Exam 3 Psych Flashcards
Stress
process we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or
challenging
Eustress
good stress
Distress
bad stress
What did Hans Selye believe?
the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
What is Phase 1?
Alarm-sympathetic nervous system activated
What is Phase 2?
Resistance-the body copes with the stressor
What is Phase 3?
Exhaustion-body’s reserves get depleted.
What is Hans Seyles basic point?
although human body copes well with temporary stress, prolonged stress can damage it.
Health Psychology
subfield of psychology that provides psychology contributions to behavioral medicine
Psychoneuroimmunologists
study mind-body interactions, including stress’related physical illnesses, such as hypertension and stress-induced headaches
What are the 4 types of cells that are active in the search and destroy mission of the immune system?
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, Macrophages, and Natural Killer Cells
B lymphocytes
mature in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes
mature in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
macrophages
identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders and worn-out cells
Natural killer cells
pursue diseased cells such as those infected by viruses or cancer
What do stress and AIDS do?
reduce immune functioning and stress speed up disease progression
Stress and Cancer
studies are mixed with some indicated links between stress and increases risk
Personality Type B
easy going, relaxed people
Women and stress
likely to tend and befriend. might be related to oxytocin (stress moderating hormone)
Men and stress
likely to withdraw from society, turn to alcohol, and become aggressive
effects of pessimism and depression
more than twice likely to develop heart disease, chronic stress triggers persistent inflammation
Cortisol
hormone that plays a key role in stress response
Personality Type A
competitive, hard driving, impatient, can be verbally aggressive, and anger prone
Personality Type C
consistent, controlled, avoid conflict
Personality Type D
suppress negative emotions to avoid social disapproval
Catharsis
the idea that releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges
Problem focused coping
attempting to reduce stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
emotion focused coping
attempting to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction
Learned Helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Learned helplessness
uncontrollable bad events>perceived lack of control>helpless behavior
External locus of control
believe that chance or outside forces control their fate
Internal locus of control
believe they control their own destiny
Self Control
the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards
Aerobic Exercise
sustained activity that increases HR and lung activity, may reduce depression/anxiety
Mindfulness meditation
relaxing and silently attending to your inner state without judging it
The faith factor
religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active
Positive Psychology
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
Three pillars of positive psych
Positive well-being, positive character, positive groups communities and culture.
Feel-god, do-good phenomenon
peoples tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Adaptation-level phenomenon
the tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
Relative deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself. satisfaction may come when one feels better off than others
Social psychology
the study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Attribution Theory
we can attribute behavior to a persons stable enduring traits or we can attribute it to the situation
Fundamental attribution error
overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate influence of situations
Peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness
Central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
Foot in the door phenomenon
small requests open the door for larger requests
What experiment did Philip Zimbardo conduct?
the standford prison experiment, wanted to understand the power of the situation
Cognitive Dissonance
if our actions are out of sync with our attitudes then we feel tension. either change our behavior or adjust attitude
culture
the behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one gen to the next
Norms
are rules for accepted and expected behaviors
Conformity
is adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard
Normative Social influence
we are sensitive to social norms because the price we pay for being different can be severe. we want to belong
Informational Social Influence
we conform because we want to be accurate. groups provide information
what experiment falls with obedience
the milgram experiment
Mere presence
means people are not competing, do not reward or punish, and in fact do nothing except be present as a passive audience.
Social Facilitation
the strengthening of dominant response in the presence of other
Evaluation Apprehension
influenced by the presence of others
Social Loafing
the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable
Deindividuation
loss of self awareness and self restraint when in a group
Group polarization
enhanced prevailing inclinations
Groupthink
harmony overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
Altruism
unselfish concern for the welfare of others
Prejudice
unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group, often a different cultural, ethnic, or gender group
Roots of prejudice
Social: in group bias
Beliefs: stereotypes
Emotional: fear
Cognitive: categorizing
Aggression
any behavior intended to harm someone, whether done out of hostility or calculated means to an end
Bystander effect
notices incident, emergent, responsibility, attempts to help.
Proximity
familiarity breeds fondness
Passionate love
arousal
companionate love
deep affectionate attachment
Consummate Love
intimacy, passion, and commitment
Personality
an individuals characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Unconscious
unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
Free Association
a method of exploring the unconscious in which relaxed and says whatever comes to mind
Id
unconscious energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives: operates on pleasure principle
Ego
the largely unconscious “executive” part of personality that operates on the reality principle (balance)
Superego
focuses on ideal behavior; strives for perfections
Stage Oral
0-18 months; pleasure centers on the mouth;sucking, biting, chewing
Stage Anal
18-36 months; focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Stage Phallic
3-6 years; the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
Stage Latency
6-puberty; a phase of dormant sexual feelings
Stage Genital
puberty on; maturation of sexual interests
Regression
retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated (reverts to thumb sucking first day of school)
Reaction formation
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
Projection
disguising ones own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Rationalization
offering justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for ones actions
Displacement
shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
Denial
refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
Maslow
self actualizing person by studying healthy, creative people rather than troubled ones.
Self actualization
highest level of psychological development, where personal potential is fully realized after basic bodily and ego needs have been fulfilled
Carl Rogers
Humanistic Theories, Person centered perspective
Growth promoting environment requires three conditions
genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
Unconditional Positive Regard
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Self concept
al our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, answers Who Am I?
Trait Theory
define personality in terms of stable and enduring behavior traits
Trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by a self-report inventories and peer reports
Introversion
seeks less stimulation, recharge, quiet, think before speaking. Avoids: center of attention
Extraversion
Seeks greater stimulation, energize around people, large social network. Enjoys: center of attention
Big Five: C
Conscientiousness
Big Five: A
Agreeableness
Big Five: N
Neuroticism
Big Five: O
Openness
Big Five: E
Extraversion
Openness
imagination, feelings, actions, ideas
Conscientiousness
competence, self discipline, thoughtfulness, goal driven
Extroversion
sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression
Agreeableness
cooperative, trustworthy, good natured
Neuroticism
tendency toward unstable emotions
Maturity Principle
After 40 we become more agreeable and conscientious
How heritable
40%
Do traits reflect differing brain structure
high conscientious = larger frontal lobe
Have these traits changed over time
individualistic culture = increased extraversion and conscientiousness
Albert Bandura
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between peoples traits and their social context
Self
assumed to be the center of
personality, the organizer of our
thoughts, feelings, and actions
Self esteem
ones feelings of high or low self worth
Spotlight effect
Overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
self efficacy
ones sense of competence and effectiveness
Self serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Narcissism
excessive self love and self absorption
