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BIOL 2150 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the transport system of the body and is a type of connective tissue

A

Blood

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2
Q

What does blood consist of

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma and formed elements.

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3
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The percentage of whole blood made up of red blood cells

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4
Q

What is the most numerous formed element in the blood

A

erythrocytes

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5
Q

What is a structural characteristic of a red blood cell that contributes to its gas transport function.

A

The biconcave shape provides a greater surface area relative to the cell volume.

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6
Q

Inadequate blood oxygen levels causes the kidneys to release….

A

erythrotopien

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7
Q

Which leukocytes kills parasitic worms by releasing enzymes from cytoplasmic granules?

A

Eosinophil

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8
Q

What luekocyte is abundant in lymph nodes and plays a vital role in immunity

A

Lymphocytes

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9
Q

Platelets develop from which procurer cell

A

megakaryocytes

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10
Q

what are the steps of hemaostatis in the blood?

A
  1. vascular spasm ( reduction of diameters of blood vessel to limit blood loss)
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation
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11
Q

Which bleeding disorder results from not having enough platelets?

A

thrombocytopenia

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12
Q

Accounts for less than 1% of blood (white blood cells)

A

Leukocytes

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13
Q

Accounts for less than 1% of blood ( Cell fragments)

A

Platelets

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14
Q

What is 55% of blood

A

Plasma

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15
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  1. Distribution: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc
  2. Regulation: body temp, pH, Volume
  3. Protection; Blood loss, immunity
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16
Q

Sticky yellow fluid that is 90% water and has over 100 different solutes
has albumin, globulins, fibrenogens

A

Plasma

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17
Q

examples of solutes of plasma

A

Nutrients, gases, hormones, waste products, ions, and proteins

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18
Q

What are the major blood proteins

A

Albumins, globulins, and fibrenogen

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19
Q

Biconcave discs that have no nucleus or organelles

A

erythrocytes

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20
Q

Where do plasma proteins mostly come from?

A

The liver

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21
Q

What is the viscosity of the blood dependent on?

A

The number of RBC’s

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22
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

to transport oxygen

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23
Q

___ have 14-20 grams per 100 mLs of blood

A

Infants

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24
Q

______ have 13-18 grams per 100 mLs of blood

A

Adult males

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25
Q

______ Have 12 - 16 grams per 100 mLs of blood

A

Females

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26
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production

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27
Q

What is the key signal that stimulates special kideny cells to produce erythropoietin?

A

Low oxygen levels (hypoxia)

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28
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin?

A

To stimulate the red bone marrow to increase blood cell production

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29
Q

what is the function of thrombopoetin?

A

Regulates platelet production

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30
Q

Another name for Platelets is…

A

Thrombocytes

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31
Q

What are platelets essential for?

A

Blood clotting

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32
Q

What is hemostasis

A

Stops bleeding ( preventing blood loss)

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33
Q

What are the 3 steps of hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug
  3. coagulation
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34
Q

What triggers platelet formation?

A

Damage to the blood vessel endothelium causes collagen to be exposed

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35
Q

How long does it take to form a platelet plug?

A

60 seconds

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36
Q

Platelet granules release what 3 things

A

Serotonin, ADP and thromboxane A2

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37
Q

What is the function of serotonin in plug formation

A

INCREASES vascular spasm & DECREASES blood loss

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38
Q

What is the function of ADP in plug formation?

A

Attract more platelets

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39
Q

What is the function of thromboxane A2 in olug formation

A

Increase vascular spasm & attract more platelets

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40
Q

What is the function of Prostacyclin

A

To repel platelets and prevent plug formation

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41
Q

What reinforces a platelet plug

A

Fibrin

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42
Q

What 4 things make thrombin active from prothrombin?

A

PF3, TISSUE FACTOR, CALCIUM, CLOTTING FACTORS

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43
Q

What are the steps in the formation of fibrin

A

Prothrombin (inactive thrombin)
Thrombin (active)
Fibrinogen ( Soluble = cont stick)

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44
Q

What catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin into active enzyme thrombin?

A

Prothrombin activator

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45
Q

What is the role of thrombin during the formation of a blood clot?

A

It stimulates the production of Fibrin

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46
Q

How long does it take for a fibrin clot to be stabilized

A

60 minutes

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47
Q

What is the key difference between fibrinogen and fibrin

A

Fibrinogen is soluble and fibrin is insoluble

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48
Q

What is the key difference between prothrombin and Thrombin

A

Prothrombin is an inactive precursor, whereas thrombin acts as an enzyme

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49
Q

What is the key difference in the most factors before and after they are activated

A

Most factors are inactive in blood before activation and become enzymes upon activation

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50
Q

What is the function of PDGF?

A

Stimulates repair of the blood vessel

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51
Q

What is the function of plasmin?

A

It helps dissolve way clots

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52
Q

What is the purpose of an anticoagulant?

A

To prevent blood clots

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53
Q

What is the function of Heparin? where is it located?

A

Prevent clotting. Located in basophil, mast cells, and endothelial cells.

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54
Q

When is heparin normally given to patients?

