Exam 3 Part 3 Flashcards
Define Gross Energy. How is GE measured?
Gross energy is the amount of heat produced by the oxidation of a feed. It is measured in calories and kilocalories
What is fecal energy composed of?
It is composed of indigestible fibre
Define Digestible Energy. How is it measured?
Digestible Energy is the amount of energy that is resulted from the removal of fecal energy from gross energy. It is measured in TDN
What does TDN stand for? How is TDN calculated?
TDN stands for Total Digestible Nutrients.
Define Metabolizable Energy. How is it measured?
Metabolizable Energy is the amount of energy resulting from removing urinary and gaseous energy from digestible energy.
What is Net Energy used for in animals?
- Basal metabolism (Energy needed when the body is at rest)
- Maintenance requirements
- Lactation
- Growth, Reproduction, Fattening, Exercise
Describe Heat of Fermentation and Heat Increment
Heat Increment refers to the increased production of heat following the consumption of food.
Heat of fermentation, which is in the forestomach of ruminants as well as the large intestine.
What activities are included in Basal Metabolism? What can affect it?
Activities include: breathing, cell production, circulation, and nutrient processing.
Affected by: age, gender, species, breed
Define Maintenance Requirement. What can affect it?
Maintenance requirement is the amount of energy needed for basic movement and digestion.
Affected by: age, activity, environmental conditions, weight, and breed
Compare and contrast dietary energy losses between cows (a ruminant) and pigs (a monogastric)
A cow would lose much more energy than a pig in fecal energy and would overall retain less energy. The biggest loss for a pig would be the loss from metabolizable energy into net energy.
Forage is a feed high in structural CH2O. Which type of CH2O is a structural fibre?
Cellulose is a type of CH2O that is a structural fibre.
How do C3 and C4 grasses differ?
C4 grasses can survive more drought like climates than C4 and are therefore more advantageous.
Why are legumes higher in CP than grasses?
The bacteria in root modules of legumes fix nitrogen
What are two factors to consider when considering the best time to harvest?
Two factors to consider when considering are Dry Matter and Digestibility
When is the optimal time to harvest forages?
The optimal time to harvest forages is between the pre bud and budding phase of legumes and between the boot and heading phase of grass. When they are in the middle of peak Dry Matter and peak Digestibility
What are three reasons why antibiotics could be fed to animals?
1) Disease Prevention
2) Disease Curing
3) Growth
Why is it desirable to decrease the usage of antibiotics in livestock? What other additives may be used in their place?
Prolong usage can decrease the effectiveness of antibiotics and increase the resistance of bacteria.
Other additives that might be used are: probiotics, ionophores, coccidiostats, and/or melengestrol acetate
Which horses need the most protein?
The horses that need the most protein are Exercising Horses and Lactating Horses
What type of horse would need the most grain?
The type of horse that would require the most grain are High Exercising Horses.
Which type of horse would be fed a mostly hay diet?
Maintenance and Late Gestation Horses would be fed a mostly hay diet
What would a good source of fat be for a horse?
Corn Oil
List some common ingredients in a lactating dairy cow ration
Corn silage, Hay, Byproducts, Soybean Meal, Extra Vitamins
What are the 4 Rs of Rumination?
Regurgitate, Rechew, Re-salivate, Reswallow
How can a normal rumen pH be maintained through nutrition or feeding management?
Normal rumen pH levels can be maintained by regulating forage length, the amount of concentrates in a feed, the order of feeding, and the moisture content of a ration
Where is Rumen Undegradable Protein digested into amino acids and absorbed? What sort of dairy cow may require more rumen undegradable protein? Why?
Rumen Undegradable Protein is digested into AA and absorbed in the small intestine. Lactating dairy cows require more RUP because they need the extra energy.
Why is it important that a dairy cow (as well as other ruminants) have a certain amount of long forage in their diet?
It is important that ruminants have a certain amount of long forage in their diet because it can be fermented too quickly and cause acidosis. Also, to stimulate contraction.
Where do dairy cows gain the extra calories needed when lactating?
Cows gain the extra calories for their body fat
How do farmers measure body composition changes in dairy cows?
Farmers measure body composition changes in dairy cows through the Body Composition Score
Describe a dairy cow’s change in body weight over a one-year period
The body weight of a cow dramatically decreases in the peak production period, flattens somewhat in the maximum dry matter intake phase before steadily rising in the bodyweight regain phase
How do farmers measure body composition changes in dairy cows?
Farmers rank certain parts of their body from a scale of 1 (thin) to 5 (obese)
What does it mean to be a carnivore?
A high protein low Ch2O diet, increased AA metabolism, increased gluconeogenesis
How can sustainability of pet food be increased?
