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Pathology II (Elise) > Exam 2 Path II > Flashcards

Exam 2 Path II Flashcards

1
Q

What can occur to the aorta during excitement, physical activity (racing horses), and stallion breeding?

A

Aortic rupture

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1
Q

Which tickborne disease enters the brain via a “trojan horse” and results in Acute polioencephalomyelitis, Neuronal degeneration, neuronophagia, Lymphocyte cuffing, gliosis & meningitis?

A

Louping-ill (Flavivirus) - common in sheep

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2
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy is seen in _______. Which breed are most susceptible?

A

Dogs, especially males

Larger dog breeds like:

  • Doberman pinschers
  • Portuguese water dogs
  • Dalmatians
  • Saint Bernards etc.,
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2
Q

What parasite is highly zoonotic in people that ingest undercooked meat due to the formation of cycts in the muscles and heart (parasitic myositis)?

A

Trichonella spiralis

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2
Q

In cattle, myocardial lymphosarcomas are associated with what?

A

enzootic leukosis

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2
Q

Lamb. Mdx? Etiology?

A

Cyclopia/Synophthalmos

Incomplete seperation of the orbits during embyrogenesis

Etiology: Veratrum Californicum ingestion on day 14

Determine cause via thourough history

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2
Q

Mdx?

A

Entropion and secondary trichiasis

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2
Q

Which of the following components of the CNS are least sensitive to hypoxia:

  • Neurons
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia & Vascular endothelium
A

Microglia & Vascular endothelium= Mesoderm origin

All others are ectoderm origin and sensitive to hypoxia

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2
Q

What are 3 ways that viruses enter the brain?

A
  1. Haematogenous via BBB or choroid plexus- usually via trojan horse
  2. Replication in vascular endothelium (CAV, BMCF, EHV-1, FIP) –> vasculitis
  3. Neural Routes (Rabies, Borna, ADV)
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2
Q

What kind of brain lesions due parasites usually create?

A

inflammatory and space occupying

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3
Q

T/F: Hyperemia alone does not necessarily indicate conjunctivitis?

A

True

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3
Q

What are common organism in septic emboli in the CNS?

A
  • Cattle – Actinomyces/Trueperella pyogenes, Haemophilus somni, Staph aureus
  • Lambs – staph aureus (tick pyemia)
  • Horse- strep equi
  • Dog- staph aureus
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3
Q

MDx?

A

Nodular adrenocortical hyperplasia

senile change

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3
Q

Thyroid hyperplasia (goiter) will result in….

a. hyperthyroid
b. Euthyroid
c. Hypothyroid

A

b. Euthyroid & c. Hypothyroid

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4
Q

What plants/products contain thiaminases and cause CCN?

A
  • Braken fern (Pteridium) intoxication in horses
  • Male fern (Felix mas) and Molasses/Urea toxicity in cattle
  • Cooked meat (thiamine is heat labile) in dogs/cats
  • Fish diets in foxes/mink/cats - Chastek paralysis with polioencephalomalacia (below)
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5
Q

What is the term for phagocytosis of neurons by microglia/monocytes?

A

Neurophagia

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6
Q

What three circulatory bypasses/shunts are present during fetal development?

A

Ductus venosus - bypasses the liver

Foramen ovale- bypasses lungs (R atrium to L atrium)

Ductus arteriosus- bypasses lungs (Pulmonary a. to Aorta)

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6
Q

What is it called when acute cardiac dysfunction causes collapse and unconsciousness (due to abnormal heart rhythm, defective heart valves, etc) ?

A

Cardiac syncope

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6
Q

What lesions might you find as a result of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Metastatic calcification,

fibrous osteodystrophy

hypercalcemia

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7
Q

Mdx? Sequela?

A

Ciliary (Iridociliary) adenoma/carcinoma

Sequela = Glaucoma, hyphema, retinal detachment

DOGS >>>>>> cats

Most benign

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7
Q

What is a gemistocyte?

***KNOW THIS***

A

Swollen astrocytes- cytoplasm contains pink “glassy” material

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7
Q

What is a Dysautonomia? and what disease causes it in horses? dogs/cats?

A

Dysautonomia- degeneration of neurons in a ganglion= see chromatolysis

Horses= Grass Sickness

Cats/Dogs= Heriditary Key Gaskell Syndrome

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7
Q

In dogs, the majority of pituitary adenomas are active and from what part of the gland?

pars distalis or pars intermedia

A

pars distalis

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8
Q

What cells consist of the neuroglia (supporting cells within the brain)?

A

–Astrocytes
–Oligodendrocytes
–Ependymal cells
–Microglia

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9
Q

Why does a detached retina have to be reattached ASAP?

A

if not, the retinal will undergo retinal degeneration and atrophy

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9
Q

MDx?

A

Hyphema

Blood in the anterior chamber - usually due to vascular lesion or disorder of hemostasis

consequence = blindness, retinal detachment, glaucoma

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9
Q

What is the most common metastasis involving the eye (especially in cats)

A

Uveal lymphoma

thickened pallor of uvea - difficult to distinguish from uveitis

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9
Q

What clinical feature is seen with congenital hydrocephalus?

A

Doming of Skull

Common in toy breed dogs

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11
Q

T/F: Cardiac muscle generally undergoes regeneration

A

FALSE!!!
Cardiac muscle generally has no regeneration capacity.

After injury, Necrotic debree is phagocytosed by M0 and the area is healed by fibrosis

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11
Q

In dogs, adrenocortical tumors mostly arise from what part of the adrenal gland?

A

zona fasciculata

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12
Q

What is the etiology of focal bilaterally symmetric encephalomalacia (Cerebrospinal angiopathy of swine)?

A

Edema disease (enterotoxemic colibacillosis) - verotoxin causes endothelial cell injury

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12
Q

When do uterine artery ruptures commonly occur?

A

In old mares with LOW SERUM COPPER levels during parturition

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13
Q

What do you call inflammation of the uvea, retina and vitreous?

A

Endophthalmitis

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14
Q

T/F: insulinomas are common in dogs and ferrets, and they are typically metastatic

A

True =( Be sure to provide edges in biopsy

AKA pancreatic islet cell carcinoma

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15
Q

What is Hydranencephaly?

A

absence of cerebral hemispheres, may get CSF-filled sacs

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16
Q

Hemopericardium is a sequela of what?

A

ruptured atrial hemangiosarcoma

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17
Q

What is occur in the picture?

A

Vasculitis

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18
Q

Light pigmented animals. MDx?