A

Blood transfusions

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55
Q

What is warfarin

A

Synthetically produced heparin. (blood thinner)

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56
Q

What is the function of aspirin?

A

Prevents clot formation by inhibiting thromboxane A2 formation

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57
Q

What is a disorder that refers to inappropriate (too much) blood clotting

A

Thromboebolytic Disorder

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58
Q

What is the thrombus?

A

A stationary blood clot that adheres to the blood vessel where it was formed

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59
Q

A thrombus could lead to what 2 things?

A

Heart attack & tissue death ( leading to amputation)

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60
Q

What is an embolus?

A

A blood clot that breaks away from the location where it was formed?

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61
Q

what is a pulmonary embolism?

A

A condition in which one or more arteries in the lungs become blocked by a blood clot.

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62
Q

Which bleeding disorder results from not having enough platelets

A

Thrombocytopenia

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63
Q

What is the Petechiae? and what causes it?

A

Small purple blotches on the skin. Thrombocytopenia

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64
Q

Hemophilia is caused by a deficiency of what?

A

Clotting factors

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65
Q

How many clotting factors are there?

A

13

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66
Q

Which bleeding disorder results from a deficiency in clotting factor IX (9)

A

Hemophilia B

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67
Q

Which bleeding disorder results from a deficiency in clotting factor XI (11)

A

Hemophilia C

68
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Anything that stimulate an immune response

69
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Protein molecule released by plasma cell and bind specifically to an antigen

70
Q

What blood group can receive any blood (universal recipient)

A

AB

71
Q

What blood group is the universal donor?

A

Type O

72
Q

What blood types can be donated to a person who is A

A

A and O

73
Q

What blood types can be donated to a person who is B

A

B and O

74
Q

What blood type can be donated to a person who is AB

A

A, B , AB, and O

75
Q

Caused be a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (8)

A

Hemophilia A

76
Q

is a condition in which the body gains immunity against antigens of another individual of the same species

A

Alloimmunity

77
Q

What antibodies are present in the blood of a person who is type A

A

Anti B

78
Q

What antibodies are present in the blood of a person who is type B?

A

Anti A

79
Q

What antibodies are present in the blood of a person who is type AB

A

None

79
Q

What antibodies are present in the blood of a person who is type O

A

Anti A and Anti B

79
Q

What is Hemolysis?

A

Ruptured/destruction of red blood cells

79
Q

At 2 months of age a type B person spontaneously develops what antibodies?

A

Anti A

80
Q

Where is the heart enclosed?

A

The mediastinum

81
Q

The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called…

A

The pericardium

82
Q

Where is the point of maximal intensity in the heart

A

Where the apex contacts the chest wall

83
Q

What anchors the heart within the mediastinum and prevents overfilling?

A

The fibrous pericardium

84
Q

What is the serous pericardium composed of?

A

A parietal (inner) & viceral (outer) layers

85
Q

What is between the visceral and parietal layers called

A

Pericardial cavity

86
Q

What is pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

87
Q

what is the viceral layer of the serous pericardium called

A

Epicardium

88
Q

A blood sample agglutinates (clumps) wiht an anti-A and anti-B sera, but not with anti-rh (D) serum. which blood type does this test reveal?

A

AB negative

89
Q

Which laboratory test can indicate anemia due to decreased erythrocyte production

A

Complete blood count

90
Q

Which structure forms the most superficial covering of the heart?

A

Fibrous Pericardium

91
Q

Which blood vessel returns blood to the heart from areas below the diaphragm muscle

A

Inferior vena cava

92
Q

Which heart valve prevents backflow into the right atrium?

A

The tricuspid valve

93
Q

True or False: The left ventricle wall is thicker than the right ventricle wall

A

True

94
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood into which structure?

A

The pulmonary trunk

95
Q

What coronary vessel that supplies oxygen- rich blood of the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle

A

Circumflex artery

96
Q

What is the function of the coronary sinus in the heart?

A

To return blood from the heart itself

97
Q

what three vessels make blood flow into the right atrium

A

Superior vena cava, coronary sinus, inferior vena cava

98
Q

What anatomical or physiological feature correctly describes cardiac muscle and not skeletal muscle

A

Intercalated discs connect adjacent muscle cells

99
Q

Which component of the conduction system sets the pace for the heart as a whole.

A

The Sinoatrial Node (SA)

100
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

In the wall of the right atrium

101
Q

What is the component of the ECG that corresponds to depolarization of the ventricles

A

QRS complex

102
Q

What happens when the ventricular pressure exceeds the aortic pressure

A

The Semilunar Valves Open

103
Q

Which cardiac term refers to the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction

A

End systolic volume

104
Q

what is the factor the increases cardiac output

A

increased preload

105
Q

At what point in the cardiac cycle is pressure in the ventricles the highest (around 120 mm Hg in the left ventricle)

A

Ventricular systole

106
Q

What separates the parietal and visceral pericardium

A

Pericardial cavity

107
Q

What vessel returns blood to the left atrium of the heart?

A

Pulmonary Trunk

108
Q

The tricuspid valve prevents back flow of blood from the right ventricle into where?

