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BIOL 2150 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones can be released from what two places

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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2
Q

What makes a molecule a hormone?

A

They will either increase or decrease the metabolic rate of a cell

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3
Q

This system released chemical messengers (hormones) into the blood

A

Endocrine System

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4
Q

What are the features of the endocrine system?

A

it is ductless, releases hormones into surrounding tissue fluid, and highly vascularized,

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5
Q

what are the two types of glands

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

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6
Q

A tissues that main purpose if to make hormones

A

explanation of an endocrine gland

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7
Q

Examples of endocrine GLANDS are…

A

Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland

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8
Q

Examples of endocrine TISSUES (organs) are …

A

Pancreas, ovaries and testis, and the placenta (temporary organ)

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9
Q

Endocrine _____ have more than one function, for example the pancreas makes insulin and regulates the digestive system

A

tissues

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10
Q

Examples of endocrine CELLS are…

A

Adipose cells, thymus cells, small intestine, stomach, kidneys, heart

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11
Q

A chemial subtance released by cells to regulate metabolism

A

Hormone

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12
Q

What are the two types of hormones

A

Steroidal and Amino Acids

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13
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, adrenal cortex, etc.

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14
Q

what gland produces non-hormonal molecules that travel through ducts to a membrane surface

A

Exocrine glands

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15
Q

What does a hormone do?

A

They regulate the activity of a cell
ex.
1. thye can change plasma membrane permeability (by opening or closing ion channels)
2. they can stimulate protein synthesis
3. activate or deactivate protein sythesis
4. induce secretion of molecules from cells
5. Stimulate mitosis

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16
Q

What are they types of stimuli that release of hormones

A

Humoral
Neural
Hormonal

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17
Q

Hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ion or nutrients

A

Humoral Stimuli
ex. Parathyroid glands monitor blood Ca+2 so when there is a low concentration of calcium in the blood, parathyroid secret more PTH which increses blood ca+

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18
Q

Hormone release caused by neural input

A

Neural Stimuli
ex. Sympathetic nerve stimulation of the adrenal medulla released adrenalin.

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19
Q

Hormone released caused by another hormone

A

Hormonal Stimuli (trophic hormone )
ex. Hypothalamus releases GHRH causing the anterior pituitary to release GH

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20
Q

What is it called when hormones circulate the entire body through the vascular system but affect only certain tissues cells —- Target Cells

A

Specificity

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21
Q

Elevated blood glucose levels stimulate cells of the pancreas to secrete the hormone insulin. The pancreas is responding to what type of stimulus?

A

Humoral

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22
Q

What stimulates growth, especially in skeletal muscle and bone

A

Growth hormone

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23
Q

Which hormone is the most important for regulating calcium balance in the blood?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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24
Q

What hormone is synthesized by the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine

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25
Q

This hormone is classified as a mineralocorticoid and stimulates retention of sodium in the body and release of potassium into the urine.

A

Aldosterone

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26
Q

This hormone is classified as a glucocorticoid and increases blood glucose levels, amino acids, and fatty acids

A

Cortisol

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27
Q

What gland secrets melatonin?

A

the pineal gland

28
Q

How do cells of the pancreas respond to rising glucose levels

A

beta cells release insulin, which stimulates glycogen formation in the liver

29
Q

The heart produces _________, which reduces blood volume and blood pressure

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

30
Q

what hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland to target the adrenal cortex?

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

31
Q

What are the steps of the Second Messenger system (Mechanism of action of hormones)

A
  1. the hormone binds to receptor
  2. receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger)
  5. cAMP activates protein kinase
32
Q

Hormones are released in direct response to levels of molecules or ions in the blood e.g. parathyroid glands monitor blood Ca2+ levels

A

Humoral stimuli

33
Q

Nerve activity stimulates hormone release
e.g. Sympathetic nerve stimulation of the adrenal medulla to release adrenalin

A

Neural Stimuli

34
Q

A hormone from one gland causes a hormone to be released from another.
e.g. hypothalamus releases GHRH causing the anterior pituitary to release GH.

A

Hormonal Stimuli

35
Q

Number or receptors is increased. This can occur because hormone levels are low and the cell is trying to produce a response to the hormone

A

Up-regulation

36
Q

Number of receptors is decreased. This can ccur when hormone levels have been high and the ce,l wants to reduce it response to the hormone

A

Down-regulation

37
Q

What is the definition of of a high affinity state

A

the receptor has a strong attraction for the hormone ( good lock and key fit).

38
Q

What is the definition of a low affinity state

A

the receptor has a weak attraction for the hormone (not a good lock and key fit)

39
Q

for a full target response there must be more than one hormone present

A

Permissiveness

40
Q

When more than one hormone produces he same effects but together their effect is much larger
e.x. glucagon and epinephrine raise blood glucose but together they raise it substantially much more.

A

synergism

41
Q

when one hormone opposes the action of another. For example, calcitonin lowers blood calcium and parathyroid hormone raises it

A

Antagonism

42
Q

What are the hormones of the posterior lobe

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretics (ADH)

43
Q

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus send ADH and Oxytocin to the posterior pituitary gland via the _____________ __________ ______

A

Hypothalamic Hyposeal Tract

44
Q

Posterior lobe + Infundibulum =

A

Nuerohypophysis

45
Q

This hormone is made in the paraventricular nucleus and is released in high amounts during child birth and in nursing mothers
- stimulates urine and milk ejection

A

Oxytocin

46
Q

This hormone is made in the supraoptic nucleus and prevents urine formation and therefor prevents dehydration
- other triggers for the release of this hormone is pain, low BP and nicotine, morphine.

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

47
Q

Tire of False: Alcohol is a diuretic

A

True

48
Q

What is the cause of Diabetes insipidus?

A

ADH deficiency

49
Q

This gland is grandular, is a vascular connection, and has no neural connection to the hypothalamus

A

Anterior pituitary gland

50
Q

What is called the hypophyseal portal system

A

Anterior pituitary

51
Q

What are the 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
  2. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
  3. Luteinizing Hormone
  4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  5. Growth Hormone
  6. Prolactin
52
Q

What two hormones from the anterior pituitary gland are the final hormones

A

Growth Hormone and Prolactin

53
Q

What hormone stimulates most cells to grow and divide and targets bone, skeletal muscle and connective tissue?

A

Growth Hormone

54
Q

What stimulates growth hormone release?

A

Growth Hormone releasing hormone

55
Q

What inhbits the release of Growth Hormone

A

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone and Growth hormone (negative feedback mechanism)

56
Q

What pathology is excess growth hormone in children

A

Gigantism

57
Q

What pathology is excess growth hormone in adults

A

Acromegaly

58
Q

What pathology is insufficient growth hormone in children

A

Pituitary dwarfism

59
Q

This is a torphic hormone that goes to the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormone
- stimulates development and secretory activity in the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

60
Q

This hormone is absent prior to puberty follicle stimulating hormone and Leutinizing hormone induce maturating of the gonands

A

gonadotropins

61
Q

What is the transport system of the body and is fluid a connective tissue

A

the blood

62
Q

What are the functions of blood

A

Distribution: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, metabolic waste, hormones
Regulation: body temp, pH, volume
Protection: blood loss immunity

63
Q

Types of plasma

A

Albumin (60%), globulins (35%), and fibrinogens (4%)

64
Q

Serves as a carrier molecule and binds drugs and transports them around the body

A

Albumin

65
Q
A

BIOL 2150 (3 decks)

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