Exam 2 Path II Flashcards
(275 cards)
1
Q
What can occur to the aorta during excitement, physical activity (racing horses), and stallion breeding?
A
Aortic rupture
1
Q
Which tickborne disease enters the brain via a “trojan horse” and results in Acute polioencephalomyelitis, Neuronal degeneration, neuronophagia, Lymphocyte cuffing, gliosis & meningitis?
A
Louping-ill (Flavivirus) - common in sheep
2
Q
Dilated cardiomyopathy is seen in _______. Which breed are most susceptible?
A
Dogs, especially males
Larger dog breeds like:
- Doberman pinschers
- Portuguese water dogs
- Dalmatians
- Saint Bernards etc.,
2
Q
What parasite is highly zoonotic in people that ingest undercooked meat due to the formation of cycts in the muscles and heart (parasitic myositis)?
A
Trichonella spiralis
2
Q
In cattle, myocardial lymphosarcomas are associated with what?
A
enzootic leukosis
2
Q
Lamb. Mdx? Etiology?
A
Cyclopia/Synophthalmos
Incomplete seperation of the orbits during embyrogenesis
Etiology: Veratrum Californicum ingestion on day 14
Determine cause via thourough history
2
Q
Mdx?
A
Entropion and secondary trichiasis
2
Q
Which of the following components of the CNS are least sensitive to hypoxia:
- Neurons
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Microglia & Vascular endothelium
A
Microglia & Vascular endothelium= Mesoderm origin
All others are ectoderm origin and sensitive to hypoxia
2
Q
What are 3 ways that viruses enter the brain?
A
- Haematogenous via BBB or choroid plexus- usually via trojan horse
- Replication in vascular endothelium (CAV, BMCF, EHV-1, FIP) –> vasculitis
- Neural Routes (Rabies, Borna, ADV)
2
Q
What kind of brain lesions due parasites usually create?
A
inflammatory and space occupying
3
Q
T/F: Hyperemia alone does not necessarily indicate conjunctivitis?
A
True
3
Q
What are common organism in septic emboli in the CNS?
A
- Cattle – Actinomyces/Trueperella pyogenes, Haemophilus somni, Staph aureus
- Lambs – staph aureus (tick pyemia)
- Horse- strep equi
- Dog- staph aureus
3
Q
MDx?
A
Nodular adrenocortical hyperplasia
senile change
3
Q
Thyroid hyperplasia (goiter) will result in….
a. hyperthyroid
b. Euthyroid
c. Hypothyroid
A
b. Euthyroid & c. Hypothyroid
4
Q
What plants/products contain thiaminases and cause CCN?
A
- Braken fern (Pteridium) intoxication in horses
- Male fern (Felix mas) and Molasses/Urea toxicity in cattle
- Cooked meat (thiamine is heat labile) in dogs/cats
- Fish diets in foxes/mink/cats - Chastek paralysis with polioencephalomalacia (below)
5
Q
What is the term for phagocytosis of neurons by microglia/monocytes?
A
Neurophagia
6
Q
What three circulatory bypasses/shunts are present during fetal development?
A
Ductus venosus - bypasses the liver
Foramen ovale- bypasses lungs (R atrium to L atrium)
Ductus arteriosus- bypasses lungs (Pulmonary a. to Aorta)
6
Q
What is it called when acute cardiac dysfunction causes collapse and unconsciousness (due to abnormal heart rhythm, defective heart valves, etc) ?
A
Cardiac syncope
6
Q
What lesions might you find as a result of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism?
A
Metastatic calcification,
fibrous osteodystrophy
hypercalcemia
7
Q
Mdx? Sequela?
A
Ciliary (Iridociliary) adenoma/carcinoma
Sequela = Glaucoma, hyphema, retinal detachment
DOGS >>>>>> cats
Most benign
7
Q
What is a gemistocyte?
***KNOW THIS***
A
Swollen astrocytes- cytoplasm contains pink “glassy” material
7
Q
What is a Dysautonomia? and what disease causes it in horses? dogs/cats?
A
Dysautonomia- degeneration of neurons in a ganglion= see chromatolysis
Horses= Grass Sickness
Cats/Dogs= Heriditary Key Gaskell Syndrome
7
Q
In dogs, the majority of pituitary adenomas are active and from what part of the gland?
pars distalis or pars intermedia
A
pars distalis
8
Q
What cells consist of the neuroglia (supporting cells within the brain)?
A
–Astrocytes
–Oligodendrocytes
–Ependymal cells
–Microglia
9
Why does a detached retina have to be reattached ASAP?
if not, the retinal will undergo retinal degeneration and atrophy
9
MDx?
**Hyphema**
Blood in the anterior chamber - usually due to vascular lesion or disorder of hemostasis
consequence = blindness, retinal detachment, glaucoma
9
What is the most common metastasis involving the eye (especially in cats)
**Uveal** lymphoma
thickened pallor of uvea - difficult to distinguish from uveitis
9
What clinical feature is seen with congenital hydrocephalus?
**Doming of Skull**
Common in toy breed dogs
11
T/F: Cardiac muscle generally undergoes regeneration
FALSE!!!
Cardiac muscle generally has **no** regeneration capacity.
------------------------------
After injury, Necrotic debree is phagocytosed by M0 and the area is healed by fibrosis
11
In dogs, adrenocortical tumors mostly arise from what part of the adrenal gland?
zona fasciculata
12
What is the etiology of focal bilaterally symmetric encephalomalacia (``Cerebrospinal angiopathy of swine``)?
Edema disease (enterotoxemic colibacillosis) - verotoxin causes endothelial cell injury
12
When do uterine artery ruptures commonly occur?
In old mares with **LOW SERUM COPPER** levels during parturition
13
What do you call inflammation of the uvea, retina and vitreous?
Endophthalmitis
14
T/F: insulinomas are common in dogs and ferrets, and they are typically metastatic
True =( Be sure to provide edges in biopsy
AKA pancreatic islet cell carcinoma
15
What is **Hydran**encephaly?
absence of cerebral hemispheres, may get CSF-filled sacs
16
Hemopericardium is a sequela of what?
ruptured atrial hemangiosarcoma
17
What is occur in the picture?
Vasculitis
18
Light pigmented animals. MDx?
Corneal Squamous cell carcinoma
lack pigment
19
What is the etiology of this lesion (bilateral, symmetrical, Cavitation/gelatinous subcortical white matter)?