A

Corneal Squamous cell carcinoma

lack pigment

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19
Q

What is the etiology of this lesion (bilateral, symmetrical, Cavitation/gelatinous subcortical white matter)?

A

Copper deficiency during 100-120 days of gestation = Congenital Swayback

Due to failure to produce proper myelin (Cu is needed for myelin stability and for cytochrome oxidase and superoxide dismutase)

May also see Hydranencephaly/hydrocephalus and wallerian degeneration of spinal cord

Most common in mild winters (no diet supplementation) or if soil is rich in molybdenum/sulfates that interfere with Cu.

Delayed swayback = low copper in milk. no gross lesion in brain but Chromatolysis of neurons in red nucleus and brainstem nuclei as well as spinal cord lesions. CS seen at 1-2 months of age.

Acute delayed swayback= adult sheep- cerebral oedema- may or may not be due to cooper deficiency

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20
Q

T/F: Lymphosarcomas are usually multicentric and can be considered a possibility in any organ in any animal

A

True

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21
Q

Humans get neurocysticercosis by ingesting ________

A

Taenia solium eggs (from human (DH) feces)

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21
Q

What clinical signs can you see with hypoparathyroidism?

A

Tremors, Tetany, and Muscle hyperexcitability due to low Ca and high P

RARE- due to somethings that wipes out the parathyroid gland

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22
Q

The Fibrino-suppurative, hemorrhagic lesions centered on blood vessels in Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis (TME, TEME) are due to what pathogen?

A

Histophilus somni in feedlot cattle

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23
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathies is most common in _______

A

Cats

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24
Q

Birsket edema in cattle typically indicated what disease?

A

Right CHF

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25
Q

What is the signifigance of this lesion? What species is it most common in?

A

Congenital valvular hematocyst

Incidental fiding - does not produce any clinical signs

Common in cattle

usually disappears with age

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25
Q

Abundant eosinophils in the perivascular spaces within the first 48 hours is pathonomonic in pigs for what disease?

A

Salt Poisening

Also see Edema, laminar necrosis (CCN) and neuronal changess

High intracelular Na –> intracellular edema

increased vascular permeability–> extracellular edema

Neurons synthesize eosinophil chemotactic

Must return water slowly to patient to prevent excess edema

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26
Q

What reversible neuron response to injury consist of swelling of cell body and dissolution of the nissl granules with margination of the nucleus?

A

Chromatolysis

———————-

Non-specific cause (eg injuries to axons, overstimulation/deficiencies)

Seen in EMN, dysautonomias, copper def,

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27
Q

What is the normal thickness peportion between the right and left ventricle wall?

A

1:3 to 1:4

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27
Q

What are 6 causes of Retinal degeneration & atrophy?

A
  1. Senile change
  2. Inherited metabolic defect in photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) = PRA, SARD
  3. Toxicity = baytril in cats
  4. Metabolic deficiencies= taurine, vitamin A
  5. Increased IOP (glaucoma)- pressure decrease blood supply
  6. Retinal detachment
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28
Q

How would you describe this? What does it cause?

A

Anterior synechia –> secondary glaucoma

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29
Q

What will you see with richettsial diseases in the brain (RMSF and Ehrlichiosis)?

A

Inflammation!!!

Rickettsia rickettsi (RMSF): is characterized by vasculitis.
Canine Ehrlichiosis: causes a non-suppurative meningitis/ meningo-encephalitis
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30
Q

Where do septic emboli in the CNS like to localize?

A

In the Cerebrum at the grey/white matter junction

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31
Q

Primary pathogens are rare to cause conjunctivitis, but in cats there are three exceptions.

What are these primary pathogens in cats ?

A
  1. FHV-1
  2. Chlamydophilia felis
  3. Mycoplasma felis
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31
Q

What forms the choroid plexus?

A

Outpouching of ependymal cells in a core of CT containing blood vessels

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32
Q

Aortic stenosis results in compensetory concentric hypertrophy of the ______ventricle and post-stenotic dilation of the aorta

A

Left

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32
Q

Name the tumor!

A

choroid plexus tumor

Due to location- associated with the ventricles

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33
Q

Canine melanomas of the conjunctiva are considered _______ (malignant/benign)

A

malignant

Uveal melanoma= benign in dog

hair skined melanoma= benign in dog

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34
Q

What accopanies optic nerve hypoplasia/atropy?

A

primary retinal lesions (lack/loss of ganglion cells)

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35
Q

In a cushing patients, What skin condition is this most likely?

A

Calcinosis cutis

Van Kossa stain would show calcium

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36
Q

Large tumors of the pituitary that put pressure on the pars nervosa typically cause what disease?

A

Diabetes insipidus - interference with ADH transport to nervosa

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37
Q

What lesions are associated with all TSE diseases?

A

Vacuolation of neurons & neuropil
Dysfunction/loss of neurons
Astrocytosis
Accumulations of disease associated (resistant) prion proteins (PrPd/ PrPsc)
No immune response

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38
Q

Chicken. Name the disease!

A

Marek’s Disease-Lymphosarcoma

Lymphoid infiltrates in peripheral nerves, eyes, etc.

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39
Q

Which of the following are NON-reversible responses to cardiac injury? (pick all that appy)

  1. Fatty Defeneration and Infiltration
  2. Vascular degeneration
  3. Myocytolysis
  4. Lipofusin
  5. Neoplasia
  6. Necrosis
A

Lipofusin, Neoplasia & Necrosis

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40
Q

What virus in cats induces a Pyogranulomatous reaction centering on vessels of leptomeninges and neuropil that induces a vasculitis and immune complexes/fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Coronavirus- Dry Feline Infectious Peritonitis

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40
Q

What is the pathogenesis of pancreatic islet cell vacuolar degeneration?

A

insulin resistance –> hyperglycemia –> long term overstimulation of Beta-cells –> intracellular accumulation of glycogen –> vacular degeneration of beta cells –> insulin deficiency and more severe diabetes mellitus

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42
Q

What is the term for necrosis of corneal epithelium and stroma, usually due to innocent bystander injury from leukocyte in response to a rapidly progressing bacterial/fungal infection

A

“melting ulcer” - Keratomalacia

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44
Q

In dogs, which is more common: thyroid (follicular cell) adenoma or carcinoma?

A

carcinoma

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45
Q

Myocarditis often is the result of a _________ infection

A

hematogenous

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47
Q

Thickened pericardial sac, diaphramic adhesions, fibin covered epicardium, reticulitis and reluctance to move is common symptoms of what disease in cattle?

