Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the transport system of the body and is a type of connective tissue
A
Blood
2
Q
What does blood consist of
A
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma and formed elements.
3
Q
What is hematocrit?
A
The percentage of whole blood made up of red blood cells
4
Q
What is the most numerous formed element in the blood
A
erythrocytes
5
Q
What is a structural characteristic of a red blood cell that contributes to its gas transport function.
A
The biconcave shape provides a greater surface area relative to the cell volume.
6
Q
Inadequate blood oxygen levels causes the kidneys to release….
A
erythrotopien
7
Q
Which leukocytes kills parasitic worms by releasing enzymes from cytoplasmic granules?
A
Eosinophil
8
Q
What luekocyte is abundant in lymph nodes and plays a vital role in immunity
A
Lymphocytes
9
Q
Platelets develop from which procurer cell
A
megakaryocytes
10
Q
what are the steps of hemaostatis in the blood?
A
- vascular spasm ( reduction of diameters of blood vessel to limit blood loss)
- Platelet plug formation
- coagulation
11
Q
Which bleeding disorder results from not having enough platelets?
A
thrombocytopenia
12
Q
Accounts for less than 1% of blood (white blood cells)
A
Leukocytes
13
Q
Accounts for less than 1% of blood ( Cell fragments)
A
Platelets
14
Q
What is 55% of blood
A
Plasma
15
Q
What are the functions of blood?
A
- Distribution: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc
- Regulation: body temp, pH, Volume
- Protection; Blood loss, immunity
16
Q
Sticky yellow fluid that is 90% water and has over 100 different solutes
has albumin, globulins, fibrenogens
A
Plasma
17
Q
examples of solutes of plasma
A
Nutrients, gases, hormones, waste products, ions, and proteins
18
Q
What are the major blood proteins
A
Albumins, globulins, and fibrenogen
19
Q
Biconcave discs that have no nucleus or organelles
A
erythrocytes
20
Q
Where do plasma proteins mostly come from?
A
The liver
21
Q
What is the viscosity of the blood dependent on?
A
The number of RBC’s
22
Q
What is the function of erythrocytes?
A
to transport oxygen
23
Q
___ have 14-20 grams per 100 mLs of blood
A
Infants
24
Q
______ have 13-18 grams per 100 mLs of blood
A
Adult males
25
______ Have 12 - 16 grams per 100 mLs of blood
Females
26
What is erythropoietin?
Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production
27
What is the key signal that stimulates special kideny cells to produce erythropoietin?
Low oxygen levels (hypoxia)
28
What is the function of erythropoietin?
To stimulate the red bone marrow to increase blood cell production
29
what is the function of thrombopoetin?
Regulates platelet production
30
Another name for Platelets is...
Thrombocytes
31
What are platelets essential for?
Blood clotting
32
What is hemostasis
Stops bleeding ( preventing blood loss)
33
What are the 3 steps of hemostasis
1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug
3. coagulation
34
What triggers platelet formation?
Damage to the blood vessel endothelium causes collagen to be exposed
35
How long does it take to form a platelet plug?
60 seconds
36
Platelet granules release what 3 things
Serotonin, ADP and thromboxane A2
37
What is the function of serotonin in plug formation
INCREASES vascular spasm & DECREASES blood loss
38
What is the function of ADP in plug formation?
Attract more platelets
39
What is the function of thromboxane A2 in olug formation
Increase vascular spasm & attract more platelets
40
What is the function of Prostacyclin
To repel platelets and prevent plug formation
41
What reinforces a platelet plug
Fibrin
42
What 4 things make thrombin active from prothrombin?
PF3, TISSUE FACTOR, CALCIUM, CLOTTING FACTORS
43
What are the steps in the formation of fibrin
Prothrombin (inactive thrombin)
Thrombin (active)
Fibrinogen ( Soluble = cont stick)
44
What catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin into active enzyme thrombin?
Prothrombin activator
45
What is the role of thrombin during the formation of a blood clot?
It stimulates the production of Fibrin
46
How long does it take for a fibrin clot to be stabilized
60 minutes
47
What is the key difference between fibrinogen and fibrin
Fibrinogen is soluble and fibrin is insoluble
48
What is the key difference between prothrombin and Thrombin
Prothrombin is an inactive precursor, whereas thrombin acts as an enzyme
49
What is the key difference in the most factors before and after they are activated
Most factors are inactive in blood before activation and become enzymes upon activation
50
What is the function of PDGF?
Stimulates repair of the blood vessel
51
What is the function of plasmin?
It helps dissolve way clots
52
What is the purpose of an anticoagulant?
To prevent blood clots
53
What is the function of Heparin? where is it located?