**Copper deficiency during 100-120 days of gestation = _Congenital Swayback_**
Due to **failure to produce proper myelin** (Cu is needed for myelin stability and for cytochrome oxidase and superoxide dismutase)
May also see Hydranencephaly/hydrocephalus and wallerian degeneration of spinal cord
Most common in mild winters (no diet supplementation) or if soil is rich in molybdenum/sulfates that interfere with Cu.
--------------------------
Delayed swayback = low copper in milk. no gross lesion in brain but Chromatolysis of neurons in red nucleus and brainstem nuclei as well as spinal cord lesions. CS seen at 1-2 months of age.
Acute delayed swayback= adult sheep- cerebral oedema- may or may not be due to cooper deficiency
20
T/F: Lymphosarcomas are usually multicentric and can be considered a possibility in any organ in any animal
True
21
Humans get neurocysticercosis by ingesting \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
*Taenia solium* **_eggs_** (from human (DH) feces)
21
What clinical signs can you see with hypoparathyroidism?
Tremors, Tetany, and Muscle hyperexcitability due to low Ca and high P
---
RARE- due to somethings that wipes out the parathyroid gland
22
The Fibrino-suppurative, hemorrhagic lesions centered on blood vessels in **Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis** (TME, TEME) are due to what pathogen?
*Histophilus somni* in feedlot cattle
23
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathies is most common in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cats
24
Birsket edema in cattle typically indicated what disease?
Right CHF
25
What is the signifigance of this lesion? What species is it most common in?
**Congenital valvular hematocyst**
**Incidental fiding** - does not produce any clinical signs
Common in **cattle**
usually disappears with age
25
Abundant **eosinophils in the perivascular spaces** within the first **48 hours i**s pathonomonic in pigs for what disease?
**Salt Poisening**
Also see Edema, laminar necrosis (CCN) and neuronal changess
----
High intracelular Na --\> intracellular edema
increased vascular permeability--\> extracellular edema
Neurons synthesize eosinophil chemotactic
Must return water slowly to patient to prevent excess edema
26
What reversible neuron response to injury consist of **swelling of cell body** and **dissolution of the nissl granules** with **margination of the nucleus?**
**Chromatolysis**
**----------------------**
Non-specific cause (eg injuries to axons, overstimulation/deficiencies)
Seen in EMN, dysautonomias, copper def,
27
What is the normal thickness peportion between the right and left ventricle wall?
1:3 to 1:4
27
What are 6 causes of Retinal degeneration & atrophy?
1. Senile change
2. Inherited metabolic defect in photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) = PRA, SARD
3. Toxicity = baytril in cats
4. Metabolic deficiencies= taurine, vitamin A
5. Increased IOP (glaucoma)- pressure decrease blood supply
6. Retinal detachment
28
How would you describe this? What does it cause?
Anterior synechia --\> secondary glaucoma
29
What will you see with richettsial diseases in the brain (RMSF and Ehrlichiosis)?
Inflammation!!!
-----------------
```
Rickettsia rickettsi (RMSF): is characterized by vasculitis.
Canine Ehrlichiosis: causes a non-suppurative meningitis/ meningo-encephalitis
```
30
Where do septic emboli in the CNS like to localize?
In the Cerebrum at the grey/white matter junction
31
Primary pathogens are rare to cause conjunctivitis, but in cats there are three exceptions.
What are these primary pathogens in cats ?
1. FHV-1
2. *Chlamydophilia felis*
3. *Mycoplasma felis*
31
What forms the choroid plexus?
Outpouching of **ependymal cells** in a core of CT containing blood vessels
32
Aortic stenosis results in compensetory concentric hypertrophy of the \_\_\_\_\_\_ventricle and post-stenotic dilation of the aorta
Left
32
Name the tumor!
choroid plexus tumor
Due to location- associated with the ventricles
33
Canine melanomas of the **conjunctiva** are considered _______ (malignant/benign)
malignant
------------------------------------
Uveal melanoma= benign in dog
hair skined melanoma= benign in dog
34
What accopanies optic nerve hypoplasia/atropy?
primary retinal lesions (lack/loss of ganglion cells)
35
In a cushing patients, What skin condition is this most likely?
Calcinosis cutis
--------------
Van Kossa stain would show calcium
36
Large tumors of the pituitary that put pressure on the pars nervosa typically cause what disease?
Diabetes insipidus - interference with ADH transport to nervosa
37
What lesions are associated with all TSE diseases?
**Vacuolation of neurons & neuropil**
Dysfunction/loss of neurons
Astrocytosis
Accumulations of disease associated (resistant) prion proteins (PrPd/ PrPsc)
**_No_ immune response**
38
Chicken. Name the disease!
**Marek's Disease-Lymphosarcoma**
Lymphoid infiltrates in peripheral nerves, eyes, etc.
39
Which of the following are NON-reversible responses to cardiac injury? (pick all that appy)
1. Fatty Defeneration and Infiltration
2. Vascular degeneration
3. Myocytolysis
4. Lipofusin
5. Neoplasia
6. Necrosis
Lipofusin, Neoplasia & Necrosis
40
What virus in cats induces a Pyogranulomatous reaction centering on vessels of leptomeninges and neuropil that induces a vasculitis and immune complexes/fibrinoid necrosis?
Coronavirus- Dry Feline Infectious Peritonitis
40
What is the pathogenesis of pancreatic islet cell vacuolar degeneration?
insulin resistance --\> hyperglycemia --\> long term overstimulation of Beta-cells --\> intracellular accumulation of glycogen --\> vacular degeneration of beta cells --\> insulin deficiency and more severe diabetes mellitus
42
What is the term for necrosis of corneal epithelium and stroma, usually due to innocent bystander injury from leukocyte in response to a rapidly progressing bacterial/fungal infection
**"melting ulcer" - Keratomalacia**
44
In dogs, which is more common: thyroid (follicular cell) adenoma or carcinoma?
carcinoma
45
Myocarditis often is the result of a _________ infection
hematogenous
47
Thickened pericardial sac, diaphramic adhesions, fibin covered epicardium, reticulitis and reluctance to move is common symptoms of what disease in cattle?
severe hardware disease
47
What is a common cause of Canine Coronary atherosclerosis?
