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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Exam 3 Respiratory > Flashcards

Exam 3 Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory tract

A

carries air to and from lungs from gas exchange. 2 divisions of respiratory tract

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2
Q

Conducting portion

A

nasal cavity to larger bronchioles.

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3
Q

Respiratory portion

A

alveoli. gas exchange occurs in respiratory portion, lower respiratory tract. smallest bronchioles to alveoli.

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4
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air. protects delicate lower tract. reabsorbs heat and water in outgoing air

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5
Q

Lower RT

A

conducts air to and from gas exchange surfaces

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6
Q

Respiratory defense mechanism

A

mucous, sticks onto pathogens. primary defense of lungs

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7
Q

Mucosa

A

lines nasal cavity through large bronchioles. controls balance. too little could cause respiratory problems.

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8
Q

Lamina propria

A

supports respiratory epithelium, has mucous to pick up pathogens. . underlying areolar tissue, mucous glands in trachea and bronchi

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9
Q

Mucocillary escalator

A

Cilia moves mucous up towards pharynx. mucus traps debris. swallowed to acids in stomach or be coughed up.

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10
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

no mucocilliary escalator. It stops working. average life span is 37. heart failure or chronic bacterial lung infection.

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11
Q

Dorsum of nose

A

bridge formed by two nasal bones. supported by hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

nasal cartilages

A

small elastic cartilages extending laterally from bridge, help keep nostrils open

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13
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

mucus secreted by these moistens/ clean nasal cavity. drains with tears through nasolacrimal duct.

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14
Q

Nasal septum

A

formed by vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid

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15
Q

Pharynx

A

throat. Shared by respiratory and digestive systems.
muscular propulsion of food into the esophagus. common passageway for solid food, liquids and air.
Naso
Oro- base of tongue.
Laryngo- hyoid to larynx

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16
Q

Trachea

A

windpipe. conducts air towards lungs. to bronchi. has 15-20 c shaped tracheal cartilages which prevent collapse and over expansion.

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17
Q

nasal vestivule

A

space at front of nasal cavity. coarse hairs trap large airborne particles.

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18
Q

Nasal cavity opens into nasopharynx through the ________

A

choanae

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19
Q

hard plate

A

forms floor of nasal cavity, operates nasal/oral cavities

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20
Q

soft plate

A

fleshy part posterior to hard plate

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21
Q

glottis

A

opening of larynx. voice box. where air passes through larynx. made of vocal folds and rima glottdis. vocal folds and vestibular folds (prevent foreign objects from entering glottis)

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22
Q

larynx

A

mostly cartilage, surrounds and protects glottis. three large cartilages: epiglottis, thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

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23
Q

epiglottis

A

swallowing. larynx elevates, epiglottis folds back over glottis, blocks entry into respiratory tract

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24
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

anterior surface is laryngeal prominence.

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25
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

ring around larynx. protects glottis and larynx. provides attachment for laryngal muscles

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26
Q

cuneiform cartilage

A

between folds of tissue between each arytenoid cartilage and epiglottis

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27
Q

corniculate cartilage

A

work with arytenoid cartilages to open and close glottis

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28
Q

Arytenoid carteleges

A

superior surface of cricoid

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29
Q

vocal cords

A

think of guitar strings. vibration produces sound waves (your voice)

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30
Q

vocal folds

A

tissue folds that contain vocal ligaments

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31
Q

articulation

A

modification of sounds by tongue teeth and lips.

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32
Q

____ bronchus is wider than ____ and at a steeper angle. forign objects in trachea often go in it

A

right; left

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33
Q

sympathetic nervous system causes

A

bronchodialation

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34
Q

parasympathetic nervous system causes

A

brochioconstriction. asthma.

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35
Q

bronchioles

A

no cartilage. thick smooth muscle. segmental bronchi branch give rise to these.

