exam 3 ppt 4

Question 1

who was Thomas Malthus?

Answer 1

he was a British scholar, 1790; he influenced Darwin - resource limitation applies to all species

Question 2

what is the fundamental unit of evolution?

Answer 2

populations

Question 3

definition of populations

Answer 3

include all individuals of a species that live and reproduce in a certain place

Question 4

definition of population ecology

Answer 4

the study of how and why a population changes over time

Question 5

what are populations described in terms of?

Answer 5

size (N), geographic range, and spatial distribution (density)

Question 6

can range be considered on different scales?

Answer 6

yes- can have local range, regional range, and global range

Question 7

how would you measure the size of a population?

Answer 7

census, sampling

Question 8

definition of census

Answer 8

a way to measure populations; count every individual; organisms must be easy to observe, not too numerous, and occur in an easily defined area

Question 9

what are the requirements for taking a census?

Answer 9

organisms must be easy to observe, not too numerous, and occur in an easily defined area

Question 10

different sections of sampling

Answer 10

quadrats, mark-and-recapture

Question 11

definition of quadrats (sampling)

Answer 11

sessile of stationary organisms (ex: plants)

Question 12

exp of an organism sampled by quadrats

Answer 12

plants

Question 13

definition of mark-and-recapture (sampling)

Answer 13

mobile organisms

Question 14

what type of distribution tells us more about a population?

Answer 14

spatial distribution

Question 15

types of spatial distributions (listed)

Answer 15

uniform, random, clumped

Question 16

what does uniform distribution look like?

Answer 16

all evenly distributed

Question 17

what does random distribution look like?

Answer 17

some clumped, some fary away, randomly placed

Question 18

what does clumped distribution look like?

Answer 18

all clumped together in a big group

Question 19

exp of a clumped distribution

Answer 19

a herd of elephants

Question 20

can spatial distribution change over time?

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

exp of how spatial distribution changes over time in shrubs

Answer 21

small shrubs establish in high densities and produce a clumped distribution; mortality as the shrubs grow reduces clumping and produces a random distribution among medium shrubs; competition enforces a regular distribution among large shrubs

Question 22

definition of demography

Answer 22

the statistical study of population dynamics over time

Question 23

what things contribute to population decrease?

Answer 23

mortality (death) and emigration

Question 24

definition of emigration

Answer 24

organisms leaving an area

Question 25

what things contribute to population increase?

Answer 25

birth and immigration

Question 26

definition of immigration

Answer 26

organisms coming into an area

Question 27

what can population growth be?

Answer 27

population growth can be exponential or logistic

Question 28

what is logistic growth limited by?

Answer 28

logistic growth is limited by K (carrying capacity)

Question 29

is exponential growth limited?

Answer 29

no, it has maximum r = rate of growth

Question 30

what do life tables provide?

Answer 30

life tables provide important information about the life history of a population, and can help predict the future of the population

Question 31

R0 > 1=

Answer 31

population is growing

Question 32

R0 < 1=

Answer 32

population is shrinking

Question 33

R0 = 1=

Answer 33

population is stable

Question 34

definition of fecundity

Answer 34

the reproductive capacity of an individual

Question 35

do survivorship curves vary among organisms?

Answer 35

yes

Question 36

definition of type I survivorship curve

Answer 36

survivorship throughout life is high, most individuals approach the maximum life span of the species (humans)

Question 37

are organisms with type I survivorship r or K strategists?

Answer 37

K-strategists

Question 38

definition of type II survivorship curve

Answer 38

most individuals experience relatively constant survivorship over lifetime; doesn’t have a specific life history table connected to it, in the middle

Question 39

exp of an organism with type II survivorship curve

Answer 39

songbirds

Question 40

definition of type III survivorship curve

Answer 40

high death rates early in life, high survivorship after maturity

Question 41

are organisms with type III survivorship curves r or K strategists?

Answer 41

r-strategists

Question 42

exp of an organism with type III survivorship curve

Answer 42

many plants

Question 43

exp of an organism with type I survivorship curve

Answer 43

humans

Question 44

what do survivorship curves graph?

Answer 44

they graph the number of individuals surviving at each age vs. time

Question 45

life history strategies

Answer 45

birth -> growth -> reproduce -> death

Question 46

why do fitness trade-offs occur?

Answer 46

they occur because every individual has a limited amount of time and energy; must choose between: reproduction and lifespan, and number of offspring and investment per offspring

Question 47

regarding fitness trade-offs, what must you choose between?

Answer 47

1) reproduction and lifespan, 2) number of offspring and investment per offspring

Question 48

definition of r-selected species

Answer 48

adapt to maximum reproductive rate

Question 49

definition of K-selected species

Answer 49

adapt to living at carrying capacity (K) of environment, invest more energy in fewer offspring

Question 50

do r-strategists have high or low fecundity?

Answer 50

high

Question 51

do r-strategists have high or low survivorship?

Answer 51

low

Question 52

do K-strategists have high or low fecundity?

Answer 52

low

Question 53

do K-strategists have high or low survivorship?

Answer 53

high

Question 54

r-selected are adapted to…

Answer 54

maximize r

Question 55

K-selected adapted to thrive at…

Answer 55

K

Question 56

can r-selected be advantageous in unstable environments?

Answer 56

yes

Question 57

do r-strategists have many or few offspring?

Answer 57

many

Question 58

do r-strategists have small or large offspring?

Answer 58

small

Question 59

do K-strategists have many or few offspring?

Answer 59

few

Question 60

do K-strategists have small or large offspring?

Answer 60

large

Question 61

characteristics of r-strategists

Answer 61

many offspring, small offspring, early maturity,small body size, low disease resistance, low predator resistance, short life span

Question 62

characteristics of K-strategists

Answer 62

few offspring, large offspring, late maturity, large body size, high disease resistance, high predator resistance, long life span