Giving them a less meat based diet (although protein is necessary), giving them animal byproducts, giving them cooked grain
Would you feed your dog/cat a raw meat diet, vegan or grain-free diet? What are the advantages/disadvantages of each?
I would feed my pet a vegan diet. Dogs are omnivores and can eat a more flexible diet. However, cats are carnivores and should eat a diet based on animals. Cats have a nutrition requirement that cannot be met by plants alone. Grain-free diets have a significant portion of pulses, which increase cardiomyopathy. Raw pet food has a higher chance of giving a pet salmonella.
What factors can increase obesity in pets?
Factors include: activity, consumption of people food, eating snacks
How do broilers and layers dietary requirements differ?
Broilers: need more CP, need more Sulfur AA (Met & Cyt), need more energy
Layers: need less CP, need less energy, need more Calcium
What are some common feeds fed to poultry?
Common feeds to feed to poultry are pellets, mash, and crumble
List some characteristics of marine mammals that are carnivorous and use their teeth to catch prey.
Cylindrical teeth, swallows food whole, 3 compartment stomach (forestomach (storage), main stomach, pyloric stomach (enzymes)), no cecum, SI and LI are 54m in length
Describe how filter feeders capture their food. Name an example of a filter feeding aquatic mammal.
Filter feeds capture their food by straining their food from water through a filtration system.
Animals that do this: Baleen Whale, bivalves, Moon Jellyfish
What type of food do manatees eat? Why do they have to live in warm water? Why can other marine mammals, such as killer whales etc., survive in very cold waters?
Manatees are herbivores, although they can occasionally be omnivores. Manatees have to live in warm water because they lack blubber to keep them warm and have a smaller caloric diet than other marine mammals, which allow other marine mammals to survive colder water.
What steps could be taken to attempt to balance a diet for a new zoo animal that was the first of it’s kind at a zoo? After feeding this diet to the new animal, how would the adequacy of the diet be assessed?
Consulting with other zoos to stay on current trends, do research, use Body Composition Scoring
Compare and contrast beef steer/heifer management in grass-fed versus feedlot finished situations.
Grass Finish: less calories, be on diet for a longer period of time, higher in Vit A and E Grain: shorter time till slaughter weight. Higher fat
Describe the life cycle of beef cattle.
Weaning 6-9 months (80-500): Grass fed diet
Growing 9-16 months (500-750): grass fed w/ grain supplements
Finishing 16-22 months (750-1200): grain fed diet
What is flushing? Steaming up? Which species and under which conditions would benefit most from these practices?
Flushing is increasing the amount of energy in a diet 45 days before breeding.
Steaming is increasing the amount of energy in a diet during the last 45 days of gestation.
Species that would benefit the most from these practices are lambs.
Describe the changes that occur in the rumen/reticulum and omasum/abomasum of calves (and other ruminants) as they grow.
The ration of the R-R to the O-A changes from 1:2 at birth, 1.4:1 at 30 days, 2.6:1 at 60 days, to finally 2.7:1 during adulthood
In class we looked at a picture of a bunch of goats in a tree. What were they doing up there and how does this activity shed light on what they normally eat? How does the feeding behavior/dietary preferences differ between sheep and goats?
Goats climb trees to feed on forbs, as they prefer forbs, fruits, and leaves to grass.
Sheep, by contrast, prefer to graze.
Which livestock species require extra sulfur-containing amino acids? What are these used for?
Sheep are the livestock species that require extra sulfur-containing amino acids. These are used for wool production.
Define parturition, colostrum and esophageal groove
Parturition is birthing a lamb.
Colostrum is the first milk produced by ewes.
The esophageal groove funnels milk to the abomasum.
Why is the use of fish meal and fish oil decreasing in aquaculture diets?
These items are becoming more expensive and sought.
Why are fishmeal and fish oil considered to be “ideal” nutrient sources?
They are considered ideal nutrient sources because they contain the proper P:E ratio requirement.
What is the PE ratio and why is this used when balancing aquaculture diets?
The P:E ratio is the balance between Protein calories and Energy calories. This is used when measuring diets for aquaculture to maximize the amount of CH2O and fat.
How does the diet of a pig change over it’s lifetime?
Nursing Piglets (3-16 lbs): colostrum and creep feeding Weaning Pigs (16-50 lbs): high protein, then ideal protein Growing/ Finishing Pigs (50-265 lbs): rapid feeding
How do pigs excrete excess dietary N?
Urine
How do pigs excrete phytate P?
Feces
What are two ways in which the N and P excretion of pigs could be reduced?
N excretion can be reduced by feeding less protein. P excretion can be reduced by increasing phytase.
What type of horse would need the most grain?
The type of horse that would require the most grain are High Exercising Horses.