Prevent clotting. Located in basophil, mast cells, and endothelial cells.
54
When is heparin normally given to patients?
Blood transfusions
55
What is warfarin
Synthetically produced heparin. (blood thinner)
56
What is the function of aspirin?
Prevents clot formation by inhibiting thromboxane A2 formation
57
What is a disorder that refers to inappropriate (too much) blood clotting
Thromboebolytic Disorder
58
What is the thrombus?
A stationary blood clot that adheres to the blood vessel where it was formed
59
A thrombus could lead to what 2 things?
Heart attack & tissue death ( leading to amputation)
60
What is an embolus?
A blood clot that breaks away from the location where it was formed?
61
what is a pulmonary embolism?
A condition in which one or more arteries in the lungs become blocked by a blood clot.
62
Which bleeding disorder results from not having enough platelets
Thrombocytopenia
63
What is the Petechiae? and what causes it?
Small purple blotches on the skin. Thrombocytopenia
64
Hemophilia is caused by a deficiency of what?
Clotting factors
65
How many clotting factors are there?
13
66
Which bleeding disorder results from a deficiency in clotting factor IX (9)
Hemophilia B
67
Which bleeding disorder results from a deficiency in clotting factor XI (11)
Hemophilia C
68
What is an antigen?
Anything that stimulate an immune response
69
What is an antibody?
Protein molecule released by plasma cell and bind specifically to an antigen
70
What blood group can receive any blood (universal recipient)
AB
71
What blood group is the universal donor?
Type O
72
What blood types can be donated to a person who is A
A and O
73
What blood types can be donated to a person who is B
B and O
74
What blood type can be donated to a person who is AB
A, B , AB, and O
75
Caused be a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (8)
Hemophilia A
76
is a condition in which the body gains immunity against antigens of another individual of the same species
Alloimmunity
77
What antibodies are present in the blood of a person who is type A
Anti B
78
What antibodies are present in the blood of a person who is type B?
Anti A
79
What antibodies are present in the blood of a person who is type AB
None
79
What antibodies are present in the blood of a person who is type O
Anti A and Anti B
79
What is Hemolysis?
Ruptured/destruction of red blood cells
79
At 2 months of age a type B person spontaneously develops what antibodies?
Anti A
80
Where is the heart enclosed?
The mediastinum
81
The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called...
The pericardium
82
Where is the point of maximal intensity in the heart
Where the apex contacts the chest wall
83
What anchors the heart within the mediastinum and prevents overfilling?
The fibrous pericardium
84
What is the serous pericardium composed of?
A parietal (inner) & viceral (outer) layers
85
What is between the visceral and parietal layers called
Pericardial cavity
86
What is pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
87
what is the viceral layer of the serous pericardium called
Epicardium
88
A blood sample agglutinates (clumps) wiht an anti-A and anti-B sera, but not with anti-rh (D) serum. which blood type does this test reveal?
AB negative
89
Which laboratory test can indicate anemia due to decreased erythrocyte production
Complete blood count
90
Which structure forms the most superficial covering of the heart?
Fibrous Pericardium
91
Which blood vessel returns blood to the heart from areas below the diaphragm muscle
Inferior vena cava
92
Which heart valve prevents backflow into the right atrium?
The tricuspid valve
93
True or False: The left ventricle wall is thicker than the right ventricle wall
True
94
The right ventricle pumps blood into which structure?
The pulmonary trunk
95
What coronary vessel that supplies oxygen- rich blood of the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle
Circumflex artery
96
What is the function of the coronary sinus in the heart?
To return blood from the heart itself
97
what three vessels make blood flow into the right atrium
Superior vena cava, coronary sinus, inferior vena cava
98
What anatomical or physiological feature correctly describes cardiac muscle and not skeletal muscle
Intercalated discs connect adjacent muscle cells
99
Which component of the conduction system sets the pace for the heart as a whole.
The Sinoatrial Node (SA)
100
Where is the SA node located?
In the wall of the right atrium
101
What is the component of the ECG that corresponds to depolarization of the ventricles
QRS complex
102
What happens when the ventricular pressure exceeds the aortic pressure
The Semilunar Valves Open
103
Which cardiac term refers to the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction
End systolic volume
104
what is the factor the increases cardiac output
increased preload
105
At what point in the cardiac cycle is pressure in the ventricles the highest (around 120 mm Hg in the left ventricle)
Ventricular systole
106
What separates the parietal and visceral pericardium
Pericardial cavity
107
What vessel returns blood to the left atrium of the heart?
Pulmonary Trunk
108
The tricuspid valve prevents back flow of blood from the right ventricle into where?
