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Animal Science 1111 > Exam 3 Part 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Part 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Gross Energy. How is GE measured?

A

Gross energy is the amount of heat produced by the oxidation of a feed. It is measured in calories and kilocalories

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2
Q

What is fecal energy composed of?

A

It is composed of indigestible fibre

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3
Q

Define Digestible Energy. How is it measured?

A

Digestible Energy is the amount of energy that is resulted from the removal of fecal energy from gross energy. It is measured in TDN

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4
Q

What does TDN stand for? How is TDN calculated?

A

TDN stands for Total Digestible Nutrients.

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5
Q

Define Metabolizable Energy. How is it measured?

A

Metabolizable Energy is the amount of energy resulting from removing urinary and gaseous energy from digestible energy.

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6
Q

What is Net Energy used for in animals?

A
  1. Basal metabolism (Energy needed when the body is at rest)
  2. Maintenance requirements
  3. Lactation
  4. Growth, Reproduction, Fattening, Exercise
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7
Q

Describe Heat of Fermentation and Heat Increment

A

Heat Increment refers to the increased production of heat following the consumption of food.
Heat of fermentation, which is in the forestomach of ruminants as well as the large intestine.

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8
Q

What activities are included in Basal Metabolism? What can affect it?

A

Activities include: breathing, cell production, circulation, and nutrient processing.
Affected by: age, gender, species, breed

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9
Q

Define Maintenance Requirement. What can affect it?

A

Maintenance requirement is the amount of energy needed for basic movement and digestion.
Affected by: age, activity, environmental conditions, weight, and breed

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10
Q

Compare and contrast dietary energy losses between cows (a ruminant) and pigs (a monogastric)

A

A cow would lose much more energy than a pig in fecal energy and would overall retain less energy. The biggest loss for a pig would be the loss from metabolizable energy into net energy.

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11
Q

Forage is a feed high in structural CH2O. Which type of CH2O is a structural fibre?

A

Cellulose is a type of CH2O that is a structural fibre.

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12
Q

How do C3 and C4 grasses differ?

A

C4 grasses can survive more drought like climates than C4 and are therefore more advantageous.

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13
Q

Why are legumes higher in CP than grasses?

A

The bacteria in root modules of legumes fix nitrogen

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14
Q

What are two factors to consider when considering the best time to harvest?

A

Two factors to consider when considering are Dry Matter and Digestibility

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15
Q

When is the optimal time to harvest forages?

A

The optimal time to harvest forages is between the pre bud and budding phase of legumes and between the boot and heading phase of grass. When they are in the middle of peak Dry Matter and peak Digestibility

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16
Q

What are three reasons why antibiotics could be fed to animals?

A

1) Disease Prevention
2) Disease Curing
3) Growth

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17
Q

Why is it desirable to decrease the usage of antibiotics in livestock? What other additives may be used in their place?

A

Prolong usage can decrease the effectiveness of antibiotics and increase the resistance of bacteria.
Other additives that might be used are: probiotics, ionophores, coccidiostats, and/or melengestrol acetate

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18
Q

Which horses need the most protein?

A

The horses that need the most protein are Exercising Horses and Lactating Horses

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19
Q

What type of horse would need the most grain?

A

The type of horse that would require the most grain are High Exercising Horses.

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20
Q

Which type of horse would be fed a mostly hay diet?

A

Maintenance and Late Gestation Horses would be fed a mostly hay diet

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21
Q

What would a good source of fat be for a horse?

A

Corn Oil

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22
Q

List some common ingredients in a lactating dairy cow ration

A

Corn silage, Hay, Byproducts, Soybean Meal, Extra Vitamins

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23
Q

What are the 4 Rs of Rumination?

A

Regurgitate, Rechew, Re-salivate, Reswallow

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24
Q

How can a normal rumen pH be maintained through nutrition or feeding management?

A

Normal rumen pH levels can be maintained by regulating forage length, the amount of concentrates in a feed, the order of feeding, and the moisture content of a ration

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25
Q

Where is Rumen Undegradable Protein digested into amino acids and absorbed? What sort of dairy cow may require more rumen undegradable protein? Why?

A

Rumen Undegradable Protein is digested into AA and absorbed in the small intestine. Lactating dairy cows require more RUP because they need the extra energy.

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26
Q

Why is it important that a dairy cow (as well as other ruminants) have a certain amount of long forage in their diet?

A

It is important that ruminants have a certain amount of long forage in their diet because it can be fermented too quickly and cause acidosis. Also, to stimulate contraction.