A

severe hardware disease

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47
Q

What is a common cause of Canine Coronary atherosclerosis?

A

****_Hypothyroidism *_***

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48
Q

What do you call lens-induced uveitis due to leakage of lens protein from a hypermature cateract?

A

Phacolytic

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49
Q

What cells develop and maintain myelin in the CNS? Where can they be found? And what virus causes primary demyleination?

A

Oligodendrocytes

Found between myelin sheaths or around neurons

CANINE DISTEMPER = primary demyleination

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49
Q

Which herpes virus associated with pigs (but can infect cattle and dogs) causes a ganglioneuritis, neurophagia, intranuclear inclusions, perivascular cuffing, gliosis, extreme pruritis (mad itch) and pharyngeal paralysis?

A

Aujeszky’s /Pseudorabies/ Swine Herpes Virus 1

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49
Q

Are TT4 levels increased in dogs with follicular cell tumors?

A

Nope, cells are too undifferentiated

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50
Q

Micro tumors of the pituitary commonly lead to what disease?

A

Cushings- Hyperadrenocorticism (ACTH producing chromophobes)

most common in dogs, horses and lab animals

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51
Q

What is the etiology of this lesion? The cat also had a URT and nasal infection.

A

Cryptoccocus neoformans (cryptococcal meningo-encephalitis)

Characteristic gellatenous punched out area in the brain that is glissening due to the components of the thick cell wall.

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52
Q

Vitamin E deficiency, ionophore toxicity (monensin, lasalocid), gossypol/cottonseed toxicity (pigs), and uremia (dogs and cats) are the more commonly seen causes of what?

A

Myocardial necrosis and mineralization

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53
Q

Mdx?

A

Eyelid agenesis - missing segment of eyelid

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54
Q

Which viruses cause polioencephalomyelitis with subtle perivascular cuffing and gliosis in horses?

A

Eastern, Western and Venezuelan encephalomyelitis viruses, family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus.

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56
Q

What is the most common disease of the lens?

A

Cataracts

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58
Q

What autoimmune/delayed hypersensitivity results in swollen neurons with dense inflammatory cell infiltrated in the cauda equina that is most common in horses?

A

Cauda Equina Neuritis!

Possibily a delayed hypersensitivity to myelin components released in EHV-1 infection

Can lead to paralysis of the tail, bladder and anal sphincters

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59
Q

What brain tumor is indicated if a horse retains its winter coat?

A

Pituitary tumor

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60
Q

Cat. What is wrong with it? etiology?

A

Anterior uveitis

Etiology= FIP or ideopathic lymphoplasmacytic uveitis

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61
Q

Horse with hyperkeratotic plaque that spontaneously resolved.

Mdx? Etiology?

A

Aural Plaques

Etiology: maybe papilloma virus spread by flies

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61
Q

What neuron reaction to injury is seen below (shrunken cells, acidophilic, angular, pyknotic/abcent nucleus)?

What causes it?

A

Acidophilia

Ischemic change –> cell death (permanent)

Occur sin trauma, hypoglycaemia and thiamine deficiency

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61
Q

Where is the remtelination capacity greater: CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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61
Q

T/F: Fibrinoid necrosis of vessels in the CNS causes a vasogenic edema?

A

True

———-

Causes: Renal failure, Ischemia, Hypertension, Sel/VitE, Vasculitis

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63
Q

In horses, what disease causes a loss of nerve fibers and ganglion cell layers, but excellent preservation of photoreceptors and outer nucelar layer of the eye?

A

Retinal atrophy due to glaucoma

ONLY type of retinal atrophy that can be differentiated on histology

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65
Q

T/F: Epicardial petechia/ecchymosis of the epicardium is always an indicator of endotoxemia/sepsis

A

FALSE- it can also just be an agonal change (developed during death)

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66
Q
A

Luxated lens

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66
Q

What anoxic producing situations can produce CCN?

A
  • Avitaminosis E- chickens- vascular thrombosis from peroxidative damage to vascular endothelium
  • Hypoxia – cardiac arrest
  • Lead & salt posioning
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67
Q

What is the name of the inherited disease that results in bilaterally symmetrical foci/diffuse corneal edema, as a result of ideopathic endothelial degeneration with old age?

A

Corneal endothelial dystrophies

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67
Q

What endotheliotropic virus in horses result in a sudden onset of hindlimb ataxia due to vasculitis & infarction of the spinal cord and other parts of the CNS?

A

Equine Herpes Virus-1 (may see inclusion bodies)

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67
Q

What happens to a sheep if it ingest dog feces containing Taenia Multiceps eggs?

A

Coenuris cerebalis “circling disease”

Acute: parasite migration (tracts), malacia

Chronic: cysts large, compression, oedema, hydrocephalus, bone softening. Cerebrum most common location

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68
Q

gyral (transtentorial) herniation (herniation of parahippocampal gyri under the tentorium cerebelli) due to cerebral edema usally occur in ________

A

horses

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69
Q

Equine colon. Etiology?

A

Small Stongyles - Cyathostomins

Larvae encysted in mucosa, Adults in lumen

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69
Q

What is the fancy term for an end stage eye in a horse?

A

Phthisis bulbi

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70
Q

What disease in horses causes microscopic Degeneration and loss of motor neurons in ventral horns of spinal cord & Some degenration of neurons in brain nuclei?

A

Equine Motor Neuron Disease

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71
Q

What do you call lens-induced uveitis due to rupture of the lens?

A

Phacoclastic

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73
Q

What are three viral causes of keratits? what do they all have in common?

A

IBR, MCF, FHV-1

All are Herpes Virus!

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73
Q

T/F: Vasculitits and perivascular cuffing can be used interchangeably

A

False

Vasculitis is inflammation of the blood vessel wall- the vessel will contain inflammatory cells

Perivascular cuffing is movement/accumulation of inflammatory cells outside of vessels in the virchow robin space

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74
Q

If you have a dog with this abnormality, what endocrine dysfunction may you see?

A

pseudo-hyperparathyroidism due to production of PTH-RP

May have fibrous osteodystrophy, metastatic calcification, low PTH and parathyroid gland atrophy

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75
Q

What is gliosis?

***KNOW THIS***

A

Increase in cell density in an area of nervous tissue

Due to proliferation of cells (ie astrocytes) or influx of cells

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76
Q

What type of viruses cause viral vasculopathies/epitheloptrophic in bovine/equine/dogs? What about in cats?