\*\*\*\*_**Hypothyroidism \***_\*\*\*
48
What do you call lens-induced uveitis due to **leakage** of lens protein from a hypermature cateract?
Phaco**lytic**
49
What cells develop and maintain myelin in the CNS? Where can they be found? And what virus causes primary demyleination?
**Oligodendrocytes**
Found between myelin sheaths or around neurons
**CANINE DISTEMPER** = primary demyleination
49
Which herpes virus associated with **pigs** (but can infect **cattle and dogs)** causes a **ganglioneuritis**, neurophagia, **intranuclear inclusions**, perivascular cuffing, gliosis, **extreme pruritis** (mad itch) and **pharyngeal paralysis**?
**Aujeszky's /Pseudorabies/ Swine Herpes Virus 1**
49
Are TT4 levels increased in dogs with follicular cell tumors?
Nope, cells are too undifferentiated
50
Micro tumors of the pituitary commonly lead to what disease?
Cushings- Hyperadrenocorticism (ACTH producing chromophobes)
most common in dogs, horses and lab animals
51
What is the etiology of this lesion? The cat also had a URT and nasal infection.
***Cryptoccocus neoformans*** (cryptococcal meningo-encephalitis)
Characteristic gellatenous punched out area in the brain that is glissening due to the components of the thick cell wall.
52
Vitamin E deficiency, ionophore toxicity (monensin, lasalocid), gossypol/cottonseed toxicity (pigs), and uremia (dogs and cats) are the more commonly seen causes of what?
Myocardial necrosis and mineralization
53
Mdx?
Eyelid agenesis - missing segment of eyelid
54
Which viruses cause polioencephalomyelitis with subtle perivascular cuffing and gliosis in horses?
Eastern, Western and Venezuelan encephalomyelitis viruses, family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus.
56
What is the most common disease of the lens?
Cataracts
58
What autoimmune/delayed hypersensitivity results in swollen neurons with dense inflammatory cell infiltrated in the cauda equina that is most common in horses?
**Cauda Equina Neuritis!**
Possibily a delayed hypersensitivity to myelin components released in **EHV-1 infection**
Can lead to paralysis of the tail, bladder and anal sphincters
59
What brain tumor is indicated if a horse retains its winter coat?
Pituitary tumor
60
Cat. What is wrong with it? etiology?
Anterior uveitis
Etiology= FIP or ideopathic lymphoplasmacytic uveitis
61
Horse with hyperkeratotic plaque that spontaneously resolved.
Mdx? Etiology?
Aural Plaques
Etiology: maybe papilloma virus spread by flies
61
What neuron reaction to injury is seen below (shrunken cells, acidophilic, angular, pyknotic/abcent nucleus)?
What causes it?
**Acidophilia**
Ischemic change --\> cell death (permanent)
Occur sin trauma, hypoglycaemia and thiamine deficiency
61
Where is the remtelination capacity greater: CNS or PNS?
PNS
61
T/F: Fibrinoid necrosis of vessels in the CNS causes a vasogenic edema?
**True**
**----------**
Causes: Renal failure, Ischemia, Hypertension, Sel/VitE, Vasculitis
63
In horses, what disease causes a loss of nerve fibers and ganglion cell layers, but excellent preservation of photoreceptors and outer nucelar layer of the eye?
Retinal atrophy due to glaucoma
----------
ONLY type of retinal atrophy that can be differentiated on histology
65
T/F: Epicardial petechia/ecchymosis of the epicardium is always an indicator of endotoxemia/sepsis
FALSE- it can also just be an agonal change (developed during death)
66
Luxated lens
66
What anoxic producing situations can produce CCN?
* **Avitaminosis E**- chickens- vascular thrombosis from peroxidative damage to vascular endothelium
* **Hypoxia** – cardiac arrest
* **Lead & salt posioning**
67
What is the name of the **inherited** disease that results in **bilaterally symmetrical** foci/diffuse **corneal edema**, as a result of **ideopathic endothelial degeneration** with **old age?**
**Corneal endothelial dystrophies**
67
What endotheliotropic virus in horses result in a sudden onset of hindlimb ataxia due to vasculitis & infarction of the spinal cord and other parts of the CNS?
Equine Herpes Virus-1 (may see inclusion bodies)
67
What happens to a sheep if it ingest dog feces containing Taenia Multiceps eggs?
**_Coenuris cerebalis “circling disease”_**
_Acute_: parasite migration (tracts), malacia
_Chronic:_ cysts large, compression, oedema, hydrocephalus, **bone softening**. Cerebrum most common location
68
**gyral (transtentorial) herniation** (herniation of parahippocampal gyri under the tentorium cerebelli) due to cerebral edema usally occur in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
horses
69
Equine colon. Etiology?
**Small Stongyles - Cyathostomins**
Larvae encysted in mucosa, Adults in lumen
69
What is the fancy term for an end stage eye in a horse?
Phthisis bulbi
70
What disease in horses causes microscopic Degeneration and loss of motor neurons in ventral horns of spinal cord & Some degenration of neurons in brain nuclei?
Equine Motor Neuron Disease
71
What do you call lens-induced uveitis due to **rupture** of the lens?
Phaco**clastic**
73
What are three viral causes of keratits? what do they all have in common?
IBR, MCF, FHV-1
All are Herpes Virus!
73
T/F: Vasculitits and perivascular cuffing can be used interchangeably
**False**
_Vasculitis_ is inflammation of the blood vessel wall- the vessel will contain inflammatory cells
_Perivascular cuffing_ is movement/accumulation of inflammatory cells outside of vessels in the virchow robin space
74
If you have a dog with this abnormality, what endocrine dysfunction may you see?
pseudo-hyperparathyroidism due to production of PTH-RP
----------
May have fibrous osteodystrophy, metastatic calcification, low PTH and parathyroid gland atrophy
75
What is gliosis?
\*\*\*KNOW THIS\*\*\*
Increase in cell density in an area of nervous tissue
Due to proliferation of cells (ie astrocytes) or influx of cells
76
What type of viruses cause viral vasculopathies/epitheloptrophic in bovine/equine/dogs? What about in cats?
HERPES!!!
Bovine- MCF (OvHV-2)/ Canine- CHV / Equine- EHV-1
&
Feline - Dry FIP = CORONAVIRUS
78
what term is used to describe inflammation of the eyelids?