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27
Q

Where do dairy cows gain the extra calories needed when lactating?

A

Cows gain the extra calories for their body fat

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28
Q

How do farmers measure body composition changes in dairy cows?

A

Farmers measure body composition changes in dairy cows through the Body Composition Score

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29
Q

Describe a dairy cow’s change in body weight over a one-year period

A

The body weight of a cow dramatically decreases in the peak production period, flattens somewhat in the maximum dry matter intake phase before steadily rising in the bodyweight regain phase

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30
Q

How do farmers measure body composition changes in dairy cows?

A

Farmers rank certain parts of their body from a scale of 1 (thin) to 5 (obese)

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31
Q

What does it mean to be a carnivore?

A

A high protein low Ch2O diet, increased AA metabolism, increased gluconeogenesis

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32
Q

How can sustainability of pet food be increased?

A

Giving them a less meat based diet (although protein is necessary), giving them animal byproducts, giving them cooked grain

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33
Q

Would you feed your dog/cat a raw meat diet, vegan or grain-free diet? What are the advantages/disadvantages of each?

A

I would feed my pet a vegan diet. Dogs are omnivores and can eat a more flexible diet. However, cats are carnivores and should eat a diet based on animals. Cats have a nutrition requirement that cannot be met by plants alone. Grain-free diets have a significant portion of pulses, which increase cardiomyopathy. Raw pet food has a higher chance of giving a pet salmonella.

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34
Q

What factors can increase obesity in pets?

A

Factors include: activity, consumption of people food, eating snacks

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35
Q

How do broilers and layers dietary requirements differ?

A

Broilers: need more CP, need more Sulfur AA (Met & Cyt), need more energy
Layers: need less CP, need less energy, need more Calcium

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36
Q

What are some common feeds fed to poultry?

A

Common feeds to feed to poultry are pellets, mash, and crumble

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37
Q

List some characteristics of marine mammals that are carnivorous and use their teeth to catch prey.

A

Cylindrical teeth, swallows food whole, 3 compartment stomach (forestomach (storage), main stomach, pyloric stomach (enzymes)), no cecum, SI and LI are 54m in length

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38
Q

Describe how filter feeders capture their food. Name an example of a filter feeding aquatic mammal.

A

Filter feeds capture their food by straining their food from water through a filtration system.
Animals that do this: Baleen Whale, bivalves, Moon Jellyfish

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39
Q

What type of food do manatees eat? Why do they have to live in warm water? Why can other marine mammals, such as killer whales etc., survive in very cold waters?

A

Manatees are herbivores, although they can occasionally be omnivores. Manatees have to live in warm water because they lack blubber to keep them warm and have a smaller caloric diet than other marine mammals, which allow other marine mammals to survive colder water.

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40
Q

What steps could be taken to attempt to balance a diet for a new zoo animal that was the first of it’s kind at a zoo? After feeding this diet to the new animal, how would the adequacy of the diet be assessed?

A

Consulting with other zoos to stay on current trends, do research, use Body Composition Scoring

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41
Q

Compare and contrast beef steer/heifer management in grass-fed versus feedlot finished situations.

A

Grass Finish: less calories, be on diet for a longer period of time, higher in Vit A and E Grain: shorter time till slaughter weight. Higher fat

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42
Q

Describe the life cycle of beef cattle.

A

Weaning 6-9 months (80-500): Grass fed diet
Growing 9-16 months (500-750): grass fed w/ grain supplements
Finishing 16-22 months (750-1200): grain fed diet

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43
Q

What is flushing? Steaming up? Which species and under which conditions would benefit most from these practices?

A

Flushing is increasing the amount of energy in a diet 45 days before breeding.
Steaming is increasing the amount of energy in a diet during the last 45 days of gestation.
Species that would benefit the most from these practices are lambs.

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44
Q

Describe the changes that occur in the rumen/reticulum and omasum/abomasum of calves (and other ruminants) as they grow.

A

The ration of the R-R to the O-A changes from 1:2 at birth, 1.4:1 at 30 days, 2.6:1 at 60 days, to finally 2.7:1 during adulthood

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45
Q

In class we looked at a picture of a bunch of goats in a tree. What were they doing up there and how does this activity shed light on what they normally eat? How does the feeding behavior/dietary preferences differ between sheep and goats?

A

Goats climb trees to feed on forbs, as they prefer forbs, fruits, and leaves to grass.
Sheep, by contrast, prefer to graze.

