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BIOL 2150 > Exam 3 Questions > Flashcards

Exam 3 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Dehydration is likely to cause what?

A

Blood pressure will decrease

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2
Q

If heart rate and stroke volume increase what happens to cardiac outputs

A

Increases

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3
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the vascular system of a resting normal healthy individual is true

A

The sympathetic nerve output is active

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4
Q

Activation of Baroceptors will have what overall effect?

A

Decrease heart rate

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5
Q

Inactivation of the baroceptors will cause what?

A

Vasocontriction
Constriction of precappillary sphincters
Increase heart rate

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6
Q

What signal activates the chemorecptors in the aortic arch and arteries of the neck

A

Low blood oxygen, high blood carbon dioxide, Low pH

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7
Q

What chemical can play a role in controlling blood pressure?

A

Noepinepherine, alcohol, atrial natruetic peptide

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8
Q

What is the MAIN regulator of long term blood pressure control

A

The kidneys

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9
Q

If blood volume increase and vascular resistance decreased what will likely happen to the blood pressure

A

Remain the same

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10
Q

What has an effect on blood pressure?

A

Laminar flow, blood viscosity, blood vessel length

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11
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

A

A steady state of sympathetic nerve activity

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12
Q

what is required to calculate the MAP

A

Diastolic pressure

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13
Q

If the concentration of Renin in the blood increases which of the following will happen

A

Blood vessels vasoconstrict

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14
Q

When measuring blood pressure what is the first tapping sound recorded as

A

Systolic blood pressure

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15
Q

What happens if cardiac oputput decreases and resistance stays the same?

A

There is a decreased pressure in the cardiac walls

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16
Q

What happens when cardiac output increases and resitances stays the same?

A

Blood pressure will increase

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17
Q

If cardiac output increases and resistance increased, what happens to blood pressure?

A

It increases

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18
Q

If the diameter of blood vessels increases and nothin else changes, what will happen to blood pressure

A

It will decrease

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19
Q

Resistance to blood flow is controlled by

A

Blood vessel diameter, age, and hematocrit

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20
Q

the indirect renal mechanism is activated by

A

low blood volume

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21
Q

Renin is released from the

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

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22
Q

What will lead to a release of ADH

A

low blood volume

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23
Q

What is the location of angiotesnin converting enzyme (ACE)?

A

The lungs

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24
Q

What is the main cause of orthostatic hypotension

A

Aging

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25
Q

What is the systolic pressure in stage 4, very severe hypertension

A

> 210 mm Hg

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26
Q

What is the main cause of vascular shock

A

Anaphylaxis

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27
Q

The silent killer can cause what problem?

A

Stroke, renal failure and heart failure

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28
Q

What statment about the lymphatic system is true?

A

Lymph cappilaries are blind ended

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29
Q

What is a function of the lymphatic System

A

to filter intersistial fluid

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30
Q

What statment applies to the lymph vessels

A

have 3 tunics
supplied with blood from the vasa vasorum
have luminal valves

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31
Q

Which lymph vessel services the right side of the head

A

Right lymphatic duct

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32
Q

Is the statment true?
Lymph is returned to the venous circulation

A

True

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33
Q

What is found in the outer cortex of the lymph nodes

A

dividing B cells
follicles
lymphocytes

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34
Q

What is found on the reticular fibers within the lypmh sinuses

A

Macrophages

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35
Q

What is the function of reticular connective tissue

A

to protect the body from infection

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36
Q

What are functions of the spleen

A

House machrophages
stores platelets
removal of aged and defective blood cells

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37
Q

What lymphoid organ shrinks with age

A

the thymus

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38
Q

what lymphoid organ does not contain any b cells

A

the thymus

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39
Q

the outer surface of what lymphoid organ has crypts to trap bacteria

A

tonsils

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40
Q

what is the innate immune system

A

it is a non specific system of protection

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41
Q

What is considered the first line of defense

A

Mucus, saliva and stomach mucosa

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42
Q

monocytes give rise ti which cells

A

macrophages

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43
Q

Which cells release cytolytic chemicals

A

Natural killer cells

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44
Q

What is the function of perforins?

A

Thye perforate the membrane of cells

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45
Q

What is the function of inflammatory response

A

to prevent the spread of damage
to rid the body of debris and pathogens
to enhance the repair of injured tissue

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46
Q

IN what inflammatory repsonse do prostaglandings and kinins play a role

A

pain

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47
Q

What is leukocytosis

A

Chemical release fomr injured cells that act on red bone marrow

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48
Q

White blood cells can be stored in the …

A

red bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

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49
Q

Pneumonoccus is a type of bacteria that must be ______________ before ____________ can attack and destroy them

A

opsonized ; macrophages

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50
Q

What blood vessel experiences the steepest drop in blood pressure?