Blepharitis
79
Which canine morbillivirus cause **demyelinating encephalitis**, **oligiodendrocyte inclusion, myelin vacuolation, gliosis,** lymphocytic perivascular cuffing, polioencephalitis, **mucopurulent ocular dischrge**, inflammation of mucosal surfaces, enamel hypoplasia, and **foot pad hyperatosis "hard pad**"?
Canine Distemper
81
What disease causes laminar vaculation (not necrosis), hypertrophy of astrocytes, cerebral edema at the grey/white matter junction and myelin edema? What are the causes in different species?
**Hepatic Encephalopathy**
Causes: \*\*Chronic \> Acute Liver Disease
* Cattle: ragworth poisoning
* Dogs- porto-systemic shunts
* Sheep- copper posioning --\> massive hepatic necrosis
83
If the coreal in eroded, epithelial regeneration is \_\_\_\_\_\_
very rapid
84
What is the difference between primary and secondary cardiomyopathies?
Primary= ideopathic, either dilated (dogs), hypertrophic (cats) or restrictive (cats-rare)
Secondary- =associated with specific heart muscle disease
84
What are things that can cause a decrease in T4/increase TSH?
1. **Iodine Deficiency**
2. **Goiterogenic Substances** (anything that interferes with T4/Tg production)
3. **Congenital Dyshormonogenic goiter** (defect in enzymes required to make Tg)
4. **Excess dietary iodine** (rare, ie feeding seaweed)
86
What are common secondary CNS tumors?
* Lymphosarcoma
* Melanoma
* Mammary adenocarcinoma
* Pulmonary carcinomas
* Hemangiosarcoma
87
Cloudy pericardial effusion containing fibrin strands in a pig is indicative of what disease?
\*\*\*\*Mulberry Heart Disease- Vitamin E Deficiency\*\*\*\*
87
What disease consists of these opthalmoscopic findings?
* retinal vessel tortuosity
* focal to diffuse choroidal and tapetal hypoplasia
* optic nerve coloboma
* retinal separation with intraocular hemorrhage
Collie Eye Anomaly- Scleral ectasis- inherited
87
What is spina bifida?
defective closure of bony encasement of spinal cord
VERY RARE in animals
88
Which virus causes intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons?
Rabies
89
mineralized ulcerative endocarditis is often associated with what in cats and dogs?
**Uremia** due to acute renal failure
90
What do you call a granulomatous inflammation directed against the **meibomian gland?**
Chalazion
91
What are two viral agents that cause myocarditis?
FMD- "Tiger Heart"
Parvovirus in puppies
91
What are consequence of otitis interna (Labyrinthitis)?
1. extension to the CNVIII --\> meningitis
2. Vestibular disease
3. sensory hair cell loss --\> hearing impairment
92
Cattle. Feels chalky/gritty. Disease?
**"White Muscle Disease"/ vitamin E deficiency/ Nutrition Myopathy**
dystrophic mineralization
94
What syndrome in cats has signs of hyper-aldosteronism due to neoplasia of the zona glomerulosa?
**Conn's Syndrome**
-----
Clinical Signs= hypertension, polymyopathy (due to hypERnatremia and hypOkalemia)
95
What are three Metabolic/Endocrine Neuropathy of the PNS?
1. Diabetic Neuropathy (common in CATS)
2. Hypothyroid Neuropathy
3. Paraneoplastic Neuropathy
96
T/F: Diabetes mellitus can lead to cataracts
True!
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The high glucose in the aqueous humor --\> excessive glucose uptake --\> excessive glucose byproducts (sorbitol) --\> swelling
97
Mdx?
Iris Melanoma
Most common intra-ocular neoplasm- esp. in yellow eyed cats
most are malignant in feline, high incidence of glaucoma
98
Pig. Disease?
**Mulberry Heart Disease- Vitamin E deficiency**
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Also will see cloudy pericardia effusion with fibrin strands
99
What is Dysautonomias?
**Degenerative changes in autonomic ganglia**
**--------**
Key-Gaskell Syndrome in cats (pupillary dilation, megaesophagus)
Grass sickness in horses (dysphagia, colic signs)
Chromatolysis, vacuolar degeneration in ganglia
May be caused by Clostridium botulinum type C
100
What is wrong here?
**Patent Ductus Arteriosus**
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
One of the most common defects recorded in all species
100
What is the difference b/w Myelophages and Gitter cells?
_Myelophages_ - microglial cells that phagocytose **myelin**
_Gitter cells_ - microglial cells that phagocytose non-myelin **debris**
101
Which endotheliotropic virus in dogs causes multiple petechial hemorrages throughout th body as well as Hepatitis, nephritis, **encephalitis**?
Canine Herpes Virus
102
What is the condition? which species is it more common in?
**Tricuspid dysplasia**
Common in **Cats**- incompatible with life
103
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is due **swelling/degeneration** of the **lenticular fibers** of the **lens**
Cataracts
104
Most pancreatic islet cell tumor are endocrinologically _________ (active or inactive)
ACTIVE- most are malignant insulin secreting beta-cell tumors
105
What is a primary pathogen of keratitis in bovine?
***Moraxella bovis*** = pink eye= infectious keratoconjunctivitis
107
What three things are often involved with the pathogenesis of endocarditis?
1. endothelial injury
2. blood turbulence
3. hypercoagulability
107
What is wrong with this pancrease? What endocrine disease will it lead to? What is the pathogenesis?
Pancreatic Islet **Amyloidosis** --\> Diabetes
Path: Long term overstimulation of beta cells --\> IAPP and insulin production by beta cells --\> **IAPP polymerize to form amyloid** --\> crowding of islets cells --\> islet cell atrophy --\> insulin deficiency --\> more severe DM
----
Cats may have islet amyloidosis WITHOUT diabetes
108
What is the differences b/w cytotoxic, vasogenic and interstitial types of edema in the CNS?
* **Cytotoxic** – direct cell damage – failure of Na/K pump – intracellular oedema (intoxication/early hypoxia/hypoglycaemia)
* **Vasogenic** – damage to vascular wall, increased permeability (eg vasculitis/ **fibrinoid necrosis**)
* **Interstitial**- increased transependymal movement of CSF, myelin oedema, congenital oedema (hydrocephalus)
109
What is cerebellar coning? When does it occur?
