Exam 3: Remineralization

Question 1

3 types of demineralization

Answer 1

1. surface demineralization (dental erosion)
2. subsurface demineralization (dental caries)
3. etched enamel demineralization

Question 2

type of demineralization attack that occurs in vivo from food and beverages (citric acid), pH 2-4 critical, attack relatively short

Answer 2

surface demineralization

Question 3

true/false? In vitro experimentation can be used to simulate surface demineralization

Answer 3

true, it can

Question 4

The “softening” of the enamel or local removal of mineral is limited to a depth of the order of…

Answer 4

1—10 micron

Question 5

Subsurface demineralization is caused by _________ covering the enamel in _____ areas

Answer 5

acid produced by the oral biofilm, localized

Question 6

compared to surface demineralization, subsurface demineralization occurs in pH ____ and time of attack generally ____

Answer 6

4.5-6.5, longer

Question 7

in subsurface demineralization: surface layer ______ and the thickness of this porous surface layer arounds ____; the lesion depth may vary from about ______

Answer 7

partially intact, 20 microns, 20 microns to 1mm.

Question 8

demineralization caused by a brief treatment with a very strong acid (ex: H3PO4), to roughen a tooth surface prior to application of dental composite.

Answer 8

etched enamel demineralization

Question 9

basic mineral unit of enamel and dentine

Answer 9

hydroxyapatite

Question 10

hydroxyapatite is _____ and exhibits a _____ that intersect each other at ______

Answer 10

hexagonal, lattice striation, 60 degrees

Question 11

hydroxyapatite lattice allows the inclusion of ___ ions such as _____________

Answer 11

extraneous, fluoride and carbonate ions

Question 12

hydroxyapatite is organized in a tightly packed manner in the _____

Answer 12

enamel prisms

Question 13

enamel prisms have a diameter of ____, “____” shaped, and run from
the dentin in a ______ to anatomical enamel surface

Answer 13

4 -5 µm, “keyhole” shaped, slightly curved pattern

Question 14

Between prisms, there are the _______ with an average width of about _____

Answer 14

inter-prismatic area, 0.1 µm

Question 15

In center of prism, length direction of the crystallites is ________ of
the prism. Near inter-prismatic space, the crystallite directions may ______ from
long axis

Answer 15

parallel to the long axis, differ 60 degrees

Question 16

When the pH surrounding the enamel prism decreases, the solubility of HA
____.

Answer 16

increases

Question 17

process of ion deposition, sourced from the surrounding environment (___), into voids in demineralized enamel, to produce ______

Answer 17

(saliva,

biofilm, tooth), net mineral gain

Question 18

any inter-crystal and inter-rod spaces caused by dissolution, including crystal repair

Answer 18

void

Question 19

true or false? the term “void” does not include precipitation of solid phases onto enamel surfaces

Answer 19

true, it does not

Question 20

fluoride acts as a…

Answer 20

• catalyst

- influences rxn rates with dissolution and transformation of various Ca phosphate minerals

Question 21

Fluoride (at_____) increases the deposition rate by a ____

Answer 21

sub-ppm level, 2 to 3

Question 22

incorporating minimal amounts of fluoride into hydroxyapatite yields _______ which exhibits a
____ acid solubility compared to HA

Answer 22

fluorhydroxyapatite, reduced

Question 23

trace amounts of fluoride is found in…

Answer 23

saliva

Question 24

fluoride is highly effective on _______ caries but less so on ______ caries

Answer 24

smooth surface caries, pit/fissure caries

Question 25

Remineralization is hampered by limited bioavailability of ________

Answer 25

calcium and phosphate

Question 26

a stabilized system of

calcium and phosphate resulting from being encapsulation with casein

Answer 26

Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP)

Question 27

a crystalline system that was modified to protect

calcium from prematurely interacting with ionic F

Answer 27

Functionalized β-Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP)

Question 28

biofilm modifiers were designed to enhance the remineralizing effect of F by affecting ________ of the dental biofilm around caries lesions.

Answer 28

the amount, composition, and metabolic activity

Question 29

arginine (ex. of biofilm modifier) is claimed to be metabolized by arginolytic bacteria in the biofilm to
produce ___, hence________ in the biofilm

Answer 29

base molecules, increasing the pH

Question 30

Dentinal crystals are _______ than those in enamel.

Answer 30

smaller and more reactive

Question 31

Silver diamine fluoride is an ________ containing fluoride and silver and is used for
caries treatment in _____________

Answer 31

alkaline topical solution, young children and root caries