Exam 3 Path II Flashcards
What are the 3 systems that the respiratory tract is divided into?
- Conducting system- containing goblet cells
- Transition system- bronchioles with clara cells and non-ciliated secretory cells
- Exchange system-alveoli lines with type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes
Which cells are more abundant in the exchange system of the respiratory system?
Type 1 or Type 2 pneumocytes
type 1
What type of pneumocyte is a simple squmous cells that is highly susceptible to injury?
type 1 pneumocyte
Which type of pneumocyte is cuboidal, produces surfactant, resillient to injury, and has the ability to multiply and replace type 1 pneumocytes?
type 2 pneumocytes
What organ system is involved in phonation, olfaction, temperature regulation, acid–base balance, blood pressure regulation and gas exchange?
respiratory
T/F: Mannhemimia haemolytica is only found underpathogenic situations in cattle
False.
Mannheimia haemolytica is both a potential pathogen and part of the normal flora
Which animals have intracascular macrophages (PIMs)? (name 4)
ruminants, cats, pigs, horses
they are within the lumen of alveolar capillaries and protect against blood-borne respiratory Dz
In dogs, humans and lab rodents, the responsibility of removing circulatory bacteri and other particles in blood is taken on by kuffer cells and splenic macrophages
What factors predispose animals to bacterial pneuonia?
- Viruses
- Stress
- Dehydration
- Pulmonary Edema (ie in Left CHF)
- Uremia
- Ammonia
- Immunosuppression
Ethmoidal hematomas are common in what species and age group?
old horses
What are 3 top DDx for epistasis in a horse?
- Ethmoidal hematoma - old horses
- Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
- Guttural pouch mycosis
Young bovine. Name the disease and the etiology
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
BHV-1
———————————-
MDx: Fibrinous rhinits
Characteristics: diptheric membrane (fibrinosuppurative exudate mixed with necrotic debri), hyperemia, hemorrage, erosion, ulceration
Which multifactoral disease in pigs is thought to be the result of a combined infection of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida types D and A?
Atrophic Rhinitis
———————————
- See symettrical atrophy of nasal turbinates with lateral deviation of the septum
- May lead to facial deformaties, congestion, exudate, secondary pulmonary infections
- The toxigenic strains of P. multocida produce cytotoxins which inhibit osteoblastic activity and promote osteoclastic reabsorption of the nasal turbinates.
Which disease/etiology in swine produces a transient rhinitis in pigs 3-5 weeks of age that on histopathology produces cytomegly of nasal epithelium and glands containing basophilic intranuclear inclusions? This disease can also produce a fatal systemic infection in suckling pigs under 3 weeks of age
Inclusion Body Rhinitis
Porcine Cytomegalovirus (suid herpesvirus 2 [SHV-2])
Which two disease can clead to rhinotracheitis and conjunctivitis in kittens?
- Feline herpesvirus 1 (Feline viral rhinotracheitis [FVR])
- Feline calicivirus (also produces an ulcerative glossitis)
In immunocompromised animals it can lead to diffuse interstitial pneumonia (pic below) and secondary bacterial infections
Which aquatic protozoa produces a granulomatous rhinitis in dogs (and cattle)?
Rhinosporidium seeberi
What are the three diseases of the gutteral pouch that we are concerned of?
- Guttural pouch tympany- young horses- due to malformation in the Eustachian tube, resulting in the accumulation of air. may be asymptomatic to painful.
- Strangles (Streptococcus equi) - Suppurative Eustachitis with fistulation and lymphadenopahty, in chronic cases inspissated exudate and chondroids develop
-
Gutteral pouch mycosis - due to close association with cranial nerves (7, 9, 10, 11, 12) and internal carotid artery , and the angioinvasive nature of the mycosis, infection can led to peripheral neuropathy and fatal nose bleeds
- Apergillus fumigatus
Nasal neoplasia are usually _____
(malignant or benign)
malignant
————————————
Can lead to difficulties breathing, facial deformaties, nasal discharge and epistasis
If you have a3 y/o dog with a nasal tumor, is it more likely to be a carcinoma or a fibrosarcoma?
malignant fibrosarcomas
they are more common in young animals
Sheep. Etology? Disease?
