Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

Cardiovascular system

1
Q

Base of the heart

A

Superior. Major vessels. 1.2 cm to left. 3rd costal cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Apex of the heart.

A

Pointed tip. Inferior. 12.5 cm from base. 7.5 cm to left. 5th intercostal space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The heart is a ___ sided pump with ____ chambers

A

2 ; 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Right atrium _____ blood ____

A

receives ; from systematic circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Right ventricle ____ blood ______

A

pumps ; into pulmonary circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Left atrium _____ blood _____

A

receives ; pulmonary circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Left ventricle _____ blood _____

A

pumps ; into systematic circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The heart is located in the ______ and is enclosed by the ________

A

mediastinum ; pericardial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mediastinum

A

space or region in thorax between 2 pleural cavities (between the lines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pericardium

A

Sac like structure wrapped around heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

outermost layer; dense fibrous tissue that extends to sternum and diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Serous pericardium

A

2 layers. outer layer lines fibrous pericardium. inner serous layer covers surface of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

space between serous layers; 15-50 mL of pericardial fluid, lubricates movement of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

excess accumulation of pericardial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Epicardium

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Myocardium

A

middle layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Endocardium

A

innermost layer, simple squamous epithelium and areolar tissue. covers chambers, vessels, and heart valves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Atrial musculature

A

Located in myocardium. wrap around atria in figure 8 pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ventricular musculature

A

In myocardium. surrounds both ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Smaller than skeletal. 10-20 um diameter; 50-100 um length, intercalated discs. intercellular connections. single, centrally located nucleus. striated. almost totally dependent on aerobic metabolism (needs oxygen for energy). Abundant mitochondria and myoglobin (Stores O2). extensive capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Intercalated discs

A

branching interconnections between cells. attached by desmosomes and gap junctions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gap junctions

A

allow action potentials to spread cell to cell; allows all interconnected cells to function together as single unit = a functional syncytium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Auricle of each atrium

A

expandable pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

Anterior view. groove separating atria and ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ligamentum arteriosum

A

Anterior view. fibrous remnant of fetal connection between aorta and pulmonary trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Posterior view. return blood to left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

superior and inferior venae cavae

A

posterior view. retuning blood to right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Posterior view. returns blood from myocardium to right atrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

posterior inter-ventricular sulcus

A

posterior view. groove between 2 ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Left and right coronary arteries

A

arise from ascending aorta; fill when ventricles are relaxed (diastole)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Myocardial blood flow may increase to ___ times the resting level during maximal exertion

A

9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Right coronary artery

A

-right atrium, parts of both ventricles, parts of cardiac (electrical) conducting system. follows the coronary sulcus (groove between atria and ventricles) main branches: 1. marginal arteries (right ventricle supply) 2. posterior inter ventricular artery (posterior depending) - this runs in posterior IV sulcus; supplies IV septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Left coronary artery

A

supplies left ventricle, left atrium, inter-ventricular septum. -main branches: 1. anterior inter ventricular artery (left anterior depending artery): follows anterior IV septum, supplies IV septum. 2. circumflex artery: follows coronary sulcus to the left, meets benches of right coronary artery posteriorly; marginal artery off circumflex supplies posterior of left ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Coronary circulation - veins (anterior)

A
  1. great cardiac vein ( in anterior IV sulcus): drains areas supplied by the anterior IV artery, empties into coronary sinus
  2. anterior cardiac veins: drain anterior surface of right ventricle, empty directly into right atrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Coronary circulation - veins (posterior)

A
  1. coronary sinus- expanded vein that empty into right atrium
  2. posterior vein of left ventricle - drains area supplied by circumflex artery
  3. middle cardiac vein - drains area supplied by posterior IV artery; empties into coronary sinus
  4. small cardiac vein: drains posterior of right atrium/ ventricle, empties into coronary sinus.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Blood flow through the coronary circuit is maintained by changing _____ and _____

A

blood pressure ; elastic rebound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

left ventricular relaxation

A

pressure decreases, aortic walls recoil (elastic bound) pushing blood in both directions (forward into systematic circuit and back into coronary arteries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

left ventricular contraction

A

forces blood into aorta, elevating blood pressure, stretching aortic walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Atrium

A

receives blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Ventricle

A

pumps blood out of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Right and left atria are separated by the _____

A

interatrial septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Right and left ventricles are separated by the ______

A

interventricular septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Semilunar valves

A

at exit from each ventricle; allow only one-way blood flow from ventricle out into aorta or pulmonary trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Right atrium

