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Comm 316 > Exam #3 Qualitative Research > Flashcards

Exam #3 Qualitative Research Flashcards

1
Q

What is content analysis?

A

data collection and analytical technique as a research design.

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2
Q

What is content analysis used for?

A

to measure the occurrence of some identifiable element in a complete text or set of messages.

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3
Q

What is manifest content?

A

provides a description of the characteristics of the content itself

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4
Q

What is latent content?

A

interpretations about the content that imply something about the communicators

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5
Q

What are characteristics of strong coding scheme?

A

identifying content and interpreting content

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6
Q

How do you develop content categories?

A

determine what the message is, how the message was said

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7
Q

What is interaction analysis?

A

codes communication into categories.

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8
Q

What are the strengths of content analysis?

A

Data close to the communicator. Unobtrusive. Applicable to a variety of text or message structures.

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9
Q

What are weaknesses of content analysis?

A

If message cannot be captured it cannot be coded. Coding scheme may not reveal nuances of messages. Selection process may not be representative.

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10
Q

What are the strengths of interaction analysis?

A

elements before and after a coded element are considered. Places emphasis on relative position. Several coding schemes have been developed and validated over time.

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11
Q

What are the weaknesses of interaction analysis?

A

Limited by validity and representatives of coding scheme. Ongoing streams of conversation are not neat and tidy- can be difficult to code. Time consuming.

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12
Q

Content analysis and interaction analysis are similar in that each?

A

is a quantitative method and is a method for analyzing content of interaction.

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13
Q

In content analysis, manifest content and latent content refer to:

A

the content itself and interpretations about the content that imply something about the communicators.

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14
Q

The quantitative aspect of content analysis is the?

A

the frequency counts for each coded element.

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15
Q

Content analysis is conducted on texts or messages that are?

A

captured in writing, captured on audiotape, captured on videotape.

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16
Q

In content analysis, it is common to see coding schemes with one category identified as “other.” This category indicates that?

A

coding scheme was not successfully developed; the coding scheme is not as developed as it could be.

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17
Q

In content coding, a unit of analysis may be?

A

words or phrases, complete thoughts or sentences, themes, and communication acts, behaviors or processes

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18
Q

Using interaction analysis, a researcher codes?

A

messages or texts into theoretically-based categories, ongoing conversation, verbal and/or nonverbal features or functions of conversation.

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19
Q

One of the primary strengths of interaction analysis is that?

A

elements preceding and subsequent to the element being coded are considered in placing conversational elements into categories.

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20
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

develop an in-depth understanding of communication phenomena,unearth the reasons, motivations, or underlying processes of communication phenomena,Deals with the “why” and the “how” of communication

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21
Q

Characteristics of qualitative research…

A

preserves the form and content of interaction, contextually bound, discourse is the data

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22
Q

In qualitative research, discourse is?

A

the set of naturally occurring messages used as data

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23
Q

Inductive analysis is what?

A

is the discovery and development of theory as they emerge from qualitative data.

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24
Q

The model for qualitative research demonstrates that?

A

the research process is not linear, cannot be planned in its entirety before entering the scene, research questions guide the investigation, interpretation and analysis can begin as soon as data are collected or shortly after.