Enzootic nasal carcinoma (or adenocarcinoma)
Etiology: Enzootic Nasal Tumor virus (ENTV, an ovine beta-retrovirus)
usually subclinical
Necrotic laryngitis (Calf diphtheria) is caused by what Secondary infection following trauma or viral infection (IBR).?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
—————————————
abundant cheesy exudate can lead to pneumonia
Laryngeal hemiplegia (paralysis) – “roaring” in horses is due to Atrophy of in left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle following damage/neuropathy to what nerve?
LEFT recurretent laryngeal nerve
What disease can cause multifocal necrotizing hepatitis, ulcerative necrotising ruminitis, abortion, systemic disease in young calves and Ulcerative and necrotizing laryngo-tracheitis?
IBR
Which bacteria plays a primary role in multifactoral canine infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
CAV-2, CPIV-2 and to a lesser extend canine distemper virus and Mycoplasma spp., have predisposing roles.
Which disease in horses result in:
- hypertrophy of external abdominal oblique
muscles as a result of expiratory efforts= “heave line” - head and neck extended
- nasal flaring
- GOBLET CELL METAPLASIA in BRONCHIOLES with increase mucus production
- Diffuse bronchoconstriction
Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO)
————————————————-
AKA Heaves, chronic bronchiolitis-emphysema
complex, “broken wind”, COPD
Etiology: allergen, commonly fungal spores in hay
These compose what barrier:
- vascular endothelium
- basement membrane of the endothelial cell
- basement membrane of the type I pneumocyte
- cytoplasm of the of the type I pneumocyte
Blood-Air Barrier
Epistaxis only occurs in what precent of horses affected with Exercise-induced pulomonary haemorrhage (EIPH)?
1-10%
In Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH), in what part of the lunge does haemorrhage typically occur?
dorso-caudal portions of the caudal lung lobes
Haemorrhage is Probably the result of marked elevations in arterial and capillary pressures during strenuous exercise
What is the most common cause of epistasis in cattle?
Pulmonary Abcessation
Due to vena cava thrombosis, valvular endocarditis –> septic thrombi
T/F: Pulmonary anthracosis can lead to significant pulmonary disease
False!
Pulmonary anthracosis has NO clinical significance
What has happened if the Pulmonary parenchyma appears dark-red and sunken with a fleshy consistency and the lung tissue does not float?
Atelectasis- Incomplete expansion of the lungs or portions of the lungs.
Congenital or acquired.
Acquired can be divided in compressive (caused by space-occupying lesions like hydrothorax, hemothorax, pleuritis), massive (pneumothorax) or obstructive (inflammation, edema).
What is the cause of patchy pulmonary atelectasis in a calf that was stained yellow/green at birth?
aspiration of meconium and amniotic fluid
Define Pulmonary Emphysema
“Permanent enlargement of air-spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls”
What will rupture of a bullous emphysema lead to?
fatal pneumothorax
Mdx?
Interstitial emphysema
What three virsuses cause interstitial pneumonia in cattle?
- Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR): Caused by BoHV-1
- Para-influenza-3 virus (PI-3 virus)
- Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV)
Which two viruses in cattle cause a transient rhino-tracheitis and broncho interstitial pneumonia with the formation of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions bodies and syncytial cells
Para-influenza-3 virus (PI-3 virus) and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV)
IBR produces intranuclear inclusion bodies
Mdx? Dz? Possible etiologies?
Chronic suppurative bronchoneumonia
Bovine enzootic pneumonia
Etiology: begins with viruses Mycoplasmas, Chlamydophila, followed by
opportunistic bacteria such as Pasteurella multocida, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Histophilus somni, Mannheimia haemolytica and E.coli.
Rich in neutrophila
Common sequels = Abscessation and bronchiectasis
Abscessation and bronchiectasis are common sequels of what disease in cattle?
Mulifactoral Enzootic Pneumonia (Chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia,)
Marbling appearance of the pulmonary parenchyma on cross-section (due to coagulation necrosis) and fibrinous bronchopneumonia are characteristic of what disease in cattle?
Pneumonic mannheimiosis (“shipping fever”)
Mannheimia haemolytica
——————————-
Most economically important respiratory disease of cattle in North America, particularly in feedlot cattle.
Coagulation necrosis due to toxins produced by M. haemolytica
Ddx for fibrinous pneumonia with NO marbling = Histophilus somni
Bovine Lungs. Provide 2 Ddx
- Histophilus somni & Mannheimia haemolytica*
- ———————————*
Mannheimia haemolytica- marbling on cross -section
Histophilus somni- also produces TME, pneumonia, pleuritis, myocarditis, arthritis, abortion, abcessasion, vasculitis
Which bacteria in feedlot cattle causes a chronic caseous necrotizing bronchopneumonia of the cranial central portion of the lungs and severe chronic fibrinous arthritis?