A

receives Deoxygenated blood from vena cava and coronary sinus. (from systematic circuit) -fossil ovals: eminent of fetal foramen ovale that allowed fetal blood to pass between atria; closes at birth. passes to right ventricle to pulmonary circuit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins. sends to left ventricle to systematic circuit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

pectinate muscles

A

muscular ridges located inside both atria along the anterior atrial wall and in the auricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

right ventricle

A

thinner wall; minimal effort. receives blood from right atrium through tricuspid valve or right atrioventricular valve, with contraction blood exits through left pulmonary valve (semilunar) into pulmonary trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

left ventricle

A

much thicker than right. 4-6 times the pressure of right; sends blood to entire systematic circuit. reduces right ventricular volume, aiding its emptying. receives blood from left atrium through mitral valve or bicuspid. with contraction blood exits through aortic valve (semilunar ) into the ascending aorta.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

trabecular carnae

A

muscular ridges inside both ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Valve structure: cusps attach to tendon-like connective tissue bands called _____

A

chorde tendineae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

chorde tendineae are anchored to thickened cone shaped _____

A

papillary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

moderator band

A

thickened muscle ridge providing rapid conviction path; tenses papillary muscles just before ventricular contraction; prevents slamming or inversion of AV valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Artia have ____ workloads. walls ______

A

similar; about the same thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Venticles have _____ workloads

A

different.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

When ventricles are relaxed they ____

A

fill. AV valves open. chord tendineae are loose. semilunar valves closed.

56
Q

When ventricles contract they ______

A

empty. AV valves close, papillary muscles tighten chord tendinae so cusps cant invert into atria, prevents backflow. semilunar valves open.

57
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

period between start of one heartbeat and the next

58
Q

heart rate

A

number of beats per minute

59
Q

Two ____ contract to fill ventricles

A

atria

60
Q

Two ______ contract to pump blood into pulmonary and systematic circuits

A

ventricles

61
Q

Systole

A

blood leaves chamber

62
Q

diastole

A

chamber refills

63
Q

sequence of contractions

A
  1. Atria contract together first (atrial systole)
    Push blood into the ventricles
    Ventricles are relaxed (diastole) and filling
  2. Ventricles contract together next (ventricular systole)
    Push blood into the pulmonary and systemic circuits
    Atria are relaxed (diastole) and filling.

Typical cardiac cycle lasts 800 msec

64
Q

Cardiac cycle is in detail is on slides 57-64

A

powerpoint.

65
Q

Dicrotic notch

A

a valley in pressure tracing

66
Q

S1 Lubb

A

when AV valve closes; marks start of ventricular contraction

67
Q

S2 dupp

A

when semilunar valves close

68
Q

s3 and s4

A

very faint, rarely heard in adults. s3= blood flowing through ventricles. s4= atrial contraction

69
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle each minute. determined by heart rate and stroke volume. precisely adjusted to meet needs of tissues.

70
Q

audtorhythmicity

A

cardiacs muscles ability to contract at its own pace independent of neural or hormonal stimulation

71
Q

conducting system

A

5 steps. network of specialized cardiac muscles cells ( pacemaker and conducting cells) that initiate / distribute a stimulus to contract

72
Q

Conducting system step 1

A

sinoatrial node: pacemaker. each heartbeat begins with AP generated here. in posterior wall of right atrium, near superior vena cava. impulse is initiated here and spreads through adjacent cells. 60-100 bpm.

73
Q

Conducting system step 2

A

Internodal pathways: formed by conducting cells. distribute through both atria

74
Q

Conducting system step 3

A

Atrioventricular node: at junction between atria and ventricles. relays signals from atria to ventricles. has pacemaker cells that can take over pacing if SA node fails. AV pacing is slower. 40-60 bpm

75
Q

Conducting system step 4

A

AV bundle: conducting cells transmit signal from AV node down through IV septum. usually only electrical connection between atria/venticles

76
Q

Conducting system step 5

A

bundle branches: right and left branches. left are larger. conducting cells transmit signal to apex of heart, then spreading out in ventricular walls

77
Q

Conducting system step 6

A

Purkinje fibers: radiate upward through ventricular walls. large diameter conducting cells. propagate action potentials as fast as myelinated neurons. stimulate ventricular myocardium and trigger contraction

78
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

79
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization. ventricles contract after R peak,

80
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

81
Q

P-R interval

A

start of atrial depolarization to start of ventricular depolarization

82
Q

Q-T interval

A

ventricles undergo single cycle.

83
Q

ECG’s are valuable for detecting

A

arrhythmias

84
Q

Cardiac arrhythmias

A

abnormal patterns of cardiac electrical activity

85
Q

premature atrial contractions

A

occur in healthy people, stews, caffeine, various drugs increase permeability of the SA pacemaker.

86
Q

paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

A

premature atrial contraction triggers flurry of arial activity ventricles keep pace. heart rate jumps to about 180 bpm

87
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

up to 500 bpm. atria quiver-not organized contraction. ventricular rate cannot follow, may remain fairly normal. atria nonfictional but ventricles remain fairly normal. person may not realize.

88
Q

premature ventricular contraction

A

purkinje cell or ventricular myocardial cell depolarizes, triggers premature contraction. cell responsible is called exotic pacemaker . increased by epinephrine, drugs, or ionic changes that depolarize cardiac muscle cells

89
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

4 or more PVCs without intervening normal beats. multiple PVCs and Vtach may indicate serious cardiac problems

90
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

fatal because ventricles quiver quicker but cannot pump any blood. cardiac arrest.

