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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Exam 1 Blood > Flashcards

Exam 1 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Blood
Blood Vessels
Heart - pumps blood, maintains blood pressure

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2
Q

Blood Vessels

A

Arteries - Away from heart (A=away)
Capillaries - exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
Veins - return blood to heart

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3
Q

The arteries and veins are

A

directional terms

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4
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • Transportation of gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones
  • Regulate pH of interstitial fluid
  • Restrict fluid loss = clotting = patching
  • Defend against toxins and pathogens
  • Stabilize body temp
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5
Q

True or False:

Blood is a fluid connective tissue containing plasma and formed elements

A

True

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6
Q

Blood is slightly

A

alkaline, around 7.5 pH

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7
Q

Blood is 5 times as

A

viscous as water, resistant to flow due to formed elements in plasma

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8
Q

Plasma

A

55% of whole blood, extracellular matrix

  • Plasma proteins 7%
  • Solutes 1%
  • Water 92%
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9
Q

Formed elements

A

45% of whole blood

  • Platelets/ thrombocytes <1%
  • White blood cells / leukocyte <1%
  • Red blood cells : 99% of formed elements
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10
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of whole blood from formed elements, packed cell volume

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11
Q

Plasma proteins

A
  • Albumins 60%. osmotic pressure
  • Globulins 35%
    - Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
    - Transport globulins
  • Fibrinogen 4%
    - blood clotting, forms fibrin strands
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12
Q

Solutes

A
  • Electrolytes: major ions, Na+, K+, Ca2+, etc.
  • Organic nutrients: lipids, carbs, amino acids. ATP production, growth, and maintenance
  • Organic wastes: breakdown or excretion. Urea, uric acid, etc.
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13
Q

Platelets

A

Clotting

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14
Q

WBC/ leukrocyte

A

Body defense.

  • Neutrophils: fight infection, first responders
  • Eosinophils: release antihistamines, decrease inflammation, parasitic and allergic reactions.
  • Basophils: release histamines, allergic reaction, increase inflammation
  • Lymphocytes: bacteria, virus, foreign proteins,
  • Monocytes
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15
Q

RBC/ erythrocyte

A

Packed with hemoglobin= carry oxygen, 1/3 of all cells in body. biconcave disks, thin centers, thicker edges. Flexible: can move through narrow capillaries. Form stacks (rouleaux)—facilitate transport in small vessels

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16
Q

Development of formed elements

A

Hemopoiesis, produced in red bone marrow

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17
Q

Hemocytoblasts

A

Produce lymphoid and myeloid stem cells

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18
Q

Lymphoid stem cells differentiate into

A

Lymphocytes, immune response. Some stay in red bone marrow others move to lymphoid tissue (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes)

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19
Q

Myeloid

A

Produce other formed elements

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20
Q

Lymphoid process

A

Lymphoid cells - > lymphoblasts -> pro-lymphocytes -> lymphocytes

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21
Q

Colony-stimulating factors

A

Hormones released by activated lymphocytes and other cells during immune response to stimulate blood cell formation

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22
Q

Monoblast process

A

Myeloid cells - > stimulation by colony-stimulating factors -> progenitor cells-> Monoblasts -> promonocytes -> monocytes

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23
Q

Myeloid stem cells differentiate into

A

3 different progenitor cells:

  • Monoblasts and myeloblasts
  • Megakaryocytes
  • Proerythroblasts
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24
Q

Myeloblast process

A

Myeloblast -> Myelocyte -> Band cells (Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil) -> WBC

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25
Q

Megakaryocyte process

A

Megakaryocyte (shed cytoplasm) -> platelets

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26
Q

Proerythroblasts process

A

Stimulation -> Proerythroblast stimulation -> erythroblast stages -> nucleus ejected -> reticulocyte -> RBC

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27
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Released into plasma in response to low tissue oxygen levels = hypoxia. Causes: anemia, reduced blood flow to kidneys, lung damage

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28
Q

RBC contain

A

hemoglobin that transports respiratory gases

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29
Q

RBC characteristics

A
  • lose most organelles during development
  • Mature RBCs luck nuclei , cant divide or repair
  • life span <120 days
  • 95% is hemoglobin
  • transports respiratory gases
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30
Q

Hemoglobin

A 
2 Alpha chains , 2 beta chains. each chain has a heme molecule. 2 chains, 4 oxygens.
Oxygenated blood (oxyhemoglobin) = bright red. deoxygenated (deoxyhemoglobin) blood = dark red
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31
Q

RBC aren’t continually produced. T or F?

A

False

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32
Q

End of RBC life

A

plasma membrane ruptures (hemolysis) or RBC is engulfed in macrophages in spleen liver or bone marrow

33
Q

Erythropoieses

A

RBC formation invertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, scapulae, pelvis, and ends of limb bones

34
Q

RBC Production and breakdown

A

Macrophages: monitor conditions of circulating RBCs.

