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Comm 316 > Exam #3 Qualitative Research > Flashcards

Exam #3 Qualitative Research Flashcards

1
Q

What is content analysis?

A

data collection and analytical technique as a research design.

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2
Q

What is content analysis used for?

A

to measure the occurrence of some identifiable element in a complete text or set of messages.

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3
Q

What is manifest content?

A

provides a description of the characteristics of the content itself

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4
Q

What is latent content?

A

interpretations about the content that imply something about the communicators

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5
Q

What are characteristics of strong coding scheme?

A

identifying content and interpreting content

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6
Q

How do you develop content categories?

A

determine what the message is, how the message was said

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7
Q

What is interaction analysis?

A

codes communication into categories.

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8
Q

What are the strengths of content analysis?

A

Data close to the communicator. Unobtrusive. Applicable to a variety of text or message structures.

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9
Q

What are weaknesses of content analysis?

A

If message cannot be captured it cannot be coded. Coding scheme may not reveal nuances of messages. Selection process may not be representative.

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10
Q

What are the strengths of interaction analysis?

A

elements before and after a coded element are considered. Places emphasis on relative position. Several coding schemes have been developed and validated over time.

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11
Q

What are the weaknesses of interaction analysis?

A

Limited by validity and representatives of coding scheme. Ongoing streams of conversation are not neat and tidy- can be difficult to code. Time consuming.

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12
Q

Content analysis and interaction analysis are similar in that each?

A

is a quantitative method and is a method for analyzing content of interaction.

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13
Q

In content analysis, manifest content and latent content refer to:

A

the content itself and interpretations about the content that imply something about the communicators.

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14
Q

The quantitative aspect of content analysis is the?

A

the frequency counts for each coded element.

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15
Q

Content analysis is conducted on texts or messages that are?

A

captured in writing, captured on audiotape, captured on videotape.

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16
Q

In content analysis, it is common to see coding schemes with one category identified as “other.” This category indicates that?

A

coding scheme was not successfully developed; the coding scheme is not as developed as it could be.

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17
Q

In content coding, a unit of analysis may be?

A

words or phrases, complete thoughts or sentences, themes, and communication acts, behaviors or processes

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18
Q

Using interaction analysis, a researcher codes?

A

messages or texts into theoretically-based categories, ongoing conversation, verbal and/or nonverbal features or functions of conversation.

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19
Q

One of the primary strengths of interaction analysis is that?

A

elements preceding and subsequent to the element being coded are considered in placing conversational elements into categories.

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20
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

develop an in-depth understanding of communication phenomena,unearth the reasons, motivations, or underlying processes of communication phenomena,Deals with the “why” and the “how” of communication

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21
Q

Characteristics of qualitative research…

A

preserves the form and content of interaction, contextually bound, discourse is the data

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22
Q

In qualitative research, discourse is?

A

the set of naturally occurring messages used as data

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23
Q

Inductive analysis is what?

A

is the discovery and development of theory as they emerge from qualitative data.

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24
Q

The model for qualitative research demonstrates that?

A

the research process is not linear, cannot be planned in its entirety before entering the scene, research questions guide the investigation, interpretation and analysis can begin as soon as data are collected or shortly after.

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25
Q

Credibility is essential to qualitative research because?

A

multiple interpretations are likely in qualitative research and researchers using qualitative methods want to demonstrate the quality of their interpretations.

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26
Q

triangulation is used by qualitative researchers to?

A

enhance credibility of their findings.

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27
Q

In qualitative research, research questions…

A

provide the researcher with a focus, give the researcher considerable latitude, usually ask “how” or “what.”

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28
Q

In qualitative research, data…

A

have few restrictions. Anything that can be observed or captured could count as data

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29
Q

Threats to credibility in qualitative research exist when?

A

when data that fail to fit the explanation or interpretation are not addressed

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30
Q

What is member validation?

A

taking research findings back to individuals who provided data

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31
Q

In qualitative research, the researcher?

A

is the primary data collector

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32
Q

The researcher who does not engage interactants in any fashion is a?

A

complete observer.

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33
Q

Due to the nature of the researcher’s role in qualitative research, he or she needs to?

A

be able to fit in with events, people & interaction with which he or she is unfamiliar, develop trust & rapport with participants,develop additional questions or modify the initial research question based on the interaction that is observed.

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34
Q

Sampling observations during qualitative research should take into consideration?

A

what is considered routine,what is considered a special event,what is considered an untoward event or emergency,different time periods.

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35
Q

Maximum variation sampling is?

A

based on informational redundancy; a researcher seeks participants until the data received are the same as previously collected data

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36
Q

Gaining access to the interaction environment…

A

is sometimes accomplished through a gatekeeper or sponsor

37
Q

Qualitative methodologies are more subjective and initially less structured than quantitative methodologies. Thus, the?

A

initial research question may change as evidence of the problem is observed (or not observed.qualitative data are continuous rather than discrete, often representing a stream of events or interactions)

38
Q

What are the 4 different forms of participation?

A

complete participant, participant-as-observer, observer-as-participant, complete observer

39
Q

What are three ways to gain access?

A

sponsor, gatekeeper and key informant

40
Q

what is a sponsor?

A

someone in the group that can vouch for you

41
Q

what is a gatekeeper?

A

person you get permission from

42
Q

what is a key informant?