A

HERPES!!!
Bovine- MCF (OvHV-2)/ Canine- CHV / Equine- EHV-1

&

Feline - Dry FIP = CORONAVIRUS

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78
Q

what term is used to describe inflammation of the eyelids?

A

Blepharitis

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79
Q

Which canine morbillivirus cause demyelinating encephalitis, oligiodendrocyte inclusion, myelin vacuolation, gliosis, lymphocytic perivascular cuffing, polioencephalitis, mucopurulent ocular dischrge, inflammation of mucosal surfaces, enamel hypoplasia, and foot pad hyperatosis “hard pad”?

A

Canine Distemper

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81
Q

What disease causes laminar vaculation (not necrosis), hypertrophy of astrocytes, cerebral edema at the grey/white matter junction and myelin edema? What are the causes in different species?

A

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Causes: **Chronic > Acute Liver Disease

  • Cattle: ragworth poisoning
  • Dogs- porto-systemic shunts
  • Sheep- copper posioning –> massive hepatic necrosis
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83
Q

If the coreal in eroded, epithelial regeneration is ______

A

very rapid

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84
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary cardiomyopathies?

A

Primary= ideopathic, either dilated (dogs), hypertrophic (cats) or restrictive (cats-rare)

Secondary- =associated with specific heart muscle disease

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84
Q

What are things that can cause a decrease in T4/increase TSH?

A
  1. Iodine Deficiency
  2. Goiterogenic Substances (anything that interferes with T4/Tg production)
  3. Congenital Dyshormonogenic goiter (defect in enzymes required to make Tg)
  4. Excess dietary iodine (rare, ie feeding seaweed)
86
Q

What are common secondary CNS tumors?

A
  • Lymphosarcoma
  • Melanoma
  • Mammary adenocarcinoma
  • Pulmonary carcinomas
  • Hemangiosarcoma
87
Q

Cloudy pericardial effusion containing fibrin strands in a pig is indicative of what disease?

A

****Mulberry Heart Disease- Vitamin E Deficiency****

87
Q

What disease consists of these opthalmoscopic findings?

  • retinal vessel tortuosity
  • focal to diffuse choroidal and tapetal hypoplasia
  • optic nerve coloboma
  • retinal separation with intraocular hemorrhage
A

Collie Eye Anomaly- Scleral ectasis- inherited

87
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

defective closure of bony encasement of spinal cord

VERY RARE in animals

88
Q

Which virus causes intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons?

A

Rabies

89
Q

mineralized ulcerative endocarditis is often associated with what in cats and dogs?

A

Uremia due to acute renal failure

90
Q

What do you call a granulomatous inflammation directed against the meibomian gland?

A

Chalazion

91
Q

What are two viral agents that cause myocarditis?

A

FMD- “Tiger Heart”

Parvovirus in puppies

91
Q

What are consequence of otitis interna (Labyrinthitis)?

A
  1. extension to the CNVIII –> meningitis
  2. Vestibular disease
  3. sensory hair cell loss –> hearing impairment
92
Q

Cattle. Feels chalky/gritty. Disease?

A

“White Muscle Disease”/ vitamin E deficiency/ Nutrition Myopathy

dystrophic mineralization

94
Q

What syndrome in cats has signs of hyper-aldosteronism due to neoplasia of the zona glomerulosa?

A

Conn’s Syndrome

Clinical Signs= hypertension, polymyopathy (due to hypERnatremia and hypOkalemia)

95
Q

What are three Metabolic/Endocrine Neuropathy of the PNS?

A
  1. Diabetic Neuropathy (common in CATS)
  2. Hypothyroid Neuropathy
  3. Paraneoplastic Neuropathy
96
Q

T/F: Diabetes mellitus can lead to cataracts

A

True!

_________

The high glucose in the aqueous humor –> excessive glucose uptake –> excessive glucose byproducts (sorbitol) –> swelling

97
Q

Mdx?

A

Iris Melanoma

Most common intra-ocular neoplasm- esp. in yellow eyed cats

most are malignant in feline, high incidence of glaucoma

98
Q

Pig. Disease?

A

Mulberry Heart Disease- Vitamin E deficiency

________

Also will see cloudy pericardia effusion with fibrin strands

99
Q

What is Dysautonomias?

A

Degenerative changes in autonomic ganglia

——–
Key-Gaskell Syndrome in cats (pupillary dilation, megaesophagus)
Grass sickness in horses (dysphagia, colic signs)
Chromatolysis, vacuolar degeneration in ganglia

May be caused by Clostridium botulinum type C

100
Q

What is wrong here?

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

____________

One of the most common defects recorded in all species

100
Q

What is the difference b/w Myelophages and Gitter cells?

A

Myelophages - microglial cells that phagocytose myelin

Gitter cells - microglial cells that phagocytose non-myelin debris

101
Q

Which endotheliotropic virus in dogs causes multiple petechial hemorrages throughout th body as well as Hepatitis, nephritis, encephalitis?

A

Canine Herpes Virus

102
Q

What is the condition? which species is it more common in?

A

Tricuspid dysplasia

Common in Cats- incompatible with life

103
Q

______ is due swelling/degeneration of the lenticular fibers of the lens

A

Cataracts

104
Q

Most pancreatic islet cell tumor are endocrinologically _________ (active or inactive)

A

ACTIVE- most are malignant insulin secreting beta-cell tumors

105
Q

What is a primary pathogen of keratitis in bovine?

A

Moraxella bovis = pink eye= infectious keratoconjunctivitis

107
Q

What three things are often involved with the pathogenesis of endocarditis?

A
  1. endothelial injury
  2. blood turbulence
  3. hypercoagulability
107
Q

What is wrong with this pancrease? What endocrine disease will it lead to? What is the pathogenesis?

A

Pancreatic Islet Amyloidosis –> Diabetes

Path: Long term overstimulation of beta cells –> IAPP and insulin production by beta cells –> IAPP polymerize to form amyloid –> crowding of islets cells –> islet cell atrophy –> insulin deficiency –> more severe DM

Cats may have islet amyloidosis WITHOUT diabetes

108
Q

What is the differences b/w cytotoxic, vasogenic and interstitial types of edema in the CNS?

A
  • Cytotoxic – direct cell damage – failure of Na/K pump – intracellular oedema (intoxication/early hypoxia/hypoglycaemia)
  • Vasogenic – damage to vascular wall, increased permeability (eg vasculitis/ fibrinoid necrosis)
  • Interstitial- increased transependymal movement of CSF, myelin oedema, congenital oedema (hydrocephalus)
109
Q

What is cerebellar coning? When does it occur?

