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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Exam 1 Blood > Flashcards

Exam 1 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Blood
Blood Vessels
Heart - pumps blood, maintains blood pressure

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2
Q

Blood Vessels

A

Arteries - Away from heart (A=away)
Capillaries - exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
Veins - return blood to heart

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3
Q

The arteries and veins are

A

directional terms

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4
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • Transportation of gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones
  • Regulate pH of interstitial fluid
  • Restrict fluid loss = clotting = patching
  • Defend against toxins and pathogens
  • Stabilize body temp
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5
Q

True or False:

Blood is a fluid connective tissue containing plasma and formed elements

A

True

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6
Q

Blood is slightly

A

alkaline, around 7.5 pH

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7
Q

Blood is 5 times as

A

viscous as water, resistant to flow due to formed elements in plasma

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8
Q

Plasma

A

55% of whole blood, extracellular matrix

  • Plasma proteins 7%
  • Solutes 1%
  • Water 92%
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9
Q

Formed elements

A

45% of whole blood

  • Platelets/ thrombocytes <1%
  • White blood cells / leukocyte <1%
  • Red blood cells : 99% of formed elements
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10
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of whole blood from formed elements, packed cell volume

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11
Q

Plasma proteins

A
  • Albumins 60%. osmotic pressure
  • Globulins 35%
    - Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
    - Transport globulins
  • Fibrinogen 4%
    - blood clotting, forms fibrin strands
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12
Q

Solutes

A
  • Electrolytes: major ions, Na+, K+, Ca2+, etc.
  • Organic nutrients: lipids, carbs, amino acids. ATP production, growth, and maintenance
  • Organic wastes: breakdown or excretion. Urea, uric acid, etc.
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13
Q

Platelets

A

Clotting

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14
Q

WBC/ leukrocyte

A

Body defense.

  • Neutrophils: fight infection, first responders
  • Eosinophils: release antihistamines, decrease inflammation, parasitic and allergic reactions.
  • Basophils: release histamines, allergic reaction, increase inflammation
  • Lymphocytes: bacteria, virus, foreign proteins,
  • Monocytes
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15
Q

RBC/ erythrocyte

A

Packed with hemoglobin= carry oxygen, 1/3 of all cells in body. biconcave disks, thin centers, thicker edges. Flexible: can move through narrow capillaries. Form stacks (rouleaux)—facilitate transport in small vessels

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16
Q

Development of formed elements

A

Hemopoiesis, produced in red bone marrow

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17
Q

Hemocytoblasts

A

Produce lymphoid and myeloid stem cells

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18
Q

Lymphoid stem cells differentiate into

A

Lymphocytes, immune response. Some stay in red bone marrow others move to lymphoid tissue (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes)

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19
Q

Myeloid

A

Produce other formed elements

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20
Q

Lymphoid process

A

Lymphoid cells - > lymphoblasts -> pro-lymphocytes -> lymphocytes

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21
Q

Colony-stimulating factors

A

Hormones released by activated lymphocytes and other cells during immune response to stimulate blood cell formation

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22
Q

Monoblast process

A

Myeloid cells - > stimulation by colony-stimulating factors -> progenitor cells-> Monoblasts -> promonocytes -> monocytes

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23
Q

Myeloid stem cells differentiate into

A

3 different progenitor cells:

  • Monoblasts and myeloblasts
  • Megakaryocytes
  • Proerythroblasts
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24
Q

Myeloblast process

A

Myeloblast -> Myelocyte -> Band cells (Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil) -> WBC