91
Q

pacemaker potential

A

the gradual spontaneous depolarization . cells are in SA and AV nodes

92
Q

Pacemaker in SA node

A

80-100 times/min. establishes heart rate. SA node brings AV node cells to threshold before they reach it on their own, thus SA node paces the heart

93
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate. t or f

A

true

94
Q

ACh from parasympathetic neurons:

A

opens K+ channels in plasma membrane, hyper polarizes membrane, slows rate of spontaneous depolarization, lengthen repolarization

95
Q

Sympathetic influence

A

increase heart rate. binding of norepinephrine to beta1 receptors opens ion channels. increases depolarization, decreases repolarization

96
Q

resting heart rate

A

varies with age, general health and physical condition. normal is 60-100 bpm.

97
Q

bradycardia

A

hr is slower than normal <60

98
Q

tachycardia

A

hr is faster than normal >100

99
Q

heart failure

A

conditions in which the heart cannot meeting the demands of peripheral tissues

100
Q

blood vessels

A

conduct blood between the heart and peripheral tissues

101
Q

capillaries

A

exchange substances between blood and tissues, interconnect smallest arteries and smallest veins . thin walls allow easy diffusion

102
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

p arteries to p capillaries to p veins

103
Q

systematic circuit

A

s arteries to s capillaries to s veins

104
Q

there are four layers of arteries and veins t or f

A

false ; 3

105
Q

tunica intima

A

innermost. elastic fibers.

106
Q

tunica media

A

middle. smooth muscles. contraction=decrease in vessel diameter or vasoconstriction. relaxation=increase or vasodilation.

107
Q

tunica externa

A

outermost. collagen and elastic fibers. in veins, thicker than media (contains networks of elastic fibers and bundles of smooth muscle) anchors vessel to surrounding tissue

108
Q

elastic arteries

A

large vessels that recoil when heart beats pulmonary trunk, aorta, and branches

109
Q

muscular Arteies

A

medium. blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs

110
Q

arterioles

A

poorly defined externa. 1-2 smooth muscle cells thick

111
Q

venules

A

small veins. those smaller than 50 um lack a media and resemble capillaries. collect blood from capillaries

112
Q

medium sized veins

A

2-9 mm in internal diameter. thin media with smooth muscle and collagen. thickest layer is externa

113
Q

large veins

A

contain all 3 vessel wall layers. superior and inferior vena cava.

114
Q

capillary bed

A

interconnected network of capillaries. connections between arterioles and veils . can be supplied by more than one artery. allows continuous delivery of blood to capillary bed even if one artery is blocked. can be bypassed by arteriovenous anastomosis that directly connects arteriole to venue. this is regulated by sympathetic intervention.

115
Q

collaterals

A

multiple arteries

116
Q

fusion is an example of

A

arterial anastomosis

117
Q

anastomosis

A

joining of blood vessels

118
Q

metarteriole

A

initial segment of connection passageway. contains smooth muscle that can change the vessels diameter and adjust flow rate

119
Q

thoroughfare channel

A

most direct passageway through capillary bed

120
Q

precapillary spinchters

A

bands of smooth muscle that contract and relax to control flow into the capillary bed

121
Q

vasomotion

A

cycles of contraction and relaxation

122
Q

The venous system has low pressures and contains almost one-thirds of the body’s blood volume t o f

A

false. its 2/3s

123
Q

Flow through blood vessels is influenced by

A

resistance

124
Q

Capillary exchange

A

diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid. involves a combo of diffusion , osmosis and filtration

125
Q

Blood pressure in veins is maintained by

A

valves and muscular compression of peripheral veins

126
Q

As blood moves towards the heart vessels get ____ and resistance ____

A

larger / decreases

127
Q

Central regulation

A
  • Involves neural and endocrine mechanisms
  • Makes coordinated adjustments to heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance, and venous pressure so cardiac output is sufficient
128
Q

Decreasing diameter _____ resistance and ____ pressure and _____ flow

A

increases / decreases / decreases

129
Q

heart generates pressures of about 130 mm hg t or f

A

false, 120

130
Q

At start of peripheral capillaries pressure is ___, at the venues pressure is ___

A

35 mm hg / 18 mm hg. pressure drops at each branching in arterial system.

131
Q

flow ___ in venous system

A

accelerates. theres lower resistance bc of larger diameters

132
Q

systolic pressure

A

pressure rises, contraction

133
Q

diastole pressure

A

relaxation

134
Q

pulse pressure

A

largest minus smallest. systolic minus diastolic

135
Q

mean arterial pressure .

A

diastolic pressure plus pulse pressure / 3. 90 + (120-90) divided by 3

136
Q

capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

pushes water and small molecules out of the blood stream into interstitial fluid . larger molecules such as plasma proteins remain in blood

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions