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BIOL 2150 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones can be released from what two places

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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2
Q

What makes a molecule a hormone?

A

They will either increase or decrease the metabolic rate of a cell

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3
Q

This system released chemical messengers (hormones) into the blood

A

Endocrine System

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4
Q

What are the features of the endocrine system?

A

it is ductless, releases hormones into surrounding tissue fluid, and highly vascularized,

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5
Q

what are the two types of glands

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

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6
Q

A tissues that main purpose if to make hormones

A

explanation of an endocrine gland

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7
Q

Examples of endocrine GLANDS are…

A

Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland

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8
Q

Examples of endocrine TISSUES (organs) are …

A

Pancreas, ovaries and testis, and the placenta (temporary organ)

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9
Q

Endocrine _____ have more than one function, for example the pancreas makes insulin and regulates the digestive system

A

tissues

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10
Q

Examples of endocrine CELLS are…

A

Adipose cells, thymus cells, small intestine, stomach, kidneys, heart

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11
Q

A chemial subtance released by cells to regulate metabolism

A

Hormone

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12
Q

What are the two types of hormones

A

Steroidal and Amino Acids

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13
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, adrenal cortex, etc.

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14
Q

what gland produces non-hormonal molecules that travel through ducts to a membrane surface

A

Exocrine glands

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15
Q

What does a hormone do?

A

They regulate the activity of a cell
ex.
1. thye can change plasma membrane permeability (by opening or closing ion channels)
2. they can stimulate protein synthesis
3. activate or deactivate protein sythesis
4. induce secretion of molecules from cells
5. Stimulate mitosis

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16
Q

What are they types of stimuli that release of hormones

A

Humoral
Neural
Hormonal

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17
Q

Hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ion or nutrients

A

Humoral Stimuli
ex. Parathyroid glands monitor blood Ca+2 so when there is a low concentration of calcium in the blood, parathyroid secret more PTH which increses blood ca+

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18
Q

Hormone release caused by neural input

A

Neural Stimuli
ex. Sympathetic nerve stimulation of the adrenal medulla released adrenalin.

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19
Q

Hormone released caused by another hormone

A

Hormonal Stimuli (trophic hormone )
ex. Hypothalamus releases GHRH causing the anterior pituitary to release GH

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20
Q

What is it called when hormones circulate the entire body through the vascular system but affect only certain tissues cells —- Target Cells

A

Specificity

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21
Q

Elevated blood glucose levels stimulate cells of the pancreas to secrete the hormone insulin. The pancreas is responding to what type of stimulus?

A

Humoral

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22
Q

What stimulates growth, especially in skeletal muscle and bone

A

Growth hormone

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23
Q

Which hormone is the most important for regulating calcium balance in the blood?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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24
Q

What hormone is synthesized by the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine

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25
This hormone is classified as a mineralocorticoid and stimulates retention of sodium in the body and release of potassium into the urine.
Aldosterone
26
This hormone is classified as a glucocorticoid and increases blood glucose levels, amino acids, and fatty acids
Cortisol
27
What gland secrets melatonin?
the pineal gland
28
How do cells of the pancreas respond to rising glucose levels
beta cells release insulin, which stimulates glycogen formation in the liver
29
The heart produces _________, which reduces blood volume and blood pressure
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
30
what hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland to target the adrenal cortex?
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
31
What are the steps of the Second Messenger system (Mechanism of action of hormones)
1. the hormone binds to receptor 2. receptor activates G protein 3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase 4. adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger) 5. cAMP activates protein kinase
32
Hormones are released in direct response to levels of molecules or ions in the blood e.g. parathyroid glands monitor blood Ca2+ levels
Humoral stimuli
33
Nerve activity stimulates hormone release e.g. Sympathetic nerve stimulation of the adrenal medulla to release adrenalin
Neural Stimuli
34
A hormone from one gland causes a hormone to be released from another. e.g. hypothalamus releases GHRH causing the anterior pituitary to release GH.
Hormonal Stimuli
35
Number or receptors is increased. This can occur because hormone levels are low and the cell is trying to produce a response to the hormone
Up-regulation
36
Number of receptors is decreased. This can ccur when hormone levels have been high and the ce,l wants to reduce it response to the hormone
Down-regulation
37
What is the definition of of a high affinity state
the receptor has a strong attraction for the hormone ( good lock and key fit).
38
What is the definition of a low affinity state
the receptor has a weak attraction for the hormone (not a good lock and key fit)
39
for a full target response there must be more than one hormone present
Permissiveness
40
When more than one hormone produces he same effects but together their effect is much larger e.x. glucagon and epinephrine raise blood glucose but together they raise it substantially much more.
synergism
41
when one hormone opposes the action of another. For example, calcitonin lowers blood calcium and parathyroid hormone raises it
Antagonism
42
What are the hormones of the posterior lobe
Oxytocin and Antidiuretics (ADH)
43
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus send ADH and Oxytocin to the posterior pituitary gland via the _____________ __________ ______
Hypothalamic Hyposeal Tract
44
Posterior lobe + Infundibulum =
Nuerohypophysis
45
This hormone is made in the paraventricular nucleus and is released in high amounts during child birth and in nursing mothers - stimulates urine and milk ejection
Oxytocin
46
This hormone is made in the supraoptic nucleus and prevents urine formation and therefor prevents dehydration - other triggers for the release of this hormone is pain, low BP and nicotine, morphine.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
47
Tire of False: Alcohol is a diuretic
True
48
What is the cause of Diabetes insipidus?
ADH deficiency
49
This gland is grandular, is a vascular connection, and has no neural connection to the hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland
50
What is called the hypophyseal portal system
Anterior pituitary
51
What are the 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary gland
1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone 2. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone 3. Luteinizing Hormone 4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone 5. Growth Hormone 6. Prolactin
52
What two hormones from the anterior pituitary gland are the final hormones
Growth Hormone and Prolactin
53
What hormone stimulates most cells to grow and divide and targets bone, skeletal muscle and connective tissue?
Growth Hormone
54
What stimulates growth hormone release?
Growth Hormone releasing hormone
55
What inhbits the release of Growth Hormone
Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone and Growth hormone (negative feedback mechanism)
56
What pathology is excess growth hormone in children
Gigantism
57
What pathology is excess growth hormone in adults
Acromegaly
58
What pathology is insufficient growth hormone in children
Pituitary dwarfism
59
This is a torphic hormone that goes to the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormone - stimulates development and secretory activity in the thyroid gland
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
60
This hormone is absent prior to puberty follicle stimulating hormone and Leutinizing hormone induce maturating of the gonands
gonadotropins
61
What is the transport system of the body and is fluid a connective tissue
the blood
62
What are the functions of blood
Distribution: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, metabolic waste, hormones Regulation: body temp, pH, volume Protection: blood loss immunity
63
Types of plasma
Albumin (60%), globulins (35%), and fibrinogens (4%)
64
Serves as a carrier molecule and binds drugs and transports them around the body
Albumin
65

BIOL 2150 (3 decks)

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