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36
Q

terminal bronchioles lead to

A

pulmonary lobules or gas exchange

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37
Q

respiratory bronchioli are the ____division

A

last

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38
Q

lobar bronchi

A

2 in left lung 3 in right.

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39
Q

bronchioles ->

A

terminal bronchioles -> respiratori bronchioles -> pulmonary bronchioles. branch into smaller and smaller tubes. diameter decreases

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40
Q

Lungs

A

right- superior, middle and inferior lobe

left- superior and inferior lobe

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41
Q

right lung

A

horizontal tissue between superior/middle lobes, oblique fissure between middle/inferior lobes

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42
Q

left lung

A

oblique fissure between superior/inferior lobes

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43
Q

cardiac notch

A

left lung, accommodates pericardium / heart

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44
Q

hilum

A

medial depression on each lung. allows passage of main bronchus, pulmonary vessels, nerves, lymphatics.

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45
Q

alveoli

A

surrounded by elastic fibers which aid air movement and extensive capillary network for gas exchange

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46
Q

plurae

A

serous membrane sacs surrounding lungs

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47
Q

visceral plura

A

covers outer surface of lungs

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48
Q

parietal plura

A

covers inner surface of thoracic wall, extends over diaphragm and mediastinum

49
Q

pleural cavity

A

potential space between visceral and parietal layers of plural sac. contains plural fluid which reduces friction

50
Q

There are three major cell types in alveolar epithelium.

A

pnenmocytes type 1
pneumocytes type 2
Alveolar macrophages

51
Q

Pnenmocytes type 1

A

thin delicate sites of gas diffusion

52
Q

pneumocystis type 2

A

produce surfactant- oily secretion, reduces surface tension of water in alveoli to prevent collapses

53
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

locate and phagocytize particles that could clog the alveoli

54
Q

blood air barrier

A

where gas exchange occurs between blood and alveolar air. 2 layers

  1. alveolar cell layer (epitletlum)
  2. fused basement membranes (alveolar and capillary)
  3. capillary endothelium
55
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of gases between blood, lungs, and external environment; gas diffusion occurs across blood air barrier between alveolar air and alveolar capillaries

56
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing

57
Q

internal respiration

A

occurs between blood and tissues. absorption of oxygen from blood. release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells

58
Q

hypoxia

A

low tissue oxygen levels. severely limits metabolic activities

59
Q

anoxia

A

no oxygen supply. much damage caused by heart attacks and strokes

60
Q

atelectasis

A

lung collapse

61
Q

air flows from an area of _____ pressure to an area of _____ pressure

A

higher; lower

62
Q

inhalation

A

increased volume causes decreased pressure. air moves IN from an area of high pressure to low. intrapulmonary pressure

63
Q

exhalation

A

decreased volume = increased pressure. air is forced out from an area of high pressure to low. intrapulmonary pressure>atmospheric pressure. positive intrapulmonary pressure pushes air out.

64
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure inside respiratory tract, usually measured at alveoli

65
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air moved into and out of lungs in normal breath.

66
Q

external respiration: gas diffusion

A

alveolar mixture: increasing blood po2 (oxygen enters blood) as it goes from pulmonary capillaries to alveolus. decreases pco2 (carbon dioxide leaves blood). so in capillaries oxygen is less before it enters alveoli and carbon dioxide is more before it enters.

67
Q

internal respiration: gas diffusion

A

oxygen of blood leaving lungs in pulmonary veins drops slightly when it mixes with blood from capillaries but its higher than oxygen of interstitial fluid. co2 is giver in tissues/interstitial fluid than in blood. co2 lowers pH of blood

68
Q

Apnea

A

period in which breathing has stopped

69
Q

respiratory system

A

works with cardiovascular system to supply oxygen and move carbon dioxide from cells

70
Q

digestive tract

A

lined with permanent ridges and temporary folds. increase surface area for absorbing nutrients

71
Q

mesentery

A

prevents entanglement of intestines, stabilizes attached organs, provides access rout for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.