A

Right atrium

109
Q

what part of the intrinsic conduction system stimulates the atrioventricular (AV) node to conduct impulses to the atrioventricular bundle

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA)

110
Q

What is the innermost layer of the heart?

A

Endocardium

111
Q

What is the life span of erythrocytes?

A

120 days

112
Q

Where is heme broken down?

A

In the liver

113
Q

What is degraded heme and what does it make

A

Degraded heme is billirubin and it makes bile

114
Q

Lack of oxygen / lack or blood cells

A

Anemia

115
Q

What are the types of anemia

A
  1. Hemorrhagic: Caused by excessive blood loss
  2. hemolytic: RBC ruptures faster than they are made
116
Q

What are the two main kinds of Hemolytic anemia

A
  1. inherited hemolytic anemia: Due to a fully inherited gene ex. sickle cell and thalassemia
  2. Acquired hemolytic anemia: can be caused by bacteria, cancer, lupus, hyperspleenism, mechanical heart valves
117
Q

what is the name of bone marrow cancer

A

Polycythemia

118
Q

what nerves from which part of the autonomic nervous system go down to cardiac muscle cells

A

sympathetic nervous system ; they go to the SA node and the AV node and cardiac muscle cells

119
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system slows down the heart rate and has the vagus nerve project down to the SA and AV nodes

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

120
Q

What is a composite of all electrical activity in the heart and shows 3 deflection waves

A

Electrocardiography

121
Q

what causes Depolarization from the SA node

A

P wave (Atrial depolarization)

122
Q

What is the depolarizing current of the SA node

A

Atria

123
Q

what causes ventricular depolarization and obscures atrial repolarization

A

QRS complex

124
Q

What causes ventricular repolarization

A

T waves

125
Q

Contraction of myocardium (phase that creates high pressure 120 mm Hg)

A

Systole

126
Q

Relaxation of myocardium (when myocardium of left ventricle of ventricle 80mm Hg)

A

Diastole

127
Q

All events associated with one complete heartbeat

A

Cardiac Cycle

128
Q

The amount of blood pumped per heart beat

A

Stroke volume

129
Q

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

A

Cardiac Output

130
Q

What are the two categories of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
G = Neutrophils, Ensophils and Basophils
A = Lymphocytes and Monocytes

131
Q

What cells make lymphocytes?

A

Lymphoid cells

132
Q

What cells do myeloid cells make?

A

Ensophils, nuetrophils, basophils and monocytes

133
Q

What is an active phagocyte that ingest bacteria and fungi and has a bag of antibiotic like proteins called defensins

A

Nuetrophils

134
Q

What organ in the boy makes the majority of the clotting factors

A

The liver

135
Q

This occurs when a plasma protein, originating in the liver, called plasmenogin gets tangled up in a clot and thing gets activated into plasmin which is a clot destroying enzyme.

A

Fibrinolysis

136
Q

What two pathways activate prothrombin activator which converts prothrombin into thrombin, which converts fibrenogen into fibrin and this is called Cross-Linked Fibrin mesh

A

Extrisic and intrinsic

137
Q

These enhance vascular spasm and attracts more platelets

A

Serotonin and Thromboxane A2

138
Q

Inhibits thromboxane A2 formation blocking platelet plug formation. Low doses of this reduce heart attacks by 50%

A

Aspirin

139
Q

This is used in the hospital for postoperative patients and blood transfusions

A

Heparin

140
Q

This is used in out patient care to reduce the risk of stroke and A fib. A potent version is rat poison

A

Warfarin

141
Q

What is the most common blood type?

A

O + (38% of the pop)

142
Q

What is the most rare blood type?

A

AB - (1% of the population)

143
Q

which valve is controlling blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Mitral Valve

144
Q

which valve is controlling blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid

145
Q

Which layer of the blood vessel wall receives innervation from the autonomic nervous system

A

Tunica Media

146
Q

True or false?: the tunica intima contains the endothelium that lines the lumen of all vessels

A

True

147
Q

what precent of the population has A+ blood type

A

34%

148
Q

what precent of the population has B+ blood type

A

9%

149
Q

What precent of the population has O- blood type

A

7%

150
Q

What precent of the population has A- blood type

A

6%

151
Q

What precent of the population has AB + blood type

A

3%

152
Q

what precent of the population has B - Blood type

A

2%

153
Q

True or false the extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor

A

True

154
Q

What converts fibrenogin into fibrin

A

Thrombin

155
Q

blood type is determined by

A

Antigens that appear on the surface of an erythrocyte

156
Q

Freshly oxygenated blood is delivered to the __________, and then it passes into the __________ to be pumped to the body tissues (systemic circuit)

A

left atrium; left ventricle

157
Q

The role of the atrioventricular node (AV node) is to

A

Slow down impulses so that the atria can fill the adjacent ventricles with blood

158
Q

The vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction is the __________.

A

Tunica Media

159
Q

What is modified by the autonomic nervous system?

A

Basic HR set by conduction system (SA node)

160
Q

What is the S-T segment?

A

Entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized

161
Q

What is the Q-T interval

A

Beginning of ventricular depolarization through repolarization

162
Q
A

BIOL 2150 (3 decks)

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