What is the breaking down of stored glycogen called?
Glycogenolysis
What is the creation of new glucose called?
Gluconeogenesis
Define Metabolism
All of the catabolic and anabolic reactions in the body
What are Volatile Fatty Acids or VFAS?
They are byproducts of bacterial fermentation
What is deamination?
The removal of an amino acid in protein
What consists of Microbiota?
Archaea, bacteria, viruses, protozoa
What does the gizzard do?
The gizzard reduces the particle size of a feed for poultry
What does the crop do?
The crop stores food for poultry
What is the microbiome?
Bacterial genes
What is mesentery?
The connective tissue that holds the digestive system together
What increases the blood when one is hungry?
Glucagon
What molecule digests protein?
Pepsin
Cellulose digestion…
Can only be completed by microbes
Where does protein digestion begin?
The Small Intestine
Where do animals store excess CH2O?
Glycogen
What extra AA do cats require?
Taurine
Explain the denaturation of protein
It is the unfolding of protein
What function does mucus serve in the body?
Mucus protects the stomach lining from HCl
What two monosaccharides make up lactose?
Glucose and Galactose
Which foods tend to have the highest water footprint?
Meats often have a higher water footprint than plants and vegetables, with the exception of nuts that rank highly. Beef tends to have the highest.
What is the function of rumen papillae?
To increase the surface area for absorption
What are characteristics of a protein feed?
High Crude Protein percentage, Low Fibre content
What amino acids are essential by most animals?
Methionine, Lysin, Leucine, Isoleucine, Armine, Histidine, Valine, Threonine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan
Why is urea created within most animal bodies?
Because free amino groups are toxic
Define essential
A nutrient that is required in the diet or in digestion
Explain how the microbiota-animal symbiotic relationship
Animal: provides home and food for microbiota
Microbiota: digests nutrients, increase immunity
What are three sources of water that are used by the animal body?
1) Drinking
2) Food
3) Metabolic water
What are possible situations that would increase water consumption by animals?
Exercise, Lactation, Heat, High Protein Diet
Explain the difference between saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats
Saturated Fats: No double bonds
Unsaturated: One double bond
Polyunsaturated: Multiple double bonds
What is a triglycerol?
A glycerol with three fatty acids
What function does bile serve?
An emulsifier
Which macrominerals are in ATPase transport protein?
Na and K
Which macromineral is ATP consisted of?
Phosphorus
What are the bone structure macrominerals?
Mg, Ca, P
Which macromineral is used in stomach acid?
Cl (to for HCl)
What can Selenium deficiency cause?
Muscle disease
What forms are most fatty acids in an animal’s diets?
As triglycerol
Which molecule ties fatty acid oxidation to ATP production from CH2O?
Acetyl CoA
Which organ synthesizes lipoproteins?
The liver
What does emulsification do?
Allows fat particles to spread evenly in a watery solution and reduces size of lipid globules. It occurs before enzymatic digestion.
How does Very Low Density Protein change as it travels through the blood?
The fatty acid content drops
Where is lipoprotein lipase active?
It is active in tissues that require energy
What is the first step of Vitamin A digestion?
The first step is that emulsification with bile
Explain the difference between a micro- and a macromineral
Macrominerals are required in the body over 100 ppm. Microminerals are required in the body under 100 ppm.
Macrominerals: Ca, P, Mg (Bone) and K, Na, Cl (Electrolytes)
Microminerals: Cu, Se, Fe
What is a symptom of Calcium deficiency?
Milk fever
What causes Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?
An imbalance of Ca to P
Dietary fats…
Contain approximately double the amount calories compared to other nutrients
What causes star gazing in chickens?
Decreased ATP production
Where is bile made? Where is it secreted to?
Made in the liver, secreted to the gallbladder
What is iron an important component of?
Hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome
Which animal is especially sensitive to Cu?
Sheep
What is a symptom of Vitamin A deficiency?
Blindness
Which vitamin is toxic if overconsumed?
Vitamin A
Which animal requires Vitamin C?
Guinea pigs
Define Vitamins
1) Essential
2) Not Synthesized by Animals in Sufficient Amounts
3) Organic
4) Contained in Foods
How do fat-soluble vitamins differ from water-soluble vitamins?
Fat-soluble vitamins are emulsified with bile, absorbed in the small intestine without active transport, hydrophobic, and travel with lipoproteins with blood.
How is the digestion of fat similar in monogastrics and ruminants?
The both occur in the small intestine and broken down with pancreatic lipase
Why are animal feeds processed?
To minimize waste
To maximize consumption and absorption
To increase palpability
To increase shelf life
What is a function of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant, neuromuscular function
What is a function of Vitamin K?
Bloodclotting