Right atrium
109
what part of the intrinsic conduction system stimulates the atrioventricular (AV) node to conduct impulses to the atrioventricular bundle
Sinoatrial Node (SA)
110
What is the innermost layer of the heart?
Endocardium
111
What is the life span of erythrocytes?
120 days
112
Where is heme broken down?
In the liver
113
What is degraded heme and what does it make
Degraded heme is billirubin and it makes bile
114
Lack of oxygen / lack or blood cells
Anemia
115
What are the types of anemia
1. Hemorrhagic: Caused by excessive blood loss
2. hemolytic: RBC ruptures faster than they are made
116
What are the two main kinds of Hemolytic anemia
1. inherited hemolytic anemia: Due to a fully inherited gene ex. sickle cell and thalassemia
2. Acquired hemolytic anemia: can be caused by bacteria, cancer, lupus, hyperspleenism, mechanical heart valves
117
what is the name of bone marrow cancer
Polycythemia
118
what nerves from which part of the autonomic nervous system go down to cardiac muscle cells
sympathetic nervous system ; they go to the SA node and the AV node and cardiac muscle cells
119
Which part of the autonomic nervous system slows down the heart rate and has the vagus nerve project down to the SA and AV nodes
Parasympathetic nervous system
120
What is a composite of all electrical activity in the heart and shows 3 deflection waves
Electrocardiography
121
what causes Depolarization from the SA node
P wave (Atrial depolarization)
122
What is the depolarizing current of the SA node
Atria
123
what causes ventricular depolarization and obscures atrial repolarization
QRS complex
124
What causes ventricular repolarization
T waves
125
Contraction of myocardium (phase that creates high pressure 120 mm Hg)
Systole
126
Relaxation of myocardium (when myocardium of left ventricle of ventricle 80mm Hg)
Diastole
127
All events associated with one complete heartbeat
Cardiac Cycle
128
The amount of blood pumped per heart beat
Stroke volume
129
the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
Cardiac Output
130
What are the two categories of white blood cells?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
G = Neutrophils, Ensophils and Basophils
A = Lymphocytes and Monocytes
131
What cells make lymphocytes?
Lymphoid cells
132
What cells do myeloid cells make?
Ensophils, nuetrophils, basophils and monocytes
133
What is an active phagocyte that ingest bacteria and fungi and has a bag of antibiotic like proteins called defensins
Nuetrophils
134
What organ in the boy makes the majority of the clotting factors
The liver
135
This occurs when a plasma protein, originating in the liver, called plasmenogin gets tangled up in a clot and thing gets activated into plasmin which is a clot destroying enzyme.
Fibrinolysis
136
What two pathways activate prothrombin activator which converts prothrombin into thrombin, which converts fibrenogen into fibrin and this is called Cross-Linked Fibrin mesh
Extrisic and intrinsic
137
These enhance vascular spasm and attracts more platelets
Serotonin and Thromboxane A2
138
Inhibits thromboxane A2 formation blocking platelet plug formation. Low doses of this reduce heart attacks by 50%
Aspirin
139
This is used in the hospital for postoperative patients and blood transfusions
Heparin
140
This is used in out patient care to reduce the risk of stroke and A fib. A potent version is rat poison
Warfarin
141
What is the most common blood type?
O + (38% of the pop)
142
What is the most rare blood type?
AB - (1% of the population)
143
which valve is controlling blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle
Mitral Valve
144
which valve is controlling blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid
145
Which layer of the blood vessel wall receives innervation from the autonomic nervous system
Tunica Media
146
True or false?: the tunica intima contains the endothelium that lines the lumen of all vessels
True
147
what precent of the population has A+ blood type
34%
148
what precent of the population has B+ blood type
9%
149
What precent of the population has O- blood type
7%
150
What precent of the population has A- blood type
6%
151
What precent of the population has AB + blood type
3%
152
what precent of the population has B - Blood type
2%
153
True or false the extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor
True
154
What converts fibrenogin into fibrin
Thrombin
155
blood type is determined by
Antigens that appear on the surface of an erythrocyte
156
Freshly oxygenated blood is delivered to the __________, and then it passes into the __________ to be pumped to the body tissues (systemic circuit)
left atrium; left ventricle
157
The role of the atrioventricular node (AV node) is to
Slow down impulses so that the atria can fill the adjacent ventricles with blood
158
The vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction is the __________.
Tunica Media
159
What is modified by the autonomic nervous system?
Basic HR set by conduction system (SA node)
160
What is the S-T segment?
Entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized
161
What is the Q-T interval
Beginning of ventricular depolarization through repolarization
162