Mycoplasma bovis
Cattle. Etiology? type of necrosis?
Mycoplasma bovis
Caseous Necrosis
How may lesion os Mycobacterium bovis appear in deer and other wildlife?
Abcesses
instead of granulomatous lesion typically seen in humans, cattle and other animals
Which bacteria produces a Multifocal granulomatous pneumonia in cattle?
M. bovis
(maybe M. tuberculosis)
In what lung lobe are parasitic infections (such as Dictyocaulus and Metastrongylus spp.) commonly confined to?
Caudal lung lobes
What are the names of the lungworms in each of the following species: cattle, horse, pig, sheep/goats?
Cattle: Dictyocaulus viviparus
Horse: Dictyocaulus arnfeldi
Sheep/goats: Dictyocaulus filaria
Pig: Metastrongylus spp.
- ——————*
- confined to the caudal lung lobes.*
Varies from interstitial pneumonia (larval migration) to chronic catarrhal bronchitis (intrabronchial adult parasites) to granulomatous pneumonia. Predisposition to secondary bacterial infections.
In cattle, What Dz is characterized by the presence of edema, interstitial emphysema, hyaline membranes, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia and interstitial fibrosis with cellular infiltrates? What are the possible etiologies?
Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia (AIP) of cattle
- Bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema (“fog fever”)
- Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis)
- Reinfection syndrome (hypersensitivity to Dictyocaulus sp or BRSV).
- Milk allergy: type I hypersensitivity in cows sensitized to their own milk casein and lactalbumin.
- Ingestion of moldy potatoes that contain 4-ipomeanol which are metabolized by mixed function oxydases in the lung (Clara cells) to a potent pneumotoxicant
What disease has this pathogenesis:
L tryptophan present in the pasture is metabolized in the rumen to 3- methylindole → absorbed into the blood and carried to the lungs → metabolized by the mixed function oxidases of non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells (“Clara” cells) into a highly pneumotoxic compound that causes extensive necrosis of bronchiolar epithelial cells and type I pneumocytes (diffuse alveolar damage).
Fog Fever- Bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema
Atypical Interstitial Pneumonias
Which etiology causes Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP), lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), non-suppurative encephalitis (Visna), lymphocytic arthritis, lymphofollicular mastitis and vasculitis in SHEEP?
Ovine Lentivirus - Maedi Visna
lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) is caused by CAE virus in GOATS
Similar to cattle, PI-3 and RSV can produce an interstitial pneumonia in sheep
What are the common etiology agents associated with Chronic enzootic pneumonia in sheep?
Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasteurella multocida
PI-3,
adenovirus
reovirus
RSV,
Chlamydophila
Mycoplasmas (mycoplasma ovipneumoniae).
Septicemic pasteurellosis is caused by:
____ _____ in lambs under 3 months
____ ____ in lambs 5-12 months-old
- *Mannheimia haemolytica (biotype A)** usually in lambs under 3 months.
- *Bibersteinia (Pasteurella) trehalosi (biotype T**) usually in lambs 5 to 12 months-old.
Lesions: necrotizing pharyngitis and tonsilitis, septicemia with disseminated intravascular thrombosis and bacteremia. NO lung lesions
Sheep. Mdx? Etiology?
Multifocal subpleural pneumonitis – Muellerius capillaris
———————————-
Verminous bronchitis isolated to the caudal lung lobes in sheep and goats is caused by Dictyocaulus filaria.
What do transient viral pneumonias predispose horses to?
Ex. Equine viral rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1, EHV-
4), equine influenza, equine viral arteritis (EVA) virus and
equine adenovirus
secondary bacterial pneumonias (P. Multocida, Streptococcus spp., E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Rhodococcus equi)
“airway hyper-responsiveness” and Recurrent Airway Obstruction (chronic bronchiolitis-emphysema complex, “heaves”).
Which equine virus leads to severely edematous lungs that histologically show vasculitits and multinucleated syncytial cells in the endothelium of small pulmonary blood vessels and alveolar capillaries?
Equine Morbillivirus (Hendra virus disease)
————————————————–
Emerging/Sporadic respiratory disease in Australlia
No inclusion bodies
Clinical signs are non-specific and include fever, anorexia, respiratory distress and nasal discharge
Which opportunistic fungal organism can cause fatal pneumonia with foamy eosinophilic proteinaceous material within alveoli in animals with immunospuppression (SCIDs in arabians and jack russels, AIDs) or PRRs?