A

When a portion of the cerebellum pushes out of the foreman magnum due to edema or a space occupying lesion

aka tonsillar herniation

111
Q

What are the two portal of entries of pathogen into the middle ear in otitis media?

A
  • Perforations of the tympanic membrane
  • Ascension of the auditory tube (especially in young animals)

Agents: Pasteurella and mycoplasma

112
Q

What is wrong? what are two causes?

A

Arterial mineralization (arteriosclerosis)

Cause: Vitamin D Toxicity & Johnes Disease

113
Q

Dissecting anerurysms can occur with _____ deficiency

A

Copper

113
Q

***What are these terms associated with: ***

Leuko-

Polio-

Encephalo-

Myelo-

A
  • Leuko- white matter
  • Polio- grey matter
  • Encephalo- brain
  • Myelo- spinal cord (sometimes bone marrow..)
115
Q

What is seen in pregnant sheep infected with toxoplasmosis?

A

Abortion (cotyledon necrosis), multiple encephalitis in fetus (See core of malacia surrounded by Inflammatory cells- gliosis)

(produces pneumonia in dogs and cats)

117
Q

Thyroid gland of a hypothyroid dog.

Mdx? Etiology? TSH and T4/3 levels?

A

Lymphocytic thyroididits

Etiology: Immune mediated/autoimmune

High TSH and low T3/T4

118
Q

What deficiency causes a degenerative myelopathy with a PRIMARY myelinating problem (myelin acuolation with preserved axons) of descending motor tracts?

A

methionine deficiency

Hound ataxia- seen in Foxhounds, Beagles, Harriers that are only fed paunches (rumen/intestines) and no carcase meats

118
Q

What is wrong with this cats tongue?

A

ectopic thyroid tissue

119
Q

Brassica plants, sulfonamides and thiocyanate are all….?

A

goiterogenic substances

120
Q

Goniodysgenesis is the cause of what disease?

A

Primary glaucoma (inherited)

120
Q

If you have a cat with a mass on the frontal/retrobulbar area that is benign and easy to shell-out, what type of tumor is it?

A

Meningioma

Usually benign (but can be malignant), also seen in dogs (most common in cats)

122
Q

What causes a bilaterally symmetrical alopecia, PU/PD, vulvar enlargement, anemia, and endometrial/prostatic hyperplasia in ferrets that are gonadectomized at an early age?

A

Zona reticularis adrenal proliferation - 55% neoplasm, 45% hyperplasia

Signs are due to high ESTROGEN

In gonadectomized patients, there is chronic stimulation of the adrenals by LH

124
Q

In the brain below, What is the most likely tumor?

A

Astrocytoma

Most common tumor- usually a large mass located on one side

125
Q

What occurs if there is a chronic or persistent injury to the cornea?

A

Cutaneous metaplasia= combo of keratinization, epithelial hyperplasia, pigmentation, subepithelial fibrosis and vascularization occurs due to inflammatory cytokines

125
Q

What is the most common cause of blindness in equids?

A

Equine Recurrent uveitis

aka moon blindness/periodic opthalmia/ iridocyclitis

ideopathic , Maybe hypersensitivity associated with Lepto

126
Q

Which virus causes intranuclear inclusion bodies in neurons?

A

HERPES!!!!

128
Q

Acute necrotising and suppurative myocarditis (especially of papillary m.) in feedlot cattle is characteristic of what disease? and what is the pathogenesis?

A

Histophilus somni

Pathogenesis: vasculitis –> thrombus –> ischemic necrosis

Other clinical presentation: thrombotic meningioencephalitis, fibrinous pneumonia , if chronic = myocardial abcesses –> RCHF

129
Q

What do you call a severe conjunctival edema in which the swollen conjunctiva swells over the cornea?

A

Chemosis

130
Q

What is your diagnosis for a german shepard with inflammation of the superficial corneal stroma and a plaque growing from the lateral limbus?

A

Chronic Superficial Keratitis, “Pannus”

Ideopathic

131
Q

What virus induces immune complex deposition on the corneal endothelium –> diffuse corneal edema “blue eye” in animals that survive the acute phase of the disease

A

Infectious Canine Hepatitis (CAV-1)

…also can be CAV-2 vaccine induced

Not due to direct viral injury

131
Q

Name the tumor!

A

Osteochondroma: tumor of calverium compressing on brain

132
Q

What 5 lesions cause diabetes mellitus?

A
  1. Beta cell degeneration
  2. Beta cell amyloidosis
  3. Islet-itis
  4. Chronic pancreatitis
  5. Islet cell hypoplasia
134
Q

What are the three routes of infection disease entry into the CNS?

A
  • Haematogenous (bacteraemia,viraemia,embolic)*****
  • Direct extension eg sinusitis, otitis media
  • Neurogenic eg rabies via olfactory, listeria via trigeminal, tetanus toxin – see lesion in brain stem
135
Q

Saddle thrombosis can occur in any species with ________

A

Cardiomyopathy

(Ie Cat with HCM)

137
Q

Crystalline appearance. Mdx?

A

Corneal lipidosis

———

associated with hyperlipidemia

Ddx: early corneal dystrophy

138
Q

What are the common infectious causes of cerebellar hypoplasia in cattle and in cats?

A
  1. BVD exposure during pregnancy
  2. Feline Panleukopenia Virus
139
Q

Cow. Dz?

A

Monensin Toxicity

140
Q

Equine cranial mesenteric artery. Etiology?

A

Verminous arteritis, Strongylus vulgaris

141
Q

Injury to the corneal epithelium and/or endothelium or keratitis can cause what eye abnormality?

A

corneal edema

The highly organized and dehydrated corneal stroma accumulates fluid –> opacity (cannot see the iris anymore)

143
Q

What type of PNS damage result ins muscle atrophy/contracutes and sprouts surrounded by schwann cells –> painful lump on limb ?

A

Traumatic Neuropathy

Distal segment dies and proximal segment degenerates
back to node of Ranvier ~ Wallerian degeneration

144
Q

Which neuroglial cells are the CNS counterpart of fibroblast and function to (1) Transport nutrients (2) Make up part of the BBB and (3) Antigen presentation?

A

Astrocyte- can ID via GFAP Staining (below)

145
Q

What are common causes of Wallerian Degeneration?

A
  • Trauma
    • Compression (disk, wobbler, abscess)
    • Axon Severed
  • Toxins
    • Lead poisening
147
Q

What is this called?

