Exam 3 Questions Flashcards
1
Q
Dehydration is likely to cause what?
A
Blood pressure will decrease
2
Q
If heart rate and stroke volume increase what happens to cardiac outputs
A
Increases
3
Q
Which of the following statements regarding the vascular system of a resting normal healthy individual is true
A
The sympathetic nerve output is active
4
Q
Activation of Baroceptors will have what overall effect?
A
Decrease heart rate
5
Q
Inactivation of the baroceptors will cause what?
A
Vasocontriction
Constriction of precappillary sphincters
Increase heart rate
6
Q
What signal activates the chemorecptors in the aortic arch and arteries of the neck
A
Low blood oxygen, high blood carbon dioxide, Low pH
7
Q
What chemical can play a role in controlling blood pressure?
A
Noepinepherine, alcohol, atrial natruetic peptide
8
Q
What is the MAIN regulator of long term blood pressure control
A
The kidneys
9
Q
If blood volume increase and vascular resistance decreased what will likely happen to the blood pressure
A
Remain the same
10
Q
What has an effect on blood pressure?
A
Laminar flow, blood viscosity, blood vessel length
11
Q
What is vasomotor tone?
A
A steady state of sympathetic nerve activity
12
Q
what is required to calculate the MAP
A
Diastolic pressure
13
Q
If the concentration of Renin in the blood increases which of the following will happen
A
Blood vessels vasoconstrict
14
Q
When measuring blood pressure what is the first tapping sound recorded as
A
Systolic blood pressure
15
Q
What happens if cardiac oputput decreases and resistance stays the same?
A
There is a decreased pressure in the cardiac walls
16
Q
What happens when cardiac output increases and resitances stays the same?
A
Blood pressure will increase
17
Q
If cardiac output increases and resistance increased, what happens to blood pressure?
A
It increases
18
Q
If the diameter of blood vessels increases and nothin else changes, what will happen to blood pressure
A
It will decrease
19
Q
Resistance to blood flow is controlled by
A
Blood vessel diameter, age, and hematocrit
20
Q
the indirect renal mechanism is activated by
A
low blood volume
21
Q
Renin is released from the
A
Juxtaglomerular cells
22
Q
What will lead to a release of ADH
A
low blood volume
23
Q
What is the location of angiotesnin converting enzyme (ACE)?
A
The lungs
24
Q
What is the main cause of orthostatic hypotension
A
Aging
25
What is the systolic pressure in stage 4, very severe hypertension
>210 mm Hg
26
What is the main cause of vascular shock
Anaphylaxis
27
The silent killer can cause what problem?
Stroke, renal failure and heart failure
28
What statment about the lymphatic system is true?
Lymph cappilaries are blind ended
29
What is a function of the lymphatic System
to filter intersistial fluid
30
What statment applies to the lymph vessels
have 3 tunics
supplied with blood from the vasa vasorum
have luminal valves
31
Which lymph vessel services the right side of the head
Right lymphatic duct
32
Is the statment true?
Lymph is returned to the venous circulation
True
33
What is found in the outer cortex of the lymph nodes
dividing B cells
follicles
lymphocytes
34
What is found on the reticular fibers within the lypmh sinuses
Macrophages
35
What is the function of reticular connective tissue
to protect the body from infection
36
What are functions of the spleen
House machrophages
stores platelets
removal of aged and defective blood cells
37
What lymphoid organ shrinks with age
the thymus
38
what lymphoid organ does not contain any b cells
the thymus
39
the outer surface of what lymphoid organ has crypts to trap bacteria
tonsils
40
what is the innate immune system
it is a non specific system of protection
41
What is considered the first line of defense
Mucus, saliva and stomach mucosa
42
monocytes give rise ti which cells
macrophages
43
Which cells release cytolytic chemicals
Natural killer cells
44
What is the function of perforins?
Thye perforate the membrane of cells
45
What is the function of inflammatory response
to prevent the spread of damage
to rid the body of debris and pathogens
to enhance the repair of injured tissue
46
IN what inflammatory repsonse do prostaglandings and kinins play a role
pain
47
What is leukocytosis
Chemical release fomr injured cells that act on red bone marrow
48
White blood cells can be stored in the ...
red bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes
49
Pneumonoccus is a type of bacteria that must be ______________ before ____________ can attack and destroy them
opsonized ; macrophages
50
What blood vessel experiences the steepest drop in blood pressure?