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25
Megakaryocyte process
Megakaryocyte (shed cytoplasm) -> platelets
26
Proerythroblasts process
Stimulation -> Proerythroblast stimulation -> erythroblast stages -> nucleus ejected -> reticulocyte -> RBC
27
Erythropoietin
Released into plasma in response to low tissue oxygen levels = hypoxia. Causes: anemia, reduced blood flow to kidneys, lung damage
28
RBC contain
hemoglobin that transports respiratory gases
29
RBC characteristics
- lose most organelles during development - Mature RBCs luck nuclei , cant divide or repair - life span <120 days - 95% is hemoglobin - transports respiratory gases
30
Hemoglobin
``` 2 Alpha chains , 2 beta chains. each chain has a heme molecule. 2 chains, 4 oxygens. Oxygenated blood (oxyhemoglobin) = bright red. deoxygenated (deoxyhemoglobin) blood = dark red ```
31
RBC aren't continually produced. T or F?
False
32
End of RBC life
plasma membrane ruptures (hemolysis) or RBC is engulfed in macrophages in spleen liver or bone marrow
33
Erythropoieses
RBC formation invertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, scapulae, pelvis, and ends of limb bones
34
RBC Production and breakdown
Macrophages: monitor conditions of circulating RBCs.
35
hemoglobinuria
Breakdown of an abnormally large number of RBCs results in red or brown urine
36
Inability to produce bilirubin causes
bilirubin levels to increase . Issue with liver -> bilirubin -> jaundice
37
Bilirubin in large intestine:
Bacteria convert bilirubin to urobilins and stercobilins; they enter feces, giving it yellow-brown or brown color
38
Antigens
substances that can elicit immune responses
39
T or F? Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of specific surface antigens on RBCs
True
40
Agglutination
clumping together of RBCs . giving A blood type to person with B Cross reaction.
41
Anti- A antibodies
Type A
42
Blood Type A+ can receive from
A+, O-, O+
43
Blood type B+ can receive from
B+, O-, O+
44
Blood type AB+ can receive from
AB+, A+, B+, O-, O+. Universal recipient
45
Blood type O- can receive from
O-. Universal donar
46
WBC
Have nuclei like RBC but no hemoglobin. | "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas"
47
Phagocytosis
Neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils can partake in this. Engulf pathogens, cell debris etc.
48
Differential count
Indicates number of each type of WBC in a sample | Reported as percentage
49
Two types of WBC
Granular leukocytes : absorb stains. N : 50-70%, E: 2-4%, B: <1 % Agranular leukocytes : dont absorb stains L: 20-40% M: 2-8%
50
3 Stages of Hemostasis
Vascualar: 30 min after injury, vascular spasms, endothelium become sticky Platelet: attachment of platelets to sticky endothelial surfaces, basement membrane, exposed collagen fibers Coagulation: 30 seconds after damage, clotting. Fibrin threads catch RBC.
51
Chemicals released by platelets
ADP Platelet factors PDGF Calcium ions
52
Calcium and vitamin K
important to reduce blood deficiencies.
53
Hemophilia
Inherited bleeding disorder, Caused by missing or reduced production of a clotting factor. In severe cases, extensive bleeding occurs with minor contact
54
Septicemia
Sepsis of the blood (“blood poisoning”)
55
Sepsis
Widespread infection of body tissue
56
Malaria
Initially infects liver, later effects RBCs
57
Leukemia
abnormal/ immature WBC
58
Lymphatic system
Immunity, ability to resist infection and disease Maintaining normal blood volume and composition of interstitial fluid Components: Lymphocytes, Lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues
59
Lymphocytes
Surrounded by lymphs (interstitial fluid between cells)
60
Primary lymphoid tissues and organs
Lymphocytes are formed and matured. red bone marrow, thymus gland
61
Secondary lymphoid tissues and organs
Lymphocytes are cloned. lymph nodes, tonsils, MALT, appendix, spleen
62
Lymphatic capillaries
Overlapping cells, one-way valves. areas without blood supply lack these capillaries for example the cornea.
63
Thoracic duct
left side, occupies more than right lymphatic duct
64
Cisterna chyli
Expanded, sac-like chamber at the base of the thoracic duct
65
Lymph is drained into the cysterna chyli by the:
Lumbar trunks | Intestinal trunk
66
3 classes of Lymphocytes
T cells 80% cell mediated immunity B Cells 10-15% antibody mediated immunity NK Cells 5-10% immune surveillance
67
T Cells
1. Cytotoxic T cells: attack foreign affects by virus 2. Helper T cells: stimulate t and b cells, activate b cells before b can produce antibodies 3. Regulatory cells: immune response 4. Memory t cells: respond to antigens they have already encountered
68
B Cells
-> plasma cells. When stimulated, become plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies.
69
NK Cells
Attack foreign virus infected cancer cells
70
Lymphopoiesis (lymphocyte production)
-Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphoid tissue . redbone marrow plays primary role. Thymus -> blood barrier, only best T cells are filtered out. Mature t cells reenter blood stream and travel to peripheral lymphoid tissues and organs
71
Lymphoid stem cells 2 groups
1. migrates to thymus and develops T cells | 2. migrates to red bone marrow and produces B cells (lymph nodes ,spleen) and NK cells
72
Aggregated lymphoid nodules, Peyers patches
Clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the intestines
73
Lymph nodes
Function as filters, removing 99 percent of pathogens from lymph before fluid returns to bloodstream, kidney bean
74
Thymus decreases with age. T or F?
True
75
Thymus
No blood thymus barrier in medulla.
76
Spleen
Largest lymphoid organ, responds to antigens in the bloodstream. Filters. Removes abnormal rbcs by phagocytosis. initiates immune response by T and B cells. stores iron recycled from RBC. deep red when dissected due to large amounts of blood. Very fragile. Can rupture.
77
Hilum
(indentation where blood and lymphatic vessels communicate)
78
Trabeculae
Fibrous partitions that radiate outward from the hilum toward the capsule Allow room for blood vessels

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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