A

Descemetocele

148
Q

Large Breed Dog. Etiology?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy- IDEOPATHIC primary cardiomyopathy

149
Q

What endocrine disorder would you expect in a dog that is gaining weight with a normal appetite, bilaterally symmetrical alopecia, myxedema and atherosclerosis?

A

Hypothyroidism!

150
Q

Name the Age-related disease in middle-age to old dogs (most common in males) characterized by degeneration of valvular collagen.

A

Valvular endocardiosis

(myxomatous or mucoid valvular degeneration)

Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are particularly susceptible

common cause of CHF in dogs

complication = ruptured chordae tendinae

152
Q

What is a cause of fibrinoid nectrotizing ateritis in swine?

A

Mulberry Heart Disease- Vit E deficiency

Edema Disease- enterotoxigenic colibacillosis (verotoxin)

153
Q

What deficiency is associated with cerebrocortical necrosis/Laminar cortical necrosis/ polioencephalomalacia in cattle (young) and sheep (any age) that causes Blindness, opisthotonus (star-gazing), nystagmus, convulsion and death suddenly 5-10 days afte a change in pasture?

A

Thiamine deficiency

154
Q

What is wrong with this cat?

A

Iris bombe due to posterior synechia (below)

155
Q

Chordae tendineae rupture is associated with ______

A

trauma

157
Q

What are causes of uveitis?

A
  1. Hypersensitivity
    • Feline ideopathic lymphoplasmacytic uveitis
    • Equine recurrent uveitis = moon blindness
  2. Infectious
    • systemic diseases
    • perforating corneal ulcers
    • penetrating injuries
  3. Len-induced - lens ruptures –> induce immune reaction
159
Q

These 4 symptoms occur in which congenital condition?What breeds are predisposed?

  1. Pulmonary valve stenosis
  2. Compensetory hypertrophy of the right ventricle
  3. Overrinding aorta (dextroposition of the aorta)
  4. Ventricular septal defect
A

Tetralogy of Fallot

Inherited in Keeshonds and common in English bulldogs

161
Q

What cells are Ciliated cubodial cells lining neural canal, ventricles, and choroid plexus?

A

Ependymal cell - form CSF

163
Q

What is associated with retinitis?

A

chroiditis or encephalitis

Pathogens= rabies, pseudorabies, distemper, toxocara canis, baylisascaris procyonis

Neutrotrophic viral infections and visceral larval migrans

164
Q

T/F: Lymphosarcoma is a common secondary metastic tumor, especially in cattle

A

True

165
Q

What are the 3 things ins Virchow triad that can cause thrombosis?

A

Endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow and hypercoagulability

167
Q

T/F: Chronic pneumonia can cause pulmonary hypertension which can lead to left congested heart failure

A

FALSE! leads to RIGHT CHF

168
Q

In pigs, what bacteria is primarily associated with (verrucous) valvular endocarditis?

KNOW THIS!!!!!

A

**Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae ( Diamond Skin Disease)**

170
Q

Perivascular cuffing associated with inflammation due to bacterial infection will be prodominated with ______

A

neutrophils

172
Q

Intraocular sarcomas are very malignat tumors derived from lenticular epithelium following ocular trauma that are unique to ______

A

cats

174
Q

What is wrong with this fish?

A

Goiter!

Nitrate in water can interfere with iodine absorption

175
Q

What are the two causes of Lysosomal Storage Disease?

A
  1. Inherited enzyme disfunction (ie GM-1 gangliosidosos in freisian calves)
  2. Locoweed ingestion - inhibit alpha-mannosidase –> mannosidosis
176
Q

MDx?

A

Valvular endocarditis and endocardial fibro-elastosis

177
Q

What are examples of infectious agents and toxins that use retrograde axoplasmic flow to enter the CNS?

A

Listeria, Rabies, Tetanus

179
Q

Ideopathic necrotizing polyarteritis of the coronary and meningial arteries occurs in which breed?

A

Beagle

DZ= “beagle pain syndrome”

maybe, Immune mediated response to unknown antigen?

180
Q

How does renal disease cause pulmonary thrombosis in dogs? what is another ddx?

A

glomerular disease –> PLN –> loss of antithrombin III (inhibitor of thrombin)

DDx: Heartworm

181
Q

What are th consequences of subtle and marked vascular damage in the CNS?

A

Subtle - distrupts BBB –> allows toxins/pathogen entry

Marked- infarctions, oedema, haemorrhages, compression necrosis

183
Q

In cattle infected with neospora, in which age group are you more likely to find a cyst in the brain?

A

adults > fetus

184
Q

Which breed is predisposed to nodular granulomatous episcleritis?

A

Herding breeds esp. collies

granulomatous conjunctivitis at the junction of the cornea and sclera

immune -mediated

often bilaterally symmetrical

DDx= SCC

185
Q

Mdx? Etiology?

A

Microphthalmia

In utero BVD infection

186
Q

T/F: Halicephalobus gingivalis (H. deletrix) and Strongylus vulgaris larvae migration are the most common cause of verminous encephalomyelitis in the horse

A

True

Below is perivascular cuffing and an immature S. vulgaris

187
Q

What features are seen with equine protozoal encephalomyelitis due to sarcocystis neurona? how does this differ from equine herpes virus?

A

multifocal or asymmetric neurologic deficits - gliosis, perivascular cuffing, significant inflammation, protozoal agents present
Sudden or gradual onset of pelvic limb paresis and ataxia

herpesvirus myeloencephalitis = symmetrical, vasculitis, inclusion bodies

188
Q

On a fundic exam, (1) decrease vascularity, (2) optic disc atrophy and (3) changes in tapetal reflection are all indication of what process?

A

Retinal degeneration & atrophy

190
Q

What type of glaucoma is more common, primary or secondary?

A

Secondary

Causes = anything that obstructs the pupil or trabecular meshwork (exudates, luxations, synechia, compression of filtration angle etc. )

190
Q

What causes secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. Nutritional Imbalances - High P / Low Ca
  2. Renal Disease –> high P and reduced calcitrol –> Low Ca
  3. Lack of UV + inadequate Vit D3 in primates and reptiles
192
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cataract formation after lenticular fiber injury?

A

Hydropic swelling if injured fibers –> fiber fragmentation & degeneration –> hyperplasia and fibrous metaplasia of lens epithelium –> posterior lens migration –> “hypermature” shrinking and wrinkling of the lens capsule and mineralization when chronic

193
Q

Mdx?