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25
Credibility is essential to qualitative research because?
multiple interpretations are likely in qualitative research and researchers using qualitative methods want to demonstrate the quality of their interpretations.
26
triangulation is used by qualitative researchers to?
enhance credibility of their findings.
27
In qualitative research, research questions...
provide the researcher with a focus, give the researcher considerable latitude, usually ask "how" or "what."
28
In qualitative research, data...
have few restrictions. Anything that can be observed or captured could count as data
29
Threats to credibility in qualitative research exist when?
when data that fail to fit the explanation or interpretation are not addressed
30
What is member validation?
taking research findings back to individuals who provided data
31
In qualitative research, the researcher?
is the primary data collector
32
The researcher who does not engage interactants in any fashion is a?
complete observer.
33
Due to the nature of the researcher's role in qualitative research, he or she needs to?
be able to fit in with events, people & interaction with which he or she is unfamiliar, develop trust & rapport with participants,develop additional questions or modify the initial research question based on the interaction that is observed.
34
Sampling observations during qualitative research should take into consideration?
what is considered routine,what is considered a special event,what is considered an untoward event or emergency,different time periods.
35
Maximum variation sampling is?
based on informational redundancy; a researcher seeks participants until the data received are the same as previously collected data
36
Gaining access to the interaction environment...
is sometimes accomplished through a gatekeeper or sponsor
37
Qualitative methodologies are more subjective and initially less structured than quantitative methodologies. Thus, the?
initial research question may change as evidence of the problem is observed (or not observed.qualitative data are continuous rather than discrete, often representing a stream of events or interactions)
38
What are the 4 different forms of participation?
complete participant, participant-as-observer, observer-as-participant, complete observer
39
What are three ways to gain access?
sponsor, gatekeeper and key informant
40
what is a sponsor?
someone in the group that can vouch for you
41
what is a gatekeeper?
person you get permission from
42
what is a key informant?
often able to provide important data
43
Field notes...
are a continuous or sequential record of what was observed.
44
A field interview:
has the goal of uncovering the respondent's point of view by drawing on terminology, issues, and themes introduced into the conversation by the respondent
45
Field interviews are best conducted in pairs so?
that one team member can interview while the other team member takes notes
46
An interview guide for field interviewing should include?
questions that encourage the respondent to discuss the topic of interest
47
A focus group is a facilitator-led group discussion in which the facilitator...
encourages participants to interact with one another, not just respond to the researcher's questions
48
Ideally, participants in a focus group should...
have homogenous backgrounds, but dissimilar attitudes and perspectives
49
The focus group moderator...
may or may not be the researcher
50
Stories or narratives...
can be a reliable guide to storytellers' beliefs, attitudes, values, and actions
51
Ethnography is best described as research
that develops an in-depth and holistic description of interactants in their cultural or sub cultural environment
52
How do you debrief the participant?
summarize the main points and new info, provide any information that was withheld from the participant before the interview, ask participants have any questions
53
Analyzing qualitative data often:
begins after initial data collection
54
Analysis is the process of...
labeling and breaking down raw data
55
Techniques for helping the researcher analyze qualitative data include
analytical memos,diagramming the data,using computers.
56
In coding and categorizing qualitative data, the researcher:
often allows themes to emerge from the data
57
In using grounded theory, a researcher would
seek to find relationships between data and categories
58
Metaphor, dramatistic, and theoretical frames are used by researchers to
translate categories into meaning.
59
What is a metaphoric frame?
links unknown concept, with something that is commonly known
60
What is dramastistic frame?
interpretation based on the roles, settings, and scripts necessary to tell a story
61
What is theoretical frame?
based on the use of two or more theories to explain how the data might be interpreted
62
what are the 2 types of categories used in grounded theory?
open coding and axial coding
63
what is open coding?
first pass through data
64
what is axial coding ?
process of linking together categories in a meaningful way
65
What is analysis process?
process of bringing order, structure, interpretation to the large amount of data collective in qualitative research
66
What is reflexive?
can move back and forth between stages of data analysis and data collection
67
What is inductive?
work from specific data to developing general theories and explanations
68
What is an analytical memo?
captures first impressions, and reflections about the setting, people, and interactions observed
69
How do you categorize data?
1. identify categories=set of similar excerpts, examples, or themes. 2. label categories with a few words or short phrase=a code. 3. look for opposite or negative case=a test of coding system
70
What are two analytic processes?
grounded theory, thematic analysis
71
What is grounded theory?
constant comparative method
72
what is thematic analysis?
thematic interpretation
73
what is thematic analysis?
based on conceptions of actual communication episodes, a theme is identified based on recurrence, repetition, and forcefulness
74
In working with qualitative data, the researcher...
works reflexively between analyzing and writing the data
75
Selecting and developing authorial voice means making a decision
about who will tell the story in reporting the qualitative data
76
Many qualitative research reports begin with...
an introductory premise to frame the descriptions and analyses
77
Despite the variety in how researchers might write their qualitative research reports, the one thing that must be included is
when the fieldwork was conducted,the extent of the researcher's involvement in the field,steps used to analyze the data,to what extent data were triangulated or checked.
78
The results and discussion section of a qualitative research report includes
a balance between description and analysis.
79
In writing a qualitative research report, it is common for the researcher to
continually revise the document to improve the claims and conclusions drawn
80
What is an authorial voice?
the voice the author uses when referencing their part/participation in the research
81
What are the four types of authorial voice?
Realist, Confessional, Impressionist, and critical scholar
82
What are the characteristics of a realist authorial voice?
author narrates in 3rd person and conveys the view of those observed, not the views of the author. author is almost absent- hides the researcher so only people studied are obvious in the text. focuses on the minute details of life.
83
When is a realist voice used?
When a narrative story has been collected
84
What are the characteristics of a confessional voice?
written in 1st person to reveal researchers point of view, researcher is present-his or her point of view is incorporated in the write up, written in a natural way- all the flaws of the observation included
85
When is a confessional voice used?
in ethnographic research
86
What are the characteristics of impressionist voice?
tries to grab readers attention by startling them, liberal use of eloquent phrasings and imagery to tell the story, primary focus is on telling the story
87
What are the characteristics of critical scholar voice?
focused on highlighting the perspective of disadvantaged or marginalized groups, exposes inequalities and injustices, describes contradictions
88
How to use quotes to enhance/support credibility
provide frame of reference for quote in previous text, interpret all included quotes, find balance between quotes and your description analyis
89
How are conclusions are drawn in the qualitative report
highlight what decisions can be made given the descriptions and analyses presented

Comm 316 (7 decks)

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