When a portion of the cerebellum pushes out of the foreman magnum due to edema or a space occupying lesion
aka **tonsillar herniation**
111
What are the two portal of entries of pathogen into the middle ear in otitis media?
* Perforations of the tympanic membrane
* Ascension of the auditory tube (especially in young animals)
------------------
Agents: Pasteurella and mycoplasma
112
What is wrong? what are two causes?
Arterial **mineralization** (arteriosclerosis)
Cause: **Vitamin D Toxicity & Johnes Disease**
113
Dissecting anerurysms can occur with _____ deficiency
Copper
113
\*\*\*What are these terms associated with: \*\*\*
Leuko-
Polio-
Encephalo-
Myelo-
* **Leuko-** white matter
* **Polio-** grey matter
* **Encephalo-** brain
* **Myelo-** spinal cord (sometimes bone marrow..)
115
What is seen in pregnant sheep infected with toxoplasmosis?
**Abortion** (cotyledon necrosis), **multiple encephalitis** in fetus (See core of malacia surrounded by Inflammatory cells- gliosis)
(produces pneumonia in dogs and cats)
117
Thyroid gland of a hypothyroid dog.
Mdx? Etiology? TSH and T4/3 levels?
Lymphocytic thyroididits
Etiology: Immune mediated/autoimmune
High TSH and low T3/T4
118
What deficiency causes a degenerative myelopathy with a PRIMARY myelinating problem (myelin acuolation with preserved axons) of descending motor tracts?
**methionine** deficiency
--------
Hound ataxia- seen in Foxhounds, Beagles, Harriers that are only fed paunches (rumen/intestines) and no carcase meats
118
What is wrong with this cats tongue?
ectopic thyroid tissue
119
Brassica plants, sulfonamides and thiocyanate are all....?
goiterogenic substances
120
Goniodysgenesis is the cause of what disease?
Primary glaucoma (inherited)
120
If you have a cat with a mass on the frontal/retrobulbar area that is benign and easy to shell-out, what type of tumor is it?
**Meningioma**
Usually benign (but can be malignant), also seen in dogs (most common in cats)
122
What causes a bilaterally symmetrical alopecia, PU/PD, vulvar enlargement, anemia, and endometrial/prostatic hyperplasia in ferrets that are gonadectomized at an early age?
Zona reticularis adrenal proliferation - 55% neoplasm, 45% hyperplasia
-----
Signs are due to high ESTROGEN
In gonadectomized patients, there is chronic stimulation of the adrenals by LH
124
In the brain below, What is the most likely tumor?
Astrocytoma
Most common tumor- usually a large mass located on one side
125
What occurs if there is a chronic or persistent injury to the cornea?
**Cutaneous metaplasia**= combo of keratinization, epithelial hyperplasia, pigmentation, subepithelial fibrosis and vascularization occurs due to inflammatory cytokines
125
What is the most common cause of blindness in equids?
**Equine Recurrent uveitis**
aka moon blindness/periodic opthalmia/ iridocyclitis
ideopathic , Maybe hypersensitivity associated with Lepto
126
Which virus causes intranuclear inclusion bodies in neurons?
HERPES!!!!
128
Acute necrotising and suppurative myocarditis (especially of papillary m.) in feedlot cattle is characteristic of what disease? and what is the pathogenesis?
***Histophilus somni***
*_Pathogenesis_*: **vasculitis** --\> thrombus --\> ischemic necrosis
------------
Other clinical presentation: thrombotic meningioencephalitis, fibrinous pneumonia , if chronic = myocardial abcesses --\> RCHF
129
What do you call a severe conjunctival edema in which the swollen conjunctiva swells over the cornea?
Chemosis
130
What is your diagnosis for a **german shepard** with inflammation of the superficial corneal stroma and a plaque growing from the lateral limbus?
Chronic Superficial Keratitis, "Pannus"
Ideopathic
131
What **virus** induces **immune complex deposition** on the **corneal endothelium** --\> **diffuse corneal edema "blue eye"** in animals that survive the acute phase of the disease
**Infectious Canine Hepatitis (CAV-1)**
...also can be CAV-2 vaccine induced
_Not_ due to direct viral injury
131
Name the tumor!
**Osteochondroma**: tumor of calverium compressing on brain
132
What 5 lesions cause diabetes mellitus?
1. Beta cell degeneration
2. Beta cell amyloidosis
3. Islet-itis
4. Chronic pancreatitis
5. Islet cell hypoplasia
134
What are the three routes of infection disease entry into the CNS?
* **Haematogenous** (bacteraemia,viraemia,embolic)\*\*\*\*\*
* **Direct extension** eg sinusitis, otitis media
* **Neurogenic** eg rabies via olfactory, listeria via trigeminal, tetanus toxin -- see lesion in brain stem
135
Saddle thrombosis can occur in any species with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cardiomyopathy
| (Ie Cat with HCM)
137
Crystalline appearance. Mdx?
**Corneal lipidosis**
**---------**
associated with hyperlipidemia
Ddx: early corneal dystrophy
138
What are the common infectious causes of cerebellar hypoplasia in cattle and in cats?
1. BVD exposure during pregnancy
2. Feline Panleukopenia Virus
139
Cow. Dz?
Monensin Toxicity
140
Equine cranial mesenteric artery. Etiology?
Verminous arteritis, **Strongylus vulgaris**
141
Injury to the corneal epithelium and/or endothelium or keratitis can cause what eye abnormality?
**corneal edema**
-----
The highly organized and dehydrated corneal stroma accumulates fluid --\> opacity (cannot see the iris anymore)
143
What type of PNS damage result ins muscle atrophy/contracutes and sprouts surrounded by schwann cells --\> painful lump on limb ?
**Traumatic Neuropathy**
Distal segment dies and proximal segment degenerates
back to node of Ranvier ~ Wallerian degeneration
144
Which neuroglial cells are the **CNS counterpart of fibroblast** and function to (1) **Transport nutrients** (2) Make up part of the **BBB** and (3) **Antigen presentation**?
Astrocyte- can ID via GFAP Staining (below)
145
What are common causes of Wallerian Degeneration?
* Trauma
* Compression (disk, wobbler, abscess)
* Axon Severed
* Toxins
* Lead poisening
147
What is this called?
**Descemetocele**
148
Large Breed Dog. Etiology?
