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BIOL 1240 > exam 3 ppt 1 > Flashcards

exam 3 ppt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

definition of genetic variation

A

genetic differences that exist among individuals in a population at a particular point in time

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2
Q

definition of genotype

A

the genetic makeup of a cell or organism- what combination of alleles is present

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3
Q

exps of genotypes

A

PP, Pp, pp

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4
Q

definition of phenotype

A

an individual’s observable characteristics (i.e. height, eye color, weight, color blindness, etc)

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5
Q

exp of phenotype

A

purple vs. white flowers

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6
Q

definition of alleles

A

the different forms of any gene

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7
Q

what do alleles correspond to?

A

changes in the DNA sequence

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8
Q

do we all have the same genes?

A

yes, we all have the same genes, but just different alleles of them

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9
Q

how many copies of every gene do we have? why?

A

we have 2 copies of every gene, because we’re diploid

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10
Q

what does it mean if an individual is homozygous?

A

it means that both alleles are the same (either homozygous dominant or recessive)

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11
Q

what does it mean if an individual is heterozygous?

A

it means that their two alleles for a gene are different

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12
Q

exp of a homozygous genotype

A

BB or bb

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13
Q

exp of a heterozygous genotype

A

Bb

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14
Q

who is Gregor Mendel?

A

he is the father of modern genetics

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15
Q

what did Mendel study?

A

he studied the results of hybridization, where two different varieties of pea plants were interbred

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16
Q

what plants did Mendel work with?

A

pea plants

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17
Q

what strains did the pea plants have that Mendel worked with?

A

these strains were true breeding (pure line)

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18
Q

what does it mean if a strain is true breeding (pure line)?

A

it means that every offspring is identical to the parent

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19
Q

what were the two different types of fertilization involved in pea plant hybridization?

A

self-fertilization and cross-fertilization

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20
Q

explain the self-fertilization in pea plant hybridization

A

the male organs of the plant produce pollen grains which produce sperm cells, and the female organ receives the pollen

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21
Q

explain the cross-fertilization in pea plant hybridization

A

plant with greed seeds crossed with plant with yellow seeds; collect pollen from one individual and transfer it to the female organ of a flower on another plant whose male organs have been removed

22
Q

definition of a trait

A

variation in physical appearance of a heritable characteristic = phenotype

23
Q

what is the trait called that appears in the F1?

A

the dominant trakt

24
Q

what is the trait called that does NOT appear in the F1?

A

recessive

25
Q

what were the results of Mendel’s single-trait (monohybrid) cross with the round vs. wrinkled seed trait?

A

in the parental generation, male parents produce round seeds while female parents produce wrinkled seeds; the F1 generation all produce round seeds (all heterozygote)->. plant, grow, and allow to self-fertilize; the F2 generation produce a 3:1 phenotypic ratio with 75% round seeds, 25% wrinkled seeds

26
Q

when does segregation occur in Mendel’s monohybrid cross of round vs. wrinkled seeds?

A

segregation occurs in the F2 generation at a ratio of 3:1

27
Q

list of all of Mendel’s monohybrid crosses

A

seed shape, seed color, pod shape, pod color, flower color, flower and pod position, stem length

28
Q

what are yellow and green seeds the result of?

A

they’re the result of two different alleles of the same gene

29
Q

what does true breeding mean for the cross for seed color?

A

it means that these lines are homozygous

30
Q

what are the genotypes used in the seed color Mendel experiment?

A

yellow= YY, green= yy (same trait, same letter)

31
Q

is the dominant allele capitalized or lower case when written out?

A

the dominant allele is a capital letter, the recessive allele is a lowercase letter

32
Q

what results in the F1 generation of the monohybrid cross for seed color?

A

the trait that appears, yellow seeds, is dominant and green seeds are recessive; due to crossing two true-breeders in the parental generation, all children in F1 generation are heterozygote (Yy) but still exhibit yellow seed color

33
Q

what does the principle of segregation talk about?

A

it discusses the separation of alleles into different gametes

34
Q

what happens to the alleles in a heterozygote individual?

A

in a heterozygote, both alleles are present and expressed, but observe dominant phenotype

35
Q

explanation of Mendel’s parental cross between two homozygotes

A

homozygous father (RR) and homozygous mother (rr) -> make gametes that go into punnett square- male is R, female is r; the F1 generation results in all Rr offspring (heterozygotes) and all round seeds (dominant phenotype)

36
Q

explanation of Mendel’s parental cross between two heterozygotes

A

this explains the F2 generation; heterozygous mother from F1 (Rr) with heterozygous father from F1 (Rr), both have gametes of R and r; offspring in F2 generation have genotypes of 25% RR, 50% Rr, and 25% rr and have phenotypes of 75% round (dominant), 25% wrinkled

37
Q

what are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios always seen in F2 generations?

A

1:2:1 genotypic ratio, 3:1 phenotypic ratio

38
Q

how does segregation occur in the breeding of heterozygous plants?

A

Aa plants produce gametes A and a, 50% each = segregation

39
Q

when does the segregation of alleles occur?

A

this occurs during meiosis

40
Q

what does segregation reflect (a part of meiosis)?

A

segregation reflects the separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis

41
Q

when did Mendel discover the principle of segregation?

A

he discovered this in his monohybrid cross with true breeding parents

42
Q

what can you use punnett squares to explain?

A

you can use them to explain how gametes form (equally possible to produce all gamete combinations)

43
Q

what characteristic are the principles of transmission genetics?

A

these principles are statistical

44
Q

what can the principles of transmission genetics be stated as?

A

they can be stated as probabilities

45
Q

what must the probability of any genotype be between?

A

it must be between 0 and 1 (add up to 100%)

46
Q

what is the probability of getting the genotype aa as a result in a cross between AA x Aa?

A

0

47
Q

what is the probability of getting the genotype aa in a cross between Aa x Aa?

A

1/4 (25%)

48
Q

is each genetic event unique?

A

yes

49
Q

what are the expected progeny (resulting genotypes and phenotypes) from a cross of an AA plant with an Aa plant?

A

1:1 genotypic ratio (1/2 AA, 1/2 Aa); 1:0 phenotypic ratio (all have dominant phenotype)

50
Q

what are the gametes that each parent produces in a cross between AA x Aa?

A

1/2 AA, 1/2 Aa

51
Q

how does a genotype become a phenotype?

A

through DNA -> RNA -> protein

BIOL 1240 (9 decks)

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