35
Q

hemoglobinuria

A

Breakdown of an abnormally large number of RBCs results in red or brown urine

36
Q

Inability to produce bilirubin causes

A

bilirubin levels to increase . Issue with liver -> bilirubin -> jaundice

37
Q

Bilirubin in large intestine:

A

Bacteria convert bilirubin to urobilins and stercobilins; they enter feces, giving it yellow-brown or brown color

38
Q

Antigens

A

substances that can elicit immune responses

39
Q

T or F? Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of specific surface antigens on RBCs

40
Q

Agglutination

A

clumping together of RBCs . giving A blood type to person with B Cross reaction.

41
Q

Anti- A antibodies

42
Q

Blood Type A+ can receive from

A

A+, O-, O+

43
Q

Blood type B+ can receive from

A

B+, O-, O+

44
Q

Blood type AB+ can receive from

A

AB+, A+, B+, O-, O+. Universal recipient

45
Q

Blood type O- can receive from

A

O-. Universal donar

46
Q

WBC

A

Have nuclei like RBC but no hemoglobin.

“Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”

47
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils can partake in this. Engulf pathogens, cell debris etc.

48
Q

Differential count

A

Indicates number of each type of WBC in a sample

Reported as percentage

49
Q

Two types of WBC

A

Granular leukocytes : absorb stains.
N : 50-70%, E: 2-4%, B: <1 %
Agranular leukocytes : dont absorb stains
L: 20-40% M: 2-8%

50
Q

3 Stages of Hemostasis

A

Vascualar: 30 min after injury, vascular spasms, endothelium become sticky
Platelet: attachment of platelets to sticky endothelial surfaces, basement membrane, exposed collagen fibers
Coagulation: 30 seconds after damage, clotting. Fibrin threads catch RBC.

51
Q

Chemicals released by platelets

A

ADP
Platelet factors
PDGF
Calcium ions

52
Q

Calcium and vitamin K

A

important to reduce blood deficiencies.

53
Q

Hemophilia

A

Inherited bleeding disorder, Caused by missing or reduced production of a clotting factor. In severe cases, extensive bleeding occurs with minor contact

54
Q

Septicemia

A

Sepsis of the blood (“blood poisoning”)

55
Q

Sepsis

A

Widespread infection of body tissue

56
Q

Malaria

A

Initially infects liver, later effects RBCs

57
Q

Leukemia

A

abnormal/ immature WBC

58
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Immunity, ability to resist infection and disease
Maintaining normal blood volume and composition of interstitial fluid
Components: Lymphocytes, Lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues

59
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Surrounded by lymphs (interstitial fluid between cells)

60
Q

Primary lymphoid tissues and organs

A

Lymphocytes are formed and matured. red bone marrow, thymus gland

61
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissues and organs

A

Lymphocytes are cloned. lymph nodes, tonsils, MALT, appendix, spleen

62
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Overlapping cells, one-way valves. areas without blood supply lack these capillaries for example the cornea.

63
Q

Thoracic duct

A

left side, occupies more than right lymphatic duct

64
Q

Cisterna chyli

A

Expanded, sac-like chamber at the base of the thoracic duct

65
Q

Lymph is drained into the cysterna chyli by the:

A

Lumbar trunks

Intestinal trunk

66
Q

3 classes of Lymphocytes

A

T cells 80% cell mediated immunity
B Cells 10-15% antibody mediated immunity
NK Cells 5-10% immune surveillance

67
Q

T Cells

A
  1. Cytotoxic T cells: attack foreign affects by virus
  2. Helper T cells: stimulate t and b cells, activate b cells before b can produce antibodies
  3. Regulatory cells: immune response
  4. Memory t cells: respond to antigens they have already encountered
68
Q

B Cells

A

-> plasma cells. When stimulated, become plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies.

69
Q

NK Cells

A

Attack foreign virus infected cancer cells

70
Q

Lymphopoiesis (lymphocyte production)

A

-Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphoid tissue . redbone marrow plays primary role. Thymus -> blood barrier, only best T cells are filtered out. Mature t cells reenter blood stream and travel to peripheral lymphoid tissues and organs

71
Q

Lymphoid stem cells 2 groups

A
  1. migrates to thymus and develops T cells

2. migrates to red bone marrow and produces B cells (lymph nodes ,spleen) and NK cells

72
Q

Aggregated lymphoid nodules, Peyers patches

A

Clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the intestines

73
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Function as filters, removing 99 percent of pathogens from lymph before fluid returns to bloodstream, kidney bean

74
Q

Thymus decreases with age. T or F?

75
Q

Thymus

A

No blood thymus barrier in medulla.

76
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphoid organ, responds to antigens in the bloodstream. Filters. Removes abnormal rbcs by phagocytosis. initiates immune response by T and B cells. stores iron recycled from RBC. deep red when dissected due to large amounts of blood. Very fragile. Can rupture.

77
Q

Hilum

A

(indentation where blood and lymphatic vessels communicate)

78
Q

Trabeculae

A

Fibrous partitions that radiate outward from the hilum toward the capsule
Allow room for blood vessels

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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