Dilated cardiomyopathy- **IDEOPATHIC primary cardiomyopathy**
149
What endocrine disorder would you expect in a dog that is gaining weight with a normal appetite, bilaterally symmetrical alopecia, myxedema and atherosclerosis?
Hypothyroidism!
150
Name the Age-related disease in middle-age to old dogs (most common in males) characterized by degeneration of valvular collagen.
**Valvular endocardiosis**
(myxomatous or mucoid valvular degeneration)
---------------------------------
**Cavalier King Charles Spaniels** are particularly susceptible
common cause of CHF in dogs
complication = ruptured chordae tendinae
152
What is a cause of fibrinoid nectrotizing ateritis in swine?
Mulberry Heart Disease- Vit E deficiency
Edema Disease- enterotoxigenic colibacillosis (**_verotoxin_**)
153
What deficiency is associated with cerebrocortical necrosis/Laminar cortical necrosis/ polioencephalomalacia in cattle (young) and sheep (any age) that causes Blindness, opisthotonus (star-gazing), nystagmus, convulsion and death suddenly 5-10 days afte a change in pasture?
Thiamine deficiency
154
What is wrong with this cat?
Iris bombe due to posterior synechia (below)
155
Chordae tendineae rupture is associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_
trauma
157
What are causes of uveitis?
1. Hypersensitivity
* Feline ideopathic lymphoplasmacytic uveitis
* Equine recurrent uveitis = moon blindness
2. Infectious
* systemic diseases
* perforating corneal ulcers
* penetrating injuries
3. Len-induced - lens ruptures --\> induce immune reaction
159
These 4 symptoms occur in which congenital condition?What breeds are predisposed?
1. **Pulmonary valve stenosis**
2. Compensetory **hypertrophy of the right ventricle**
3. **Overrinding aorta** (dextroposition of the aorta)
4. **Ventricular septal defect**
**Tetralogy of Fallot**
Inherited in Keeshonds and common in English bulldogs
161
What cells are Ciliated cubodial cells lining neural canal, ventricles, and choroid plexus?
Ependymal cell - form CSF
163
What is associated with retinitis?
**chroiditis or encephalitis**
Pathogens= rabies, pseudorabies, distemper, toxocara canis, baylisascaris procyonis
Neutrotrophic viral infections and visceral larval migrans
164
T/F: Lymphosarcoma is a common secondary metastic tumor, especially in cattle
True
165
What are the 3 things ins Virchow triad that can cause thrombosis?
**Endothelial injury**, abnormal blood flow and hypercoagulability
167
T/F: Chronic pneumonia can cause pulmonary hypertension which can lead to **left** congested heart failure
FALSE! leads to RIGHT CHF
168
**In pigs**, what bacteria is primarily associated with (verrucous) valvular endocarditis?
KNOW THIS!!!!!
***\*\*Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae* ( Diamond Skin Disease)\*\***
170
Perivascular cuffing associated with inflammation due to bacterial infection will be prodominated with \_\_\_\_\_\_
neutrophils
172
Intraocular sarcomas are very malignat tumors derived from lenticular epithelium following ocular trauma that are unique to \_\_\_\_\_\_
cats
174
What is wrong with this fish?
**Goiter!**
Nitrate in water can interfere with iodine absorption
175
What are the two causes of Lysosomal Storage Disease?
1. **Inherited enzyme disfunction** (ie GM-1 gangliosidosos in freisian calves)
2. **Locoweed ingestion** - inhibit alpha-mannosidase --\> mannosidosis
176
MDx?
Valvular endocarditis and endocardial fibro-elastosis
177
What are examples of infectious agents and toxins that use retrograde axoplasmic flow to enter the CNS?
Listeria, Rabies, Tetanus
179
**Ideopathic necrotizing polyarteritis** of the **coronary and meningial arteries** occurs in which breed?
**Beagle**
DZ= **“beagle pain syndrome”**
maybe, Immune mediated response to unknown antigen?
180
How does **renal disease** cause **pulmonary thrombosis i**n dogs? what is another ddx?
glomerular disease --\> PLN --\> loss of **antithrombin III** (inhibitor of thrombin)
DDx: Heartworm
181
What are th consequences of subtle and marked vascular damage in the CNS?
_Subtle_ - distrupts BBB --\> allows toxins/pathogen entry
_Marked_- infarctions, oedema, haemorrhages, compression necrosis
183
In cattle infected with neospora, in which age group are you more likely to find a cyst in the brain?
adults \> fetus
184
Which breed is predisposed to **nodular granulomatous episcleritis**?
**Herding breeds esp. collies**
---------------
granulomatous conjunctivitis at the junction of the cornea and sclera
immune -mediated
often bilaterally symmetrical
DDx= SCC
185
Mdx? Etiology?
Microphthalmia
In utero BVD infection
186
T/F: **Halicephalobus gingivalis (H. deletrix)** and **Strongylus vulgaris** _larvae migration_ are the most common cause of **verminous encephalomyelitis** in the **horse**
True
Below is perivascular cuffing and an immature S. vulgaris
187
What features are seen with equine protozoal encephalomyelitis due to sarcocystis neurona? how does this differ from equine herpes virus?
multifocal or asymmetric neurologic deficits - gliosis, perivascular cuffing, significant inflammation, protozoal agents present
Sudden or gradual onset of pelvic limb paresis and ataxia
herpesvirus myeloencephalitis = symmetrical, vasculitis, inclusion bodies
188
On a fundic exam, (1) decrease vascularity, (2) optic disc atrophy and (3) changes in tapetal reflection are all indication of what process?
Retinal degeneration & atrophy
190
What type of glaucoma is more common, primary or secondary?
Secondary
-------------
Causes = anything that obstructs the pupil or trabecular meshwork (exudates, luxations, synechia, compression of filtration angle etc. )
190
What causes secondary hyperparathyroidism?
1. **Nutritional Imbalances** - High P / Low Ca
2. **Renal Disease** --\> high P and reduced calcitrol --\> Low Ca
3. **Lack of UV + inadequate Vit D3** in **primates and reptiles**
192
What is the pathogenesis of cataract formation after lenticular fiber injury?
**Hydropic swelling** if injured fibers --\> fiber **fragmentation & degeneration** --\> **hyperplasia and fibrous metaplasia** of lens epithelium --\> **posterior lens migratio**n --\> **"hypermature"** shrinking and wrinkling of the lens capsule and mineralization when chronic
193
Mdx?