Arterioles
51
What are the functions of the Venous Valves
they prevent blood from flowing backwards in the veins
52
Which term refers to the lowest arterial blood pressure reached during the cardiac cycle
diastolic pressure
53
which hormone decreases blood pressure
atrial nautrietic peptide (ANP)
54
Where is blood flow the slowest
Capillaries
55
correct statement regarding the bulk flow across capillary walls
more fluid enters the intersistial fluid than returns to the blood
56
The endothelial lining of blood vessels
- simple squamous epithelium that is continuous with the endocardial lining of the heart
Tunica Interna
57
Smooth Muscle cells - Sheets of elastin (arteries)
- regulates circulatory dynamics
Tunica media
58
Loosely woven collagen - protection and reinforcement - anchors vessel to structures - have nerve fibers, lymphatic vessel - large veins have vasa vasorum - tiny vessels for the external wall
Tunica Externa
59
Thick walled arteries that are near the heart and is the largest artery in diameter
Elastic (conducting) arteries
60
Arteries that deliver blood to organs and accounts for most of the named arteries
Muscular (distributing) Arteries
61
Smallest of the arteries with a diameter that controls blood flow to capillary bed
Arterioles ( resistance vessels)
62
Smallest blood vessels and allow exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones between blood and tissues
Capillaries
63
Tissues that dont have a rich blood supply of capillaries
Cartilage, epithelia, cornea and lens of the eye, tendons and ligaments are poorly vascularized
64
What are the three types of capillaries
Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoidal
65
What is the most common type of capillary that is abundant in skin and muscles
continuous ( Slightly Leaky)
66
Pericyte
cells present at intervals along the walls of capillaries and help stabilizes the blood vessel
67
Described as an oval window in endothelial cells that are covered with membrane and are found in the small intestines, endocrine glands and kidneys
Fenestrated (more leaky)
68
These have intercellular gaps that allows large molecules to pass thru (RBCs)
Sinusoidal (very leaky)
69
Which of the following is NOT one of the main structures in the lymphatic system
- Lymph organs
- Lymphatic vessels
- lymphatic fluid
- lymph nodes
Lymph organs
70
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system
Clean up leaked fluid
71
Which of the following is not a lymph organ tissue
- MALT
-Thyroid
- Thymus
- Spleen
Thyroid
72
Which of the following areas of the body do NOT contain lymphatic capillaries
- Heart
- Teeth
- Lungs
-Appendix
Teeth
73
what is the purpose of lacteals?
Create Chlye
74
Which of the following are not supplied by the right lymphatic duct
- Right side of the head
- Right side of the thorax
- Right side of arm
- Right side leg
right side leg
75
What is lymphedema
Localized fluid retention
76
Which of the following is NOT a lymphatic trunk (collection of lymph nodes)
- Inguinal
- axillary
- thoracic
- cervical
Throacic
77
Which of the following are found in the lymph sinuses ?
- T cells
- Macrophages
- B-cells
- Competitive bacteria
Macrophages
78
Which of the following is known ad the graveyard of red blood cells?
The spleen
79
which of the following are primary lymphoid organs
- Thymus
- Spleen
- Bone Marrow
- Tonsils
Thymus and red bone marrow
80
what happens if the spleen is removed
Nothing, other organs with take over the spleens function
81
Which of the following hormones is related to the maturation of T-Cells?
- Thymosin
- Parathyroid hormone
-calcitonin
- Insulin
Thymosin
82
which of the following lymph organs are characterized by crypts?
- Spleen
- Tonsils
- Bone marrow -
- Thymus
Tonsils
83
where are peyers patches found
Ileum
84
what is the purpose of the appendix
Serves as a reservoir for digestive tract normal flora
85
which layer of blood vessels includes the musculature?
Tunica Media
86
Where are the elastic arteries found?