A

Ankyloblepharon - fusion of eyelids

194
Q

T/F: Lead Poisening is common in cattle and is easily diagnosed via brain histology

A

FALSE- you have to confirm diagnosis via kidney lead

Histopathology is subtle/nonspecific= cerebellar edema, congestion, endothelial cell defeneration, astrocytic swelling, vasogenic edema, neuronal ischemia& laminar necrosis (CCN)

195
Q

Which bacteria travels retrograde to the brainstem (medulla) via cranial nerves and induces meningoencephalitis with abcesses/microabcesses of the brain stem? What is it associated with?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

Associated with Peridontitis/tooth erupt and Silage ingestion in SHEEP AND CATTLE

May also see grossly normal brain with neuronal degeneration, edema, perivascular cuffing (rich in neutrophils) and gliosis (below)

196
Q

What are 3 ideopathic causes of keratitis? What breed/species are they found in?

A
  • German Shepards - “Pannus” Chronic superficial keratitis
  • Boxers - Superficial indolent ulcers
  • Feline eosinophilic keratitis
198
Q
A

Meibomian (sebaceous) adenoma

199
Q

Ingestion of what toxin cause leukoencephalomalacia in horses?

A

Mouldy Corn/Feed containain Fusarium fungus

201
Q

in horses, most pituitary adenomas are from the pars_________

A

intermedia

202
Q

How do astrocytes respond to injury?

A
  • Proliferation (gliosis)
  • Walling off damaged area/scarring
  • Swelling (gemistocytes)
204
Q

In cats, most proliferate thyroid lesions are ________ and ______

A

Productive and benign (adenomatous hyperplasia or adenomas)

70% are bilateral!

205
Q

In bacterial meningitis, the CSF will be rich in ____

A

Neutrophils

206
Q

What kind of diseases are scrapie, BSE, FSE, Chronic wasting disease and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) all considered?

A

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies= Prions

207
Q

Describe the neuron change. What is a possible etiology?

A

Large discrete cytoplasmic & parenchyma vacuolation

Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

209
Q

What makes up the BBB?

A

tight junctions and astrocyte ‘foot processes’

210
Q

Mdx?

A

Ectropion - eyelid turned outward

211
Q

Are primary or secondary neoplasias more common in the CNS?

A

Primary!! Glial > Neuronal

213
Q

What is the mechanism behind iatrogenic “cushing syndromes”?

A

exogenous steroids

steroids provide negative feedback on ACTH production —> no ACTH production to maintain growth –> diffuse adrenal atropy

215
Q

Cat. Dz?

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (Ideopathic)

Leads to decrease volume in the chamber –> decreased cardiac output

216
Q

What is a stye?

A

Common name for bacterial infection of hair follicle of meibomian gland

usually due to oppertunistic Staph aureus

218
Q
A

Inherited microphthalmia

219
Q

How does hyperparathyroidism lead to fibrous osteodystrophy?

A
  1. PTH stimulates increase bone reabsorption
  2. Chronic PTH stimulates stromal cells to differentiate into fibroblasts
  3. low Ca–> inability to properly mineralize growing bone
220
Q

What disease, on histology, has cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiomyocytes arranged in a interweaving pattern, rather than parallel?

A

Hypertriophic Cardiomyopathy

221
Q

In dogs, ~ ____% of Cushing’s cases are “pituitary dependent”/Secondary hyperadrenocorticism

A

85%

222
Q

What is the arrow pointing to? How do these lesions develop?

A

Jet lesions

endocardial fibrosis due to chronic turbulance caused by a VSD

223
Q

What are three causes of insulin resistance?

(no lesions but insulin is not functioning, leading to DM)

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

Obesity

Pregnancy

224
Q

What are causes of retinal detachment/seperation?

A
  1. Exudative accumulation
    • Chroroiditis, retinitis = MOST COMMON
    • hemorrhage (trauma or hyperthyroidism –> hypertension)
    • neoplasm- round cell neoplasma= lymphoma
  2. Tractional- cyclitic membrane retraction
226
Q

What is the most common opportunistic pathogen of keratis?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

226
Q

What are the most common endocrinopathies of hyperadrenocorticism?

A
227
Q

MDx?

A

Corneal dermoid

228
Q

Myelin is synthesized by __________ in the CNS and _________ in the PNS

A

oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Schwann cells (PNS)

229
Q

What is the most common neoplasm of the external acoustic meatus of dogs and cats?

A

Cerminous neoplasia

Adenoma = more common in dogs

Carcinomas = more common in cats

229
Q

What neuroglial cell is of mesodermal origin and has a dark, elongated nuclei and participated in phagocytosis and antigen presentation?

A

Microglia

230
Q

What endocrine disorder would you expect in a cat that is crazy, increased appetite, underweight and has a lump on its neck?

A

Hyperthyroid

probably due to a productive adenomatous hyperplasia or adenoma

Benign

232
Q

Ingestion of taenia solium cysticercus in raw/imcompletely cooked pork causes __________

A

formation of the tapeworm in the intestines (Taeniosis)

233
Q

What is Ascities with watery/transudate fluid indicative of?

A

Right CHF

also..neoplasm, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome (PLN)

234
Q

What are 3 causes of Endocardial mineralization?

A
  1. Excessive intake of Vitamin D
  2. Intake of calcinogenic plants (Cestrum, Trisetum, Solanum spp.) that contain Vitamin D analogs.
  3. Johnes Disease
235
Q

What is wrong with this cats eye?

A

Corneal sequestrum

localized necrosis of the epithelium and anterior stroma from severe corneal injury

The area becomes infiltrated with dark pigment present in the tear film –> black lesion in the cornea

237
Q

What is the tern to describe the concomitant degeneration of both the axon and the sheath?

A

Wallerian Degeneration

238
Q

In primary PTH producing parathyroid neoplasma, which is more common: adenoma or carcinoma?

A

adenoma

240
Q

What acute polyneuritis or polyradiculoneuririts is due to an autoimmune inflammatory response ilicited by a racoon bite (or ideopathic)?

A

Coon-Hound Paralysis- require longterm recovery

242
Q

How does an insulinoma cause Acute cerebral cortical neuronal necrosis?

A

Hypoglycemia due to lnsulin producing Beta-cell tumor

—–

Have to use immunohistochemistry to determine if pancreatic islet cell carcinoma is producing insulin (or other products= glucogon, CCk, GIP, IAPP, somatostatin, gastrin)

243
Q

What part of the bovine brain is the BEST location for observing vacuolated neurons in BSE?

A

Medulla

244
Q

What is wrong with the vessels of this heart? What is the most common cause in DOGs?