A

often able to provide important data

43
Q

Field notes…

A

are a continuous or sequential record of what was observed.

44
Q

A field interview:

A

has the goal of uncovering the respondent’s point of view by drawing on terminology, issues, and themes introduced into the conversation by the respondent

45
Q

Field interviews are best conducted in pairs so?

A

that one team member can interview while the other team member takes notes

46
Q

An interview guide for field interviewing should include?

A

questions that encourage the respondent to discuss the topic of interest

47
Q

A focus group is a facilitator-led group discussion in which the facilitator…

A

encourages participants to interact with one another, not just respond to the researcher’s questions

48
Q

Ideally, participants in a focus group should…

A

have homogenous backgrounds, but dissimilar attitudes and perspectives

49
Q

The focus group moderator…

A

may or may not be the researcher

50
Q

Stories or narratives…

A

can be a reliable guide to storytellers’ beliefs, attitudes, values, and actions

51
Q

Ethnography is best described as research

A

that develops an in-depth and holistic description of interactants in their cultural or sub cultural environment

52
Q

How do you debrief the participant?

A

summarize the main points and new info, provide any information that was withheld from the participant before the interview, ask participants have any questions

53
Q

Analyzing qualitative data often:

A

begins after initial data collection

54
Q

Analysis is the process of…

A

labeling and breaking down raw data

55
Q

Techniques for helping the researcher analyze qualitative data include

A

analytical memos,diagramming the data,using computers.

56
Q

In coding and categorizing qualitative data, the researcher:

A

often allows themes to emerge from the data

57
Q

In using grounded theory, a researcher would

A

seek to find relationships between data and categories

58
Q

Metaphor, dramatistic, and theoretical frames are used by researchers to

A

translate categories into meaning.

59
Q

What is a metaphoric frame?

A

links unknown concept, with something that is commonly known

60
Q

What is dramastistic frame?

A

interpretation based on the roles, settings, and scripts necessary to tell a story

61
Q

What is theoretical frame?

A

based on the use of two or more theories to explain how the data might be interpreted

62
Q

what are the 2 types of categories used in grounded theory?

A

open coding and axial coding

63
Q

what is open coding?

A

first pass through data

64
Q

what is axial coding ?

A

process of linking together categories in a meaningful way

65
Q

What is analysis process?

A

process of bringing order, structure, interpretation to the large amount of data collective in qualitative research

66
Q

What is reflexive?

A

can move back and forth between stages of data analysis and data collection

67
Q

What is inductive?

A

work from specific data to developing general theories and explanations

68
Q

What is an analytical memo?

A

captures first impressions, and reflections about the setting, people, and interactions observed

69
Q

How do you categorize data?

A
  1. identify categories=set of similar excerpts, examples, or themes.
  2. label categories with a few words or short phrase=a code.
  3. look for opposite or negative case=a test of coding system
70
Q

What are two analytic processes?

A

grounded theory, thematic analysis

71
Q

What is grounded theory?

A

constant comparative method

72
Q

what is thematic analysis?

A

thematic interpretation

73
Q

what is thematic analysis?

A

based on conceptions of actual communication episodes, a theme is identified based on recurrence, repetition, and forcefulness

74
Q

In working with qualitative data, the researcher…

A

works reflexively between analyzing and writing the data

75
Q

Selecting and developing authorial voice means making a decision

A

about who will tell the story in reporting the qualitative data

76
Q

Many qualitative research reports begin with…

A

an introductory premise to frame the descriptions and analyses

77
Q

Despite the variety in how researchers might write their qualitative research reports, the one thing that must be included is

A

when the fieldwork was conducted,the extent of the researcher’s involvement in the field,steps used to analyze the data,to what extent data were triangulated or checked.

78
Q

The results and discussion section of a qualitative research report includes

A

a balance between description and analysis.

79
Q

In writing a qualitative research report, it is common for the researcher to

A

continually revise the document to improve the claims and conclusions drawn

80
Q

What is an authorial voice?

A

the voice the author uses when referencing their part/participation in the research

81
Q

What are the four types of authorial voice?

A

Realist, Confessional, Impressionist, and critical scholar

82
Q

What are the characteristics of a realist authorial voice?

A

author narrates in 3rd person and conveys the view of those observed, not the views of the author. author is almost absent- hides the researcher so only people studied are obvious in the text. focuses on the minute details of life.

83
Q

When is a realist voice used?

A

When a narrative story has been collected

84
Q

What are the characteristics of a confessional voice?

A

written in 1st person to reveal researchers point of view, researcher is present-his or her point of view is incorporated in the write up, written in a natural way- all the flaws of the observation included

85
Q

When is a confessional voice used?

A

in ethnographic research

86
Q

What are the characteristics of impressionist voice?

A

tries to grab readers attention by startling them, liberal use of eloquent phrasings and imagery to tell the story, primary focus is on telling the story

87
Q

What are the characteristics of critical scholar voice?

A

focused on highlighting the perspective of disadvantaged or marginalized groups, exposes inequalities and injustices, describes contradictions

88
Q

How to use quotes to enhance/support credibility

A

provide frame of reference for quote in previous text, interpret all included quotes, find balance between quotes and your description analyis

89
Q

How are conclusions are drawn in the qualitative report

A

highlight what decisions can be made given the descriptions and analyses presented

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