A

Arterioles

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51
Q

What are the functions of the Venous Valves

A

they prevent blood from flowing backwards in the veins

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52
Q

Which term refers to the lowest arterial blood pressure reached during the cardiac cycle

A

diastolic pressure

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53
Q

which hormone decreases blood pressure

A

atrial nautrietic peptide (ANP)

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54
Q

Where is blood flow the slowest

A

Capillaries

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55
Q

correct statement regarding the bulk flow across capillary walls

A

more fluid enters the intersistial fluid than returns to the blood

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56
Q

The endothelial lining of blood vessels
- simple squamous epithelium that is continuous with the endocardial lining of the heart

A

Tunica Interna

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57
Q

Smooth Muscle cells - Sheets of elastin (arteries)
- regulates circulatory dynamics

A

Tunica media

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58
Q

Loosely woven collagen - protection and reinforcement - anchors vessel to structures - have nerve fibers, lymphatic vessel - large veins have vasa vasorum - tiny vessels for the external wall

A

Tunica Externa

59
Q

Thick walled arteries that are near the heart and is the largest artery in diameter

A

Elastic (conducting) arteries

60
Q

Arteries that deliver blood to organs and accounts for most of the named arteries

A

Muscular (distributing) Arteries

61
Q

Smallest of the arteries with a diameter that controls blood flow to capillary bed

A

Arterioles ( resistance vessels)

62
Q

Smallest blood vessels and allow exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones between blood and tissues

A

Capillaries

63
Q

Tissues that dont have a rich blood supply of capillaries

A

Cartilage, epithelia, cornea and lens of the eye, tendons and ligaments are poorly vascularized

64
Q

What are the three types of capillaries

A

Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoidal

65
Q

What is the most common type of capillary that is abundant in skin and muscles

A

continuous ( Slightly Leaky)

66
Q

Pericyte

A

cells present at intervals along the walls of capillaries and help stabilizes the blood vessel

67
Q

Described as an oval window in endothelial cells that are covered with membrane and are found in the small intestines, endocrine glands and kidneys

A

Fenestrated (more leaky)

68
Q

These have intercellular gaps that allows large molecules to pass thru (RBCs)

A

Sinusoidal (very leaky)

69
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the main structures in the lymphatic system
- Lymph organs
- Lymphatic vessels
- lymphatic fluid
- lymph nodes

A

Lymph organs

70
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system

A

Clean up leaked fluid

71
Q

Which of the following is not a lymph organ tissue
- MALT
-Thyroid
- Thymus
- Spleen

A

Thyroid

72
Q

Which of the following areas of the body do NOT contain lymphatic capillaries
- Heart
- Teeth
- Lungs
-Appendix

A

Teeth

73
Q

what is the purpose of lacteals?

A

Create Chlye

74
Q

Which of the following are not supplied by the right lymphatic duct
- Right side of the head
- Right side of the thorax
- Right side of arm
- Right side leg

A

right side leg

75
Q

What is lymphedema

A

Localized fluid retention

76
Q

Which of the following is NOT a lymphatic trunk (collection of lymph nodes)
- Inguinal
- axillary
- thoracic
- cervical

A

Throacic

77
Q

Which of the following are found in the lymph sinuses ?
- T cells
- Macrophages
- B-cells
- Competitive bacteria

A

Macrophages

78
Q

Which of the following is known ad the graveyard of red blood cells?

A

The spleen

79
Q

which of the following are primary lymphoid organs
- Thymus
- Spleen
- Bone Marrow
- Tonsils

A

Thymus and red bone marrow

80
Q

what happens if the spleen is removed

A

Nothing, other organs with take over the spleens function

81
Q

Which of the following hormones is related to the maturation of T-Cells?
- Thymosin
- Parathyroid hormone
-calcitonin
- Insulin

A

Thymosin

82
Q

which of the following lymph organs are characterized by crypts?
- Spleen
- Tonsils
- Bone marrow -
- Thymus

A

Tonsils

83
Q

where are peyers patches found

A

Ileum

84
Q

what is the purpose of the appendix

A

Serves as a reservoir for digestive tract normal flora

85
Q

which layer of blood vessels includes the musculature?

A

Tunica Media

86
Q

Where are the elastic arteries found?