72
Q

there are ____ layers of the digestive tract

A

4

73
Q

mucosa

A

layer 1 of DT. inner lining.
-lamina propria: areolar tissue. contains blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, lymphatic vessels, smooth muscle cells, lymphoid tissue and mucous glands
-mucosal epithelium: begins and ends with strafed squamous..
..stomach small intestine and large intestine are simple columnar with goblet cells.
-villi: small mucosal projections that increase surface area for absorbtion

74
Q

submucosa

A

dense irregular connective tissue contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. also exocrine glands which secrete buffers and enzymes into digestive tract

75
Q

muscular layer

A

smooth muscle in inner circular and outer longitudinal layer . mechanical processing and movement along tract

76
Q

serosa

A

visceral peritoneum, in abdominal cavity. this us not in oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus or rectum.

77
Q

peristalsis

A

contraction behind bolus to help move food down.

78
Q

bolus

A

food entering in digestive tract

79
Q

segmentation

A

movement along digestive tract

80
Q

neural control mechanisms

A

-Short reflexes (myenteric reflexes)
Triggered by chemoreceptors or stretch receptors in digestive tract walls.
Controlling neurons located in the myenteric plexus
-Long reflexes
Higher level of control involving interneurons and motor neurons of the CNS.
Generally control large-scale peristalsis, moving material from one region of the tract to another.
May involve parasympathetic motor fibers that synapse in the myenteric plexus

81
Q

hormonal control mechanisms

A

involves at least 18 hormones that effect digestive function. produced by enteroendocrine cells

82
Q

local factors

A

primary stimulus for digestive activities. change of pH in lumen, presence of chemicals, physical distortion of digestive tract wall

83
Q

small intestine

A

enzymatic nutrient dijestion and absorbtion. 90% of nutrient absorption. length: 19.7 feet/6 meters. duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

84
Q

large intestine

A

dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials

85
Q

stomach

A

chemical breakdown and mechanical processing

86
Q

ingestion

A

solid food and liquid enter oral cavity

87
Q

secretion

A

release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts by the digestive tract epithelium and by accessory digestive organs

88
Q

defecation

A

indigestible food is compacted into material waste called feces and are eliminated

89
Q

oral cavity

A

digestion of carbs and lipids begins here, lined by oral mucosa

90
Q

esophagus

A

narrowest point at beginning. enters abdominiopelvic cavity through the esophageal hiatus which is the opening in the diaphragm

91
Q

innervation

A

in esophagus. maintains resting muscle tone in circular muscle layer, keeps lumen closed except when you swallow

92
Q

upper esophageal sphinchter

A

prevents air from entering esophagus

93
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

prevents back flow of stomach contents, normally is contracted

94
Q

layers of esophageal wall

A
  • mucosa and submucosa form large folds and allow for expansion with passage of a bolus
  • muscularis externa: superior third is skeletal muscle, middle third is skeletal and smooth and inferior third is smooth muscle
  • no serosa: adventitia of connective tissue actors esophagus to posterior body wall
95
Q

stomach

A

empty: contracted lumen
full: can expand to contain 1-1.5 liters of chyme which is highly acidic soupy mixture formed from food saliva and gastric gland secretions

96
Q

fundus

A

superior to junction between stomach and esophagus

97
Q

cardia

A

medial portion. secretes mucus to protect esophagus from stomach enzymes/acid

98
Q

body

A

largest region. between funds and pylorus. mixing bowl

99
Q

pylorus

A

j sharpe. changes shape with mixing movements

100
Q

functions of stomach

A

Temporary storage of ingested food
Mechanical digestion of ingested food
Chemical digestion of food through the action of acid and enzymes
Production of intrinsic factor

101
Q

layers of stomach

A
  • mucosa: alkaline mucus. protects epithelial cells against acid in gastric lumen. life span of gastric epithelial cell is 3-7 days
  • submucosa
  • muscular layer
  • serosa
102
Q

gastric glands

A

found in fundus and body: to acid gastric digestion. parietal and chief cells. secrete 1.5 L of gastric juice everyday.

