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biol 1240 > exam 3 ppt 4 > Flashcards

exam 3 ppt 4 Flashcards

1
Q

who was Thomas Malthus?

A

he was a British scholar, 1790; he influenced Darwin - resource limitation applies to all species

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2
Q

what is the fundamental unit of evolution?

A

populations

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3
Q

definition of populations

A

include all individuals of a species that live and reproduce in a certain place

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4
Q

definition of population ecology

A

the study of how and why a population changes over time

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5
Q

what are populations described in terms of?

A

size (N), geographic range, and spatial distribution (density)

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6
Q

can range be considered on different scales?

A

yes- can have local range, regional range, and global range

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7
Q

how would you measure the size of a population?

A

census, sampling

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8
Q

definition of census

A

a way to measure populations; count every individual; organisms must be easy to observe, not too numerous, and occur in an easily defined area

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9
Q

what are the requirements for taking a census?

A

organisms must be easy to observe, not too numerous, and occur in an easily defined area

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10
Q

different sections of sampling

A

quadrats, mark-and-recapture

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11
Q

definition of quadrats (sampling)

A

sessile of stationary organisms (ex: plants)

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12
Q

exp of an organism sampled by quadrats

A

plants

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13
Q

definition of mark-and-recapture (sampling)

A

mobile organisms

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14
Q

what type of distribution tells us more about a population?

A

spatial distribution

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15
Q

types of spatial distributions (listed)

A

uniform, random, clumped

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16
Q

what does uniform distribution look like?

A

all evenly distributed

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17
Q

what does random distribution look like?

A

some clumped, some fary away, randomly placed

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18
Q

what does clumped distribution look like?

A

all clumped together in a big group

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19
Q

exp of a clumped distribution

A

a herd of elephants

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20
Q

can spatial distribution change over time?

A

yes

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21
Q

exp of how spatial distribution changes over time in shrubs

A

small shrubs establish in high densities and produce a clumped distribution; mortality as the shrubs grow reduces clumping and produces a random distribution among medium shrubs; competition enforces a regular distribution among large shrubs

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22
Q

definition of demography

A

the statistical study of population dynamics over time

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23
Q

what things contribute to population decrease?

A

mortality (death) and emigration

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24
Q

definition of emigration

A

organisms leaving an area

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25
Q

what things contribute to population increase?

A

birth and immigration

26
Q

definition of immigration

A

organisms coming into an area

27
Q

what can population growth be?

A

population growth can be exponential or logistic

28
Q

what is logistic growth limited by?

A

logistic growth is limited by K (carrying capacity)

29
Q

is exponential growth limited?

A

no, it has maximum r = rate of growth

30
Q

what do life tables provide?

A

life tables provide important information about the life history of a population, and can help predict the future of the population

31
Q

R0 > 1=

A

population is growing

32
Q

R0 < 1=

A

population is shrinking

33
Q

R0 = 1=

A

population is stable

34
Q

definition of fecundity

A

the reproductive capacity of an individual

35
Q

do survivorship curves vary among organisms?

A

yes

36
Q

definition of type I survivorship curve

A

survivorship throughout life is high, most individuals approach the maximum life span of the species (humans)

37
Q

are organisms with type I survivorship r or K strategists?

A

K-strategists

38
Q

definition of type II survivorship curve

A

most individuals experience relatively constant survivorship over lifetime; doesn’t have a specific life history table connected to it, in the middle

39
Q

exp of an organism with type II survivorship curve

A

songbirds

40
Q

definition of type III survivorship curve

A

high death rates early in life, high survivorship after maturity

41
Q

are organisms with type III survivorship curves r or K strategists?

A

r-strategists

42
Q

exp of an organism with type III survivorship curve

A

many plants

43
Q

exp of an organism with type I survivorship curve

A

humans

44
Q

what do survivorship curves graph?

A

they graph the number of individuals surviving at each age vs. time

45
Q

life history strategies

A

birth -> growth -> reproduce -> death

46
Q

why do fitness trade-offs occur?

A

they occur because every individual has a limited amount of time and energy; must choose between: reproduction and lifespan, and number of offspring and investment per offspring

47
Q

regarding fitness trade-offs, what must you choose between?

A

1) reproduction and lifespan, 2) number of offspring and investment per offspring

48
Q

definition of r-selected species

A

adapt to maximum reproductive rate

49
Q

definition of K-selected species

A

adapt to living at carrying capacity (K) of environment, invest more energy in fewer offspring

50
Q

do r-strategists have high or low fecundity?

A

high

51
Q

do r-strategists have high or low survivorship?

A

low

52
Q

do K-strategists have high or low fecundity?

A

low

53
Q

do K-strategists have high or low survivorship?

A

high

54
Q

r-selected are adapted to…

A

maximize r

55
Q

K-selected adapted to thrive at…

A

K

56
Q

can r-selected be advantageous in unstable environments?

A

yes

57
Q

do r-strategists have many or few offspring?

A

many

58
Q

do r-strategists have small or large offspring?

A

small

59
Q

do K-strategists have many or few offspring?

A

few

60
Q

do K-strategists have small or large offspring?

A

large

61
Q

characteristics of r-strategists

A

many offspring, small offspring, early maturity,small body size, low disease resistance, low predator resistance, short life span

62
Q

characteristics of K-strategists

A

few offspring, large offspring, late maturity, large body size, high disease resistance, high predator resistance, long life span

biol 1240 (9 decks)

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