Pneumocytosis carinii = Pneumocystosis
Which virus commonly causes an interstial pneumonia with basophilic or amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in arabian foals with SCIDs?
Adenovirus
Which Facultative intracellular gram positive bacterium causes both pyogranulomatous pneumonia and enterocolitis/lymphadenitis with exstensive caseous necrosis in foals, that is unresponsive to routine broad-spectrum antibiotics?
Rhodococcus equi
Are able to survive within macrophages because they avoid phagocytosis by inducing defective phagosome-lysosome fusion
potentially zoonotic in immunocompromised individuals
What is a common complication of samonellosis in horses that leads to a multifocal necro-hemorrhagic pneumonia?
embolic Aspergillus infection (Mycotic pneumonia)
——————————–
fungus gains access to portal circulation through ulcerative GI lesions that then become lodged into the lung capillary beds.
What are the two most common viral interstitial pneumonias in pigs?
PRRS and PCV-2(aka PMWS)
————————————
Both can lead to infections with fungus Pneumocystis carinni
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS): characterized by late-term abortions, stillbirths and respiratory disease in young pigs (interstitial pneumonia)
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS): Causes progressive emaciation in weaned pigs. The causative agent is PCV-2. May result in interstitial pneumonia.
——————————————-
Less common viruses:
Swine influenza
Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV): Sporadic cause of mild bronc hointerstitialpneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis.
What is the main pathogen involved in PORCINE enzootic pneumonia?
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
——————————–
organism induces a suppurative or cattarrhal bronchopneumonia with BALT hyperplasia that is quite characteristic. Also induces a characteristic fish flesh appearance of lesions.
Low mortality (unless complicated), high morbidity/costs
What is the etiology of a suppurative or cattarrhal bronchopneumonia with BALT hyperplasia and “fish flesh” appearance in pigs?
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
main causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia
lesions located in the cranial-ventral portions of the lungs
Young Pig. Dz? Etiology?
Glasser’s disease (Haemophilus parasuis)
produces a fibrinous pleuritis and pneumonia
Pig with fibrinous necrotising bronchopneumonia characterized by hemorrhage, coagulative necrosis and thrombosis (creating a marbling appearance) isolated in the middle and caudal lung lobes.
Dz? Etiology?
- *Porcine Contagious Pleuropneumonia
- Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae***
**** KNOW THIS- only one in this region of lungs****
What are the most common causes of infectious and non-infectious pneumonias in dogs and cats?
-
Infectious:
- Canine disteper
- Kennel Cough (infectious tracheobronchitis)
-
non-infectious:
- Uremia
- paraquat toxicity
What kind of pneumonia is usually unilateral in the upper right lung lobe in dogs/cats?
Aspiration pneumonia
Can become complicated
More severe in carnivores >herbivores due to increase acidity of GI contents
What type of pneumonia would most likely cause this?
Granulomatous/Mycotic Pneumonia
Etiology: Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Cryptococcus, Coccidioides etc.
Edx?
Uremic pneumonitis
——————————————
Von Cossa stain revealed widespread calcification
What is the most common etiology of parasitic pneumonia in cats?
- Aelurostrongylus abstrusus*
- ————————————-*
Snails and slugs are the intermediate hosts.
T/F: Pulmonary neoplasia are mostly metastatic in origin
TRUE
If there is a primary tumor, it is usually malignant
Neoplasia is more common in dogs and cats > large animals
Mature Sheep. Mdx? Etiology?
Ovine pulmonary carcinoma (pulmonary adenomatosis).
Caused by transmissible retrovirus
grossly resembles suppurative pneumonia HOWEVER microscopically you will see neoplastic proliferation of bronchial epithelium
What is a common cause of pyothorax in cats?
Ruptured abcess
Pasteurella Multocida
Cat. What is on the pleural surface?
“sulfur granules”
nocardiosis (Nocardia asteroides)
What important pathogen in rabbits causes a fibrinosuppurative pleuropneumonia, rhinitis (snuffles), abscesses, repro tract infections, ear infections and septicemia?
Pasteurellosis- P. multocida
MOST COMMON DISEASE IN RABBITS
What is a common cause of granulomatous airsacculitis and pneumonia in birds?
Aspergillus spp. -or- Mycobacterium avium