Ankyloblepharon - fusion of eyelids
194
T/F: Lead Poisening is common in cattle and is easily diagnosed via brain histology
FALSE- you have to confirm diagnosis via kidney lead
----
Histopathology is subtle/nonspecific= cerebellar edema, congestion, endothelial cell defeneration, astrocytic swelling, vasogenic edema, neuronal ischemia& laminar necrosis (CCN)
195
Which bacteria travels retrograde to the brainstem (medulla) via cranial nerves and induces meningoencephalitis with abcesses/microabcesses of the brain stem? What is it associated with?
*Listeria monocytogenes*
Associated with Peridontitis/tooth erupt and Silage ingestion in SHEEP AND CATTLE
-------------------
May also see grossly normal brain with neuronal degeneration, edema, perivascular cuffing (rich in neutrophils) and gliosis (below)
196
What are 3 ideopathic causes of keratitis? What breed/species are they found in?
* German Shepards - "Pannus" Chronic superficial keratitis
* Boxers - Superficial indolent ulcers
* Feline eosinophilic keratitis
198
Meibomian (sebaceous) adenoma
199
Ingestion of what toxin cause leukoencephalomalacia in horses?
**Mouldy Corn/Feed** containain Fusarium fungus
201
in horses, most pituitary adenomas are from the pars\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
intermedia
202
How do astrocytes respond to injury?
* Proliferation **(gliosis)**
* Walling off damaged area/**scarring**
* Swelling **(gemistocytes)**
204
In cats, most proliferate thyroid lesions are ________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Productive and benign** (adenomatous hyperplasia or adenomas)
70% are bilateral!
205
In bacterial meningitis, the CSF will be rich in \_\_\_\_
Neutrophils
206
What kind of diseases are scrapie, BSE, FSE, Chronic wasting disease and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) all considered?
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies= Prions
207
Describe the neuron change. What is a possible etiology?
Large discrete cytoplasmic & parenchyma vacuolation
Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
209
What makes up the BBB?
tight junctions and astrocyte 'foot processes'
210
Mdx?
Ectropion - eyelid turned outward
211
Are primary or secondary neoplasias more common in the CNS?
Primary!! Glial \> Neuronal
213
What is the mechanism behind iatrogenic "cushing syndromes"?
exogenous steroids
steroids provide negative feedback on ACTH production ---\> no ACTH production to maintain growth --\> diffuse adrenal atropy
215
Cat. Dz?
**Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (Ideopathic)**
Leads to decrease volume in the chamber --\> decreased cardiac output
216
What is a **stye?**
Common name for bacterial infection of hair follicle of meibomian gland
usually due to oppertunistic ***Staph aureus***
218
Inherited **microphthalmia**
219
How does hyperparathyroidism lead to fibrous osteodystrophy?
1. PTH stimulates increase **bone reabsorption**
2. Chronic PTH stimulates **stromal cells to differentiate into fibroblasts**
3. low Ca--\> **inability to properly mineralize growing bone**
220
What disease, on histology, has cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiomyocytes arranged in a interweaving pattern, rather than parallel?
Hypertriophic Cardiomyopathy
221
In dogs, ~ \_\_\_\_% of Cushing's cases are "pituitary dependent"/Secondary hyperadrenocorticism
85%
222
What is the arrow pointing to? How do these lesions develop?
Jet lesions
endocardial fibrosis due to chronic turbulance caused by a VSD
223
What are three causes of insulin resistance?
(no lesions but insulin is not functioning, leading to DM)
Hyperadrenocorticism
Obesity
Pregnancy
224
What are causes of retinal detachment/seperation?
1. _Exudative accumulation_
* **Chroroiditis, retinitis** = MOST COMMON
* hemorrhage (trauma or hyperthyroidism --\> hypertension)
* neoplasm- round cell neoplasma= lymphoma
2. _Tractional_- cyclitic membrane retraction
226
What is the most common opportunistic pathogen of keratis?
***Pseudomonas aeruginosa***
226
What are the most common endocrinopathies of hyperadrenocorticism?
227
MDx?
Corneal dermoid
228
Myelin is synthesized by __________ in the CNS and _________ in the PNS
oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)
229
What is the most common neoplasm of the external acoustic meatus of dogs and cats?
**Cerminous neoplasia**
Adenoma = more common in **dogs**
Carcinomas = more common in **cats**
229
What neuroglial cell is of mesodermal origin and has a dark, elongated nuclei and participated in phagocytosis and antigen presentation?
Microglia
230
What endocrine disorder would you expect in a cat that is crazy, increased appetite, underweight and has a lump on its neck?
Hyperthyroid
probably due to a productive **adenomatous hyperplasia or adenoma**
**Benign**
232
Ingestion of taenia solium cysticercus in raw/imcompletely cooked pork causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
formation of the tapeworm in the intestines (Taeniosis)
233
What is Ascities with watery/transudate fluid indicative of?
**Right CHF**
also..neoplasm, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome (PLN)
234
What are 3 causes of Endocardial mineralization?
1. Excessive intake of **Vitamin D**
2. Intake of calcinogenic plants (**Cestrum, Trisetum, Solanum spp**.) that contain Vitamin D analogs.
3. **Johnes** Disease
235
What is wrong with this cats eye?
**Corneal sequestrum**
--------
localized necrosis of the epithelium and anterior stroma from severe corneal injury
The area becomes infiltrated with dark pigment present in the tear film --\> black lesion in the cornea
237
What is the tern to describe the concomitant degeneration of both the axon and the sheath?
Wallerian Degeneration
238
In primary PTH producing parathyroid neoplasma, which is more common: adenoma or carcinoma?
adenoma
240
What acute polyneuritis or polyradiculoneuririts is due to an autoimmune inflammatory response ilicited by a racoon bite (or ideopathic)?
**Coon-Hound Paralysis**- require longterm recovery
242
How does an insulinoma cause Acute cerebral cortical neuronal necrosis?
**Hypoglycemia** due to **lnsulin producing Beta-cell tumor**
**-----**
Have to use immunohistochemistry to determine if pancreatic islet cell carcinoma is producing insulin (or other products= glucogon, CCk, GIP, IAPP, somatostatin, gastrin)
243
What part of the bovine brain is the BEST location for observing vacuolated neurons in BSE?
