Exam 3 Psych Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Stress
A
process we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or
challenging
2
Q
Eustress
A
good stress
3
Q
Distress
A
bad stress
4
Q
What did Hans Selye believe?
A
the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
5
Q
What is Phase 1?
A
Alarm-sympathetic nervous system activated
6
Q
What is Phase 2?
A
Resistance-the body copes with the stressor
7
Q
What is Phase 3?
A
Exhaustion-body’s reserves get depleted.
8
Q
What is Hans Seyles basic point?
A
although human body copes well with temporary stress, prolonged stress can damage it.
9
Q
Health Psychology
A
subfield of psychology that provides psychology contributions to behavioral medicine
10
Q
Psychoneuroimmunologists
A
study mind-body interactions, including stress’related physical illnesses, such as hypertension and stress-induced headaches
11
Q
What are the 4 types of cells that are active in the search and destroy mission of the immune system?
A
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, Macrophages, and Natural Killer Cells
12
Q
B lymphocytes
A
mature in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
13
Q
T lymphocytes
A
mature in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
14
Q
macrophages
A
identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders and worn-out cells
15
Q
Natural killer cells
A
pursue diseased cells such as those infected by viruses or cancer
16
Q
What do stress and AIDS do?
A
reduce immune functioning and stress speed up disease progression
17
Q
Stress and Cancer
A
studies are mixed with some indicated links between stress and increases risk
18
Q
Personality Type B
A
easy going, relaxed people
19
Q
Women and stress
A
likely to tend and befriend. might be related to oxytocin (stress moderating hormone)
20
Q
Men and stress
A
likely to withdraw from society, turn to alcohol, and become aggressive
21
Q
effects of pessimism and depression
A
more than twice likely to develop heart disease, chronic stress triggers persistent inflammation
22
Q
Cortisol
A
hormone that plays a key role in stress response
23
Q
Personality Type A
A
competitive, hard driving, impatient, can be verbally aggressive, and anger prone
24
Q
Personality Type C
A
consistent, controlled, avoid conflict
25
Personality Type D
suppress negative emotions to avoid social disapproval
26
Catharsis
the idea that releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges
27
Problem focused coping
attempting to reduce stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
28
emotion focused coping
attempting to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction
29
Learned Helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
30
Learned helplessness
uncontrollable bad events>perceived lack of control>helpless behavior
31
External locus of control
believe that chance or outside forces control their fate
32
Internal locus of control
believe they control their own destiny
33
Self Control
the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards
34
Aerobic Exercise
sustained activity that increases HR and lung activity, may reduce depression/anxiety
35
Mindfulness meditation
relaxing and silently attending to your inner state without judging it
36
The faith factor
religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active
37
Positive Psychology
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
38
Three pillars of positive psych
Positive well-being, positive character, positive groups communities and culture.
39
Feel-god, do-good phenomenon
peoples tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
40
Adaptation-level phenomenon
the tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
41
Relative deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself. satisfaction may come when one feels better off than others
42
Social psychology
the study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
43
Attribution Theory
we can attribute behavior to a persons stable enduring traits or we can attribute it to the situation
44
Fundamental attribution error
overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate influence of situations
45
Peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness
46
Central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
47
Foot in the door phenomenon
small requests open the door for larger requests
48
What experiment did Philip Zimbardo conduct?
the standford prison experiment, wanted to understand the power of the situation
49
Cognitive Dissonance
if our actions are out of sync with our attitudes then we feel tension. either change our behavior or adjust attitude
50
culture
the behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one gen to the next
51
Norms
are rules for accepted and expected behaviors
52
Conformity
is adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard
53
Normative Social influence
we are sensitive to social norms because the price we pay for being different can be severe. we want to belong
54
Informational Social Influence
we conform because we want to be accurate. groups provide information
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what experiment falls with obedience
the milgram experiment
56
Mere presence
means people are not competing, do not reward or punish, and in fact do nothing except be present as a passive audience.
57
Social Facilitation
the strengthening of dominant response in the presence of other
58
Evaluation Apprehension
influenced by the presence of others
59
Social Loafing
the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable
60
Deindividuation
loss of self awareness and self restraint when in a group
61
Group polarization
enhanced prevailing inclinations
62
Groupthink
harmony overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
63
Altruism
unselfish concern for the welfare of others
64
Prejudice
unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group, often a different cultural, ethnic, or gender group
65
Roots of prejudice
Social: in group bias
Beliefs: stereotypes
Emotional: fear
Cognitive: categorizing
66
Aggression
any behavior intended to harm someone, whether done out of hostility or calculated means to an end
67
Bystander effect
notices incident, emergent, responsibility, attempts to help.
68
Proximity
familiarity breeds fondness
69
Passionate love
arousal
70
companionate love
deep affectionate attachment
71
Consummate Love
intimacy, passion, and commitment
72
Personality
an individuals characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
73
Unconscious
unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
74
Free Association
a method of exploring the unconscious in which relaxed and says whatever comes to mind
75
Id
unconscious energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives: operates on pleasure principle
76
Ego
the largely unconscious "executive" part of personality that operates on the reality principle (balance)
77
Superego
focuses on ideal behavior; strives for perfections
78
Stage Oral
0-18 months; pleasure centers on the mouth;sucking, biting, chewing
79
Stage Anal
18-36 months; focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
80
Stage Phallic
3-6 years; the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
81
Stage Latency
6-puberty; a phase of dormant sexual feelings
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Stage Genital
puberty on; maturation of sexual interests
83
Regression
retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated (reverts to thumb sucking first day of school)
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Reaction formation
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
85
Projection
disguising ones own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
86
Rationalization
offering justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for ones actions
87
Displacement
shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
88
Denial
refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
89
Maslow
self actualizing person by studying healthy, creative people rather than troubled ones.
90
Self actualization
highest level of psychological development, where personal potential is fully realized after basic bodily and ego needs have been fulfilled
91
Carl Rogers
Humanistic Theories, Person centered perspective
92
Growth promoting environment requires three conditions
genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
93
Unconditional Positive Regard
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
94
Self concept
al our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, answers Who Am I?
95
Trait Theory
define personality in terms of stable and enduring behavior traits
96
Trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by a self-report inventories and peer reports
97
Introversion
seeks less stimulation, recharge, quiet, think before speaking. Avoids: center of attention
98
Extraversion
Seeks greater stimulation, energize around people, large social network. Enjoys: center of attention
99
Big Five: C
Conscientiousness
100
Big Five: A
Agreeableness
101
Big Five: N
Neuroticism
102
Big Five: O
Openness
103
Big Five: E
Extraversion
104
Openness
imagination, feelings, actions, ideas
105
Conscientiousness
competence, self discipline, thoughtfulness, goal driven
106
Extroversion
sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression
107
Agreeableness
cooperative, trustworthy, good natured
108
Neuroticism
tendency toward unstable emotions
109
Maturity Principle
After 40 we become more agreeable and conscientious
110
How heritable
40%
111
Do traits reflect differing brain structure
high conscientious = larger frontal lobe
112
Have these traits changed over time
individualistic culture = increased extraversion and conscientiousness
113
Albert Bandura
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between peoples traits and their social context
114
Self
assumed to be the center of
personality, the organizer of our
thoughts, feelings, and actions
115
Self esteem
ones feelings of high or low self worth
115
Spotlight effect
Overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
116
self efficacy
ones sense of competence and effectiveness
117
Self serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
118
Narcissism
excessive self love and self absorption