in pylorus: secrete mucus and hormones that coordinate and control digestive activity

103
Q

parietal cells secrete:

A 
-Intrinsic factor
Glycoprotein that aids in vitamin B12 absorption
-Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 
Activates pepsinogen
Keeps stomach at pH 1.5–2
104
Q

g cells

A

produce hormones

105
Q

chief cells secrete:

A

-Pepsinogen
Activated by HCl to become pepsin
Active proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzyme
-Newborns also produce rennin and gastric lipase
Enzymes important for the digestion of milk

106
Q

HCI production

A

-Parietal cells do not create HCl in their cytoplasm (it would destroy the cell)
~~H+ and Cl– are transported and secreted separately
~~H+ is generated as carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 and H2O to carbonic acid
-Bicarbonate ejected into the interstitial fluid in exchange for a chloride ion
~~If gastric glands very active, amount of bicarbonate released is enough to increase the pH of the blood
-Chloride ions diffuse across cell and exit into the lumen of the gastric gland
-Hydrogen ions are also actively transported into the gastric gland lumen

107
Q

Sudden influx of bicarbonate ions is called the

A

alkaline tide

108
Q

many intestinal structures such as _____ and ____ add surface area to increase absorption

A

circular folds and intestinal villi

109
Q

circular folds

A

along intestinal lining, 800 folds in small intestine. mostly in jejunum

110
Q

intestinal villi

A

fingerlike projections of mucosa. covered by epithelial cells

111
Q

intestinal glands

A

located at the bases of villi. stem cells divide an produce epithelia cells.

112
Q

paneth cells

A

at base have a role in innate immunity. releases defensins and lysozyme

113
Q

internal structure of villus

A

-capillary network in the lamina propria. carry absorbed nutrients to the hepatic portal circulation

  • lacteal/lymphatic capillary: transports materials that cannot enter blood capillaries. . example:
    1. Absorbed fatty acids assembled into protein–lipid packages (chylomicrons) too large to diffuse into bloodstream
    2. Transported by lymphatic system to venous circulation
  • smooth muscle in muscular mucosae: moves villi back and forth exposing surfaces to intestinal content. squeezes lacteal, assisting in lymph movement
  • brush border: increases surface area. carpet of microvilli on surface of epithelial cells. contains enzymes that direct materials so the epithelia cells can then absorb breakdown products
114
Q

duodenum

A

closet to stomach. mixing bowl, it receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from liver, gallbladder and pancreas. duodenal glands produce mucous. has few circular folds and small villi. main function: neutralize acidic chyme.

115
Q

jejunum

A

middle segment. peritoneal cavity. numerous circular folds, long villi. has majority of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

116
Q

ileum

A

ends at ileocecal valve which is a sphincter controlling flow from the ileum into the cecum of large intestine. has few circular folds and villi are stumpy.

117
Q

gas exchange

A
  1. breathing moves air in/out of lungs
  2. oxygen diffuses from alveoli in lungs into capillaries
  3. oxygen enters red blood cells, where it binds to protein hemoglobin.
  4. oxygen diffuses from blood to body’s tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the
    tissues to the blood.
  5. carbon dioxide leaves the body when we exhale
118
Q

Carbon dioxide transport

A
  1. Carbon dioxide is released from mitochondria
  2. Carbon dioxide diffuses into a capillary
  3. Carbon dioxide Is carried to the lungs
  4. Carbon dioxide diffuses into a alveolus
  5. Air exits through the nose or mouth
119
Q

Oxygen transport

A
  1. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries
  2. Oxygen enters a red blood cell
  3. Oxygen binds to a molecule of hemoglobin
  4. Oxygen carried through blood vessels to a capillary
  5. Oxygen diffuse from the blood to the body’s tissues

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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