamin D.
A

-Melanin
sun, UV exposure, vitamin D intake
-Dairy and fish

57
Q

Why is vitamin D important?

A

It allows us to absorb calcium

Builds stronger bones/teeth

58
Q

Epicanthic fold and problems with grouping races due to other stereotypical phenotypical features –>

  • The epicanthic fold is a result of environmental adaptation to…?
  • It is a stereotype of East _____, but is also found in South ______.
A
  • the bright sun

- East Asians, South Africans

59
Q

Human blood types and what they say about human “races” ?

A
  • Largely that they do not exist.
  • We do have genetic variation, but all of the clines between the various concentrations of our genes do not line up (in other words, the clines are discordant).
  • So again, while we have blood types, our blood has nothing to do with our skin color or other traits we use to group people into races.
60
Q

What is a cline?

A
  • A gradient for our variation.

- A gradual shift in gene frequencies between neighboring populations.

61
Q

What does it mean that a cline is discordant?

Why is this significant?

A
  • It means that they don’t all match up

- Significant because clines are incompatible with discrete and separate races

62
Q

Racial diseases

______ ____ anemia and ___-____ disease

A

Sickle cell anemia and tay-sachs disease

63
Q

Sickle cell anemia is favorable because the heterozygotes made people less susceptible to _______.

A

malaria

64
Q

A social construct?

Race as a social construct and social reality:

Anti-micegenation laws prevent?

A

Interracial marriage

65
Q

What is the one-drop rule?

A

Any person with even one ancestor of sub-saharan descent (“one-drop” of black blood) was considered to be black

66
Q

____ ____’s ____ were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.

A

Jim Crow’s Law

67
Q

Why was the color line drawn? Where?

A
  • Line drawn between races based on the color of their skin (1600-1700s)
  • Originally happened to prevent the white labor and the nonwhite labor from joining together and uprising.
68
Q

What does miscegenation mean?

A

Poorly mixed genetically

69
Q

Basic difference between colonization of South versus North America (Portuguese / Spanish versus British)

A
  • The Spaniards + Portuguese came around first.
  • Also there was significant difference in slavery/servitude systems
  • Ex: Spaniards and the encomienda system; natives in an area were under “protection” of conquistadors with labor as payment. Later became the casta system with African arrival.
  • The English created “race” in order to control the working class and prevent rebellion.

*Look at Mahoney’s answer on the discussion

70
Q

Brazilian “tipos” vs. U.S. “races” (how are the categories different?)

  • Brazilian “tipos” is based upon ________.
  • U.S. “races” based on ______.
A
  • phenotype

- descent (who your ancestors are)

71
Q

A social reality?

Explain red lining.

A
  • Non-whites couldn’t get loans to buy houses

- This created more segregation after the end of slavery.

72
Q

Race in the work place (what patterns of discrimination do we still see?)

_____ men with criminal records were more likely to get some jobs over Hispanic and black men without criminal records.

A

White

73
Q

Importance of context for understanding social change, culture and power

What do you need to understand before you can make your own claims?

A

You need to understand the history

74
Q

__________ is how different social categories of inequality intersect (race, gender, sexuality, background, disabilities, and ethnicity).

A

Intersectionality

75
Q

Context of Puerto Rican drug dealers in NYC:

  • High amounts of unemployment in _______ ______.
  • Puerto Rican unemployment was ____, so they moved to ____ ____ to take jobs, but got replaced by new immigrants from Mexico who would work for less.
  • There began an epidemic where _____ became easy to make, so Puerto Rican men rejected the less masculine jobs of secretary and such that were available to them in order to sell drugs, which they viewed more ________.
  • The younger generation was more resistant to selling drugs.
A
  • Spanish Harlem
  • high
  • New York
  • crack
  • masculine
76
Q

Essay question on intersectionality:
Compare of Puerto Rican men without jobs selling drugs vs. men without sawmills who don’t work and do drugs. INTERSECTIONALITY COMPARISON.

A

!!

ANT 2410 - Cultural Anthropology (3 decks)

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