A

Near the heart

87
Q

what is the most common capillary type

A

Continuous

88
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

Harding of the arteries

89
Q

what is an anastomosis

A

an alternate connection

90
Q

What organs have no arterial anatomoses

A

Retina, Kidney’s, and spleen

91
Q

Explain what an arterial anastomoses and a Venous Anatomoses is

A

Arterial = Provide alternate blood supply to the cerebral arterial circle (e.g. joints, abdominal organs, brain, heart. )
Venous =is a connection between two veins or two parts of a damaged vein

92
Q

what is NOT a type of peripheral resistance

A

Blood pressure

93
Q

True or false: all arteries have valves

A

False Veins have valves not arteries

94
Q

what is the formula for blood pressure

A

BP = CO x Resistance

95
Q

What is not a regulator of the cardiovascular center in short term BP regulation

A

Renal Mechanisms

96
Q

What does it mean when there is decreased barorecpetor activity? what is the brains response?

A

Low BP; brain increases HR and BP

97
Q

What is the normal range of Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

70 - 110

98
Q

What hormones is not involved in the RAAS indirect renal mechanism ( long term BP regulation)

A

ADH

99
Q

What is the purpose of ADH

A

Increases water absorption

100
Q

What is the correct description of orthostatic hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure as a result of position changes

101
Q

What is considered normal Blood pressure

A

120/80

102
Q

What does not apply to the adaptive immune system?

A

Nonspecific

103
Q

Which of the following is part of the second line of defense (from the innate immune system)

A

Macrophages

104
Q

How do natural killer cells prevent pathogenic activity

A

Perforins

105
Q

Which of the following is not a sign of the inflammatory response
- redness
-coolness
- Swelling
- Pain

A

Coolness

106
Q

Place the steps of the inflammatory response in order: 1. Leukocytosis 2. chemotaxis 3. margination 4. Diapedesis

A

1,3,4,2

107
Q

True or false: viruses are cells

A

false

108
Q

what is not a purpose of interferons

A

Treat cells that are already infected

109
Q

What plasma protein from the complement system are proteins of opsonization

A

Cb3

110
Q

What is the role of humoral immunity

A

Mark pathogens for destruction

111
Q

What cells are not found in the adaptive immune system?

A

NK Cells

112
Q

Where do t cells become immunocompetent?

A

Thymus

113
Q

What is not an example of an APC
- langerhan cells
- macrophages
- T cells
- B cells

A

T cells

114
Q

B cells rapidly produce clones. what do most of the clone cells become?

A

Plasma cells

115
Q

Which antibody is the first to be released?

A

IgM

116
Q

Which antibody crosses the placenta and provides maternal immunity to the fetus

A

IgG

117
Q

What antibody is known as the secretory Ig?

A

IgA

118
Q

Which antibody is the B cell receptor

A

IgD

119
Q

Which antibody levels rise during allergic attacked or parasitic infections

A

IgE

120
Q

True or false: Antibodies provided full immunity on their own

A

False

121
Q

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by antibodies?
- Neutralization
- Agglutination
- Apoptosis
- complement fixation

A

Apoptosis

122
Q

Which of the following are CD4 Cells

A

T Helper Cells

123
Q

what is the pressure in arterioles

A

40

124
Q

What is the pressure in capillaries

A

20

125
Q

What is the pressure in venules

A

10

126
Q

what is the pressure in veins

A

5

127
Q

True or false: The aorta never constricts, it only stretches and recoils

A

True

128
Q

What is the highest and lowest pressure in the Aorta

A

120; 70

129
Q

what does arteriole blood pressure depend on

A

elasticity and volume of blood

130
Q

What is the formula for MAP

A

MAP = diastolic pressure + Pulse pressure/ 3

131
Q

What is the blood pressure when it enters the capillary beds vs. exiting capillary beds

A

35 (atrioles)
17 ( venules)

132
Q

What is a function of capillary blood pressure

A

It prevents ruptures of the vessels and forces solutes out of the blood

133
Q

This type of pressure pushes out molecules by pressing against wall

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

134
Q

Vasodilation _________ BP, Vasoconstriction _________ BP

A

Decreases; Increases

135
Q

This is a system that we are born with and protects us against all pathogens and forms the 1ts and 2nd line of defense

A

Innate system

136
Q

This is a system that is developed after birth and protects us from specific pathogens

A

Adaptive system

137
Q

This line of defense is activated when specific carbohydrates on bacteria viruses and fungus are recognized

A

Internal defense (second line of defense)

138
Q

What is an example of the first line of defense

A

Skin and mucous membrane barriers

139
Q

The occurs while the zygote moves towards the uterus

A

cleavage

140
Q

what is the name of two daughter cells

A

blastomeres

141
Q

Fluid filled hollow sphere composed of trophoblast cells and the inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc

A

blastocyst

142
Q

Displays immunosuppressive factors and participat in placental formation

A

trophoblast

143
Q
A

BIOL 2150 (3 decks)

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