Near the heart
87
what is the most common capillary type
Continuous
88
what is atherosclerosis
Harding of the arteries
89
what is an anastomosis
an alternate connection
90
What organs have no arterial anatomoses
Retina, Kidney's, and spleen
91
Explain what an arterial anastomoses and a Venous Anatomoses is
Arterial = Provide alternate blood supply to the cerebral arterial circle (e.g. joints, abdominal organs, brain, heart. )
Venous =is a connection between two veins or two parts of a damaged vein
92
what is NOT a type of peripheral resistance
Blood pressure
93
True or false: all arteries have valves
False Veins have valves not arteries
94
what is the formula for blood pressure
BP = CO x Resistance
95
What is not a regulator of the cardiovascular center in short term BP regulation
Renal Mechanisms
96
What does it mean when there is decreased barorecpetor activity? what is the brains response?
Low BP; brain increases HR and BP
97
What is the normal range of Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
70 - 110
98
What hormones is not involved in the RAAS indirect renal mechanism ( long term BP regulation)
ADH
99
What is the purpose of ADH
Increases water absorption
100
What is the correct description of orthostatic hypotension?
Low blood pressure as a result of position changes
101
What is considered normal Blood pressure
120/80
102
What does not apply to the adaptive immune system?
Nonspecific
103
Which of the following is part of the second line of defense (from the innate immune system)
Macrophages
104
How do natural killer cells prevent pathogenic activity
Perforins
105
Which of the following is not a sign of the inflammatory response
- redness
-coolness
- Swelling
- Pain
Coolness
106
Place the steps of the inflammatory response in order: 1. Leukocytosis 2. chemotaxis 3. margination 4. Diapedesis
1,3,4,2
107
True or false: viruses are cells
false
108
what is not a purpose of interferons
Treat cells that are already infected
109
What plasma protein from the complement system are proteins of opsonization
Cb3
110
What is the role of humoral immunity
Mark pathogens for destruction
111
What cells are not found in the adaptive immune system?
NK Cells
112
Where do t cells become immunocompetent?
Thymus
113
What is not an example of an APC
- langerhan cells
- macrophages
- T cells
- B cells
T cells
114
B cells rapidly produce clones. what do most of the clone cells become?
Plasma cells
115
Which antibody is the first to be released?
IgM
116
Which antibody crosses the placenta and provides maternal immunity to the fetus
IgG
117
What antibody is known as the secretory Ig?
IgA
118
Which antibody is the B cell receptor
IgD
119
Which antibody levels rise during allergic attacked or parasitic infections
IgE
120
True or false: Antibodies provided full immunity on their own
False
121
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by antibodies?
- Neutralization
- Agglutination
- Apoptosis
- complement fixation
Apoptosis
122
Which of the following are CD4 Cells
T Helper Cells
123
what is the pressure in arterioles
40
124
What is the pressure in capillaries
20
125
What is the pressure in venules
10
126
what is the pressure in veins
5
127
True or false: The aorta never constricts, it only stretches and recoils
True
128
What is the highest and lowest pressure in the Aorta
120; 70
129
what does arteriole blood pressure depend on
elasticity and volume of blood
130
What is the formula for MAP
MAP = diastolic pressure + Pulse pressure/ 3
131
What is the blood pressure when it enters the capillary beds vs. exiting capillary beds
35 (atrioles)
17 ( venules)
132
What is a function of capillary blood pressure
It prevents ruptures of the vessels and forces solutes out of the blood
133
This type of pressure pushes out molecules by pressing against wall
Hydrostatic Pressure
134
Vasodilation _________ BP, Vasoconstriction _________ BP
Decreases; Increases
135
This is a system that we are born with and protects us against all pathogens and forms the 1ts and 2nd line of defense
Innate system
136
This is a system that is developed after birth and protects us from specific pathogens
Adaptive system
137
This line of defense is activated when specific carbohydrates on bacteria viruses and fungus are recognized
Internal defense (second line of defense)
138
What is an example of the first line of defense
Skin and mucous membrane barriers
139
The occurs while the zygote moves towards the uterus
cleavage
140
what is the name of two daughter cells
blastomeres
141
Fluid filled hollow sphere composed of trophoblast cells and the inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc
blastocyst
142
Displays immunosuppressive factors and participat in placental formation
trophoblast
143