A

coronary atherosclerosis- calcification and fatty infiltration

cause: hypothyroidism

245
Q

What is the most common pancreatic islet cell tumor?

A

malignant insulin-secreting beta-cell tumor

aka insulinomas (insulincarcinomas would be a better term…)

POOR prognosis

246
Q

Fibrinous pericarditis occurs in what disease of cattle?

A

Clostridium chauvoei- Black Leg

Will see air bubbles

247
Q

The potential space around blood vessels of the brain that is a site for cell traffic and accumulation is called the ______

A

Virchow Robin Space

248
Q

Immune mediated injury to the lacrimal gland will lead to Keratoconjunctivitis ____

A

Sicca aka “dry eye”

–> chronic irritation with mucopurulent exudate

249
Q

What is the difference b/w epidural and subdural hematomas?

A

Epidural- usually due to skull fracture, arterial bood, dura peeled off

Subdural- venous blood, dura still attached

250
Q

What disease in horses cause hirsuitism, hyperhidrosis, PU/PD/PP, insulin resistance and abnormal fat deposition?

A

PPID

251
Q

What are some associated lesions of diabetes mellitus?

A
  1. Cataracts (DOGS only)
    • excessive glucose in lens epithelium is metabolized to sorbitol –> osmotically draws water into the lens)
  2. Microangiopathy
    • Diabetic nephropathy - hyperglycemia –>glycosylated proteins deposition into capillary basement membranes
    • gangrene
    • diabetic retinopathy
  3. Hepatic lipidosis- increased lipid mobilization
  4. Infectious lesions- impaired leukocyte function due to diminishd cellular energy
252
Q

What disease causes acute onset of convulsions, facial edema and death in rapidly growing weaner pigs and produces brain edema, fibrinoid necrosis and random encephalomalcia (cerebrospinal angiopathy)?

A

Edema Disease- E. Coli Endotoxaemia

Toxins damage vascular endothelium and muscle cells of tunica

Also get edema in the mesentry, gastric submucosa, gall bladder and pericardium.

253
Q

What are 8 consequences of glaucoma?

A
  1. Buphthalmos
  2. Corneal Edema +/- striae
  3. Retinal degeneration/atrophy (++ inner nervous layer)
  4. Optic disc cupping
  5. Optic never atrophy (loss of ganglion cells)
  6. Cataracts
  7. Lens luxation
  8. Iris atrophy
254
Q

Although louping-ill and listeriosis have similar presenting clinical signs, how do you tell them apart?

A

Listeriosis- neuronal entry into the CNS, see microabcesses with neutrophils in the brain stem

Louping Ill (flavivirus)- enters via trojan horse/blood, see neurophagia & lymphocyte cuffing throughout the CNS

255
Q

What are etiologies of retinal dysplasia?

A

BVD, bluetongue, canine parvo, feline panleukemia, or inherited

256
Q

What type of tumor is from the undifferentiated cells of the external granular layer of the cerebellum?

A

Medullablastoma

Rare in animals

257
Q

These are all reactions of ______ to injury

  • Chromatolysis
  • Acidophilia
  • Cytoplasmic Vacuolation
  • Inclusions
  • Neuronophagia
A

Neurons

258
Q

Pig. Etiology? Underlying process?

A

Etiology: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Arteritis –> mutiple cutaneous infarcts

260
Q

Saddle thrombosis (Aorto-iliac thrombosis) occurs in 10-20% if cases of _______

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

261
Q

What CNS lesions are seen with CCN/ Laminar cortical necrosis/ polioencephalomalacia seen with thiamine deficiency?

A
  • Brain swelling w/ herniation (cerebellar coning) due to edema
  • Reduction in brain size
  • Yellow-tan colored affected areas that autofluorescence under UV light
  • Laminar necrosis with lines of cleavage between deepest laminae of cerebral cortex (may see cleft)
  • Neuronal necrosis, vacuolation of neuropil
  • Gitter cell response- if chronic
  • Capillary/Microglia proliferation
262
Q

Mycotic vasculitis of the internal carotic artery is a sequala to disease what in horses?

A

gluttural pouch mycosis

263
Q

What two pathogens cause congenital angular limb deformities in cattle?

A
  1. Scmallenburg Virus
  2. BVD
264
Q

What virus cause lymphoid panarteritis (inculding brain) in feedlot cattle?

A

Malignant Catarrhal Fever - OvHV-2

265
Q

What is the major underlying factor of otitis externa?

A

allergic skin disease

266
Q

What is the disease and etiology of this focal bilaterally symmetrical grey matter malacia/encephalomalacia?

A

Clostridium perfringes type D enterotoxemia= “focal symmetrical encephalomalacia”

——–

Epsilon toxin binds to certain endothelial cells –> endothelial cell degeneration, junctional damage, edema –> necrosis of neurons, glial cells, axons

proliferation of gitter cells and capillary response

267
Q

Schwanomma in cattle is often a _______

A

incidental finding

268
Q

What are the three types of hyperparathyroidism? How do you tell them apart?

A
  1. Primary - PTH producing parathyroid neoplasm - increase PTH, enlarged parathyroid and no other indication of Dz (nutritional, renal)
  2. Secondary- increased PTH, enlarged parathyroid gland, Look at history for nutritional causes or look at blood work for renal Dz
  3. Pseudo- hyperparathyroidism- decreased PTH levels, parathyroid gland atrophy, increase PTH-RP
    • ​​evidence of lymphoma or apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of anal sac that are producing PTH-RP
269
Q

Describe the neuron change.

A

Cytoplasmic vaculation and intracytoplasmic oedema

possibly due to lysosomal storafe disease

270
Q

T/F: Myxedema can be found in thyroid hyperplasia

A

Ture - pathogenesis not well understood

271
Q

What are four causes of hypo T?

A
  1. Thyroid atrophy
  2. Lymphocytic thyroiditis (leads to thyroid atrophy)
  3. Bilateral thyroid carcinoma (non-productive)
  4. Pituitary adenoma (non- functional)
273
Q

What does Neospora caninum cause in young animals that are infected through vertical transmission?

A

–Myositis

  • meningoencephalomyelitis
    –Hindlimb paralysis
274
Q

Heart base tumors usually arise from what?

A

usually aortic body tumors [chemodectoma] from chemoreceptor cells

less often tumors arising from ectopic thyroid or parathyroid tissue

Usually an incidental finding with no clinical disease

275
Q

Mdx?

A

Distichia

Eyelashes turn in and irritate eye

Pathology II (Elise) (4 decks)

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