Medulla
244
What is wrong with the vessels of this heart? What is the most common cause in DOGs?
**coronary atherosclerosis-** calcification and fatty infiltration
cause: **hypothyroidism**
245
What is the most common pancreatic islet cell tumor?
malignant insulin-secreting beta-cell tumor
aka insulinomas (insulincarcinomas would be a better term...)
POOR prognosis
246
Fibrinous pericarditis occurs in what disease of cattle?
*Clostridium chauvoei*- Black Leg
------------------------
Will see air bubbles
247
The potential space around blood vessels of the brain that is a site for cell traffic and accumulation is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_
Virchow Robin Space
248
Immune mediated injury to the lacrimal gland will lead to Keratoconjunctivitis \_\_\_\_
**Sicca** aka "dry eye"
--\> chronic irritation with mucopurulent exudate
249
What is the difference b/w epidural and subdural hematomas?
Epidural- usually due to skull fracture, arterial bood, dura peeled off
Subdural- venous blood, dura still attached
250
What disease in horses cause hirsuitism, hyperhidrosis, PU/PD/PP, insulin resistance and abnormal fat deposition?
PPID
251
What are some associated lesions of diabetes mellitus?
1. **Cataracts** (DOGS only)
* excessive glucose in lens epithelium is metabolized to sorbitol --\> osmotically draws water into the lens)
2. **Microangiopathy**
* **Diabetic nephropathy** - hyperglycemia --\>glycosylated proteins deposition into capillary basement membranes
* **gangrene**
* **diabetic retinopathy**
3. **Hepatic lipidosis**- increased lipid mobilization
4. **Infectious lesions**- impaired leukocyte function due to diminishd cellular energy
252
What disease causes acute onset of convulsions, facial edema and death in rapidly growing weaner pigs and produces brain edema, fibrinoid necrosis and random encephalomalcia (cerebrospinal angiopathy)?
**Edema Disease- E. Coli Endotoxaemia**
Toxins damage vascular endothelium and muscle cells of tunica
Also get edema in the **mesentry**, gastric submucosa, gall bladder and pericardium.
253
What are 8 consequences of glaucoma?
1. Buphthalmos
2. Corneal Edema +/- striae
3. Retinal degeneration/atrophy (++ inner nervous layer)
4. Optic disc cupping
5. Optic never atrophy (loss of ganglion cells)
6. Cataracts
7. Lens luxation
8. Iris atrophy
254
Although louping-ill and listeriosis have similar presenting clinical signs, how do you tell them apart?
**Listeriosis**- neuronal entry into the CNS, see microabcesses with _neutrophils_ in the brain stem
**Louping Ill (flavivirus)**- enters via trojan horse/blood, see neurophagia & _lymphocyte_ cuffing throughout the CNS
255
What are etiologies of retinal dysplasia?
BVD, bluetongue, canine parvo, feline panleukemia, or inherited
256
What type of tumor is from the undifferentiated cells of the external granular layer of the cerebellum?
Medullablastoma
Rare in animals
257
These are all reactions of ______ to injury
* Chromatolysis
* Acidophilia
* Cytoplasmic Vacuolation
* Inclusions
* Neuronophagia
Neurons
258
Pig. Etiology? Underlying process?
Etiology: *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
**Arteritis** --\> mutiple cutaneous infarcts
260
Saddle thrombosis (Aorto-iliac thrombosis) occurs in 10-20% if cases of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
261
What CNS lesions are seen with CCN/ Laminar cortical necrosis/ polioencephalomalacia seen with thiamine deficiency?
* **Brain swelling w/ herniation (cerebellar coning) due to edema**
* Reduction in brain size
* Yellow-tan colored affected areas that **autofluorescence under UV light**
* **Laminar necrosis with lines of cleavage between deepest laminae of cerebral cortex (may see cleft)**
* Neuronal necrosis, vacuolation of neuropil
* Gitter cell response- if chronic
* Capillary/Microglia proliferation
262
Mycotic vasculitis of the internal carotic artery is a sequala to disease what in horses?
gluttural pouch mycosis
263
What two pathogens cause congenital angular limb deformities in cattle?
1. Scmallenburg Virus
2. BVD
264
What virus cause lymphoid panarteritis (inculding brain) in feedlot cattle?
Malignant Catarrhal Fever - OvHV-2
265
What is the major underlying factor of otitis externa?
allergic skin disease
266
What is the disease and etiology of this focal bilaterally symmetrical grey matter malacia/encephalomalacia?
**Clostridium perfringes type D enterotoxemia= "focal symmetrical encephalomalacia"**
**--------**
Epsilon toxin binds to **certain** endothelial cells --\> endothelial cell degeneration, junctional damage, edema --\> necrosis of neurons, glial cells, axons
proliferation of gitter cells and capillary response
267
Schwanomma in cattle is often a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
incidental finding
268
What are the three types of hyperparathyroidism? How do you tell them apart?
1. _Primary - PTH producing parathyroid neoplasm_ - increase PTH, enlarged parathyroid and no other indication of Dz (nutritional, renal)
2. _Secondary_- increased PTH, enlarged parathyroid gland, Look at history for nutritional causes or look at blood work for renal Dz
3. _Pseudo- hyperparathyroidism_- **decreased PTH levels, parathyroid gland _atrophy_, increase _PTH-RP_**
* evidence of l**ymphoma or apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of anal sac** that are producing PTH-RP
269
Describe the neuron change.
Cytoplasmic vaculation and intracytoplasmic oedema
possibly due to lysosomal storafe disease
270
T/F: Myxedema can be found in thyroid hyperplasia
Ture - pathogenesis not well understood
271
What are four causes of hypo T?
1. Thyroid atrophy
2. Lymphocytic thyroiditis (leads to thyroid atrophy)
3. Bilateral thyroid carcinoma (non-productive)
4. Pituitary adenoma (non- functional)
273
What does *Neospora caninum* cause in young animals that are infected through vertical transmission?
–Myositis
- meningoencephalomyelitis
–Hindlimb paralysis
274
Heart base tumors usually arise from what?
usually **aortic body tumors [chemodectoma**] from chemoreceptor cells
less often tumors arising from ectopic thyroid or parathyroid tissue
--------------------------------------------
Usually an incidental finding with no clinical disease
275
Mdx?
Distichia
Eyelashes turn in and irritate eye