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46
Q

Which livestock species require extra sulfur-containing amino acids? What are these used for?

A

Sheep are the livestock species that require extra sulfur-containing amino acids. These are used for wool production.

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47
Q

Define parturition, colostrum and esophageal groove

A

Parturition is birthing a lamb.
Colostrum is the first milk produced by ewes.
The esophageal groove funnels milk to the abomasum.

48
Q

Why is the use of fish meal and fish oil decreasing in aquaculture diets?

A

These items are becoming more expensive and sought.

49
Q

Why are fishmeal and fish oil considered to be “ideal” nutrient sources?

A

They are considered ideal nutrient sources because they contain the proper P:E ratio requirement.

50
Q

What is the PE ratio and why is this used when balancing aquaculture diets?

A

The P:E ratio is the balance between Protein calories and Energy calories. This is used when measuring diets for aquaculture to maximize the amount of CH2O and fat.

51
Q

How does the diet of a pig change over it’s lifetime?

A 
Nursing Piglets (3-16 lbs): colostrum and creep feeding
Weaning Pigs (16-50 lbs): high protein, then ideal protein
Growing/ Finishing Pigs (50-265 lbs): rapid feeding
52
Q

How do pigs excrete excess dietary N?

A

Urine

53
Q

How do pigs excrete phytate P?

A

Feces

54
Q

What are two ways in which the N and P excretion of pigs could be reduced?

A

N excretion can be reduced by feeding less protein. P excretion can be reduced by increasing phytase.

55
Q

What type of horse would need the most grain?

A

The type of horse that would require the most grain are High Exercising Horses.

56
Q

What is the breaking down of stored glycogen called?

A

Glycogenolysis

57
Q

What is the creation of new glucose called?

A

Gluconeogenesis

58
Q

Define Metabolism

A

All of the catabolic and anabolic reactions in the body

59
Q

What are Volatile Fatty Acids or VFAS?

A

They are byproducts of bacterial fermentation

60
Q

What is deamination?

A

The removal of an amino acid in protein

61
Q

What consists of Microbiota?

A

Archaea, bacteria, viruses, protozoa

62
Q

What does the gizzard do?

A

The gizzard reduces the particle size of a feed for poultry

63
Q

What does the crop do?

A

The crop stores food for poultry

64
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

Bacterial genes

65
Q

What is mesentery?

A

The connective tissue that holds the digestive system together

66
Q

What increases the blood when one is hungry?

A

Glucagon

67
Q

What molecule digests protein?

A

Pepsin

68
Q

Cellulose digestion…

A

Can only be completed by microbes

69
Q

Where does protein digestion begin?

A

The Small Intestine

70
Q

Where do animals store excess CH2O?

A

Glycogen

71
Q

What extra AA do cats require?

A

Taurine

72
Q

Explain the denaturation of protein

A

It is the unfolding of protein

73
Q

What function does mucus serve in the body?

A

Mucus protects the stomach lining from HCl

74
Q

What two monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

Glucose and Galactose

75
Q

Which foods tend to have the highest water footprint?

A

Meats often have a higher water footprint than plants and vegetables, with the exception of nuts that rank highly. Beef tends to have the highest.

76
Q

What is the function of rumen papillae?

A

To increase the surface area for absorption

77
Q

What are characteristics of a protein feed?

A

High Crude Protein percentage, Low Fibre content

78
Q

What amino acids are essential by most animals?

A

Methionine, Lysin, Leucine, Isoleucine, Armine, Histidine, Valine, Threonine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan

79
Q

Why is urea created within most animal bodies?

A

Because free amino groups are toxic

80
Q

Define essential

A

A nutrient that is required in the diet or in digestion

81
Q

Explain how the microbiota-animal symbiotic relationship

A

Animal: provides home and food for microbiota
Microbiota: digests nutrients, increase immunity

82
Q

What are three sources of water that are used by the animal body?

A

1) Drinking
2) Food
3) Metabolic water

83
Q

What are possible situations that would increase water consumption by animals?

A

Exercise, Lactation, Heat, High Protein Diet

84
Q

Explain the difference between saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats

A

Saturated Fats: No double bonds
Unsaturated: One double bond
Polyunsaturated: Multiple double bonds

85
Q

What is a triglycerol?

A

A glycerol with three fatty acids

86
Q

What function does bile serve?

A

An emulsifier

87
Q

Which macrominerals are in ATPase transport protein?

A

Na and K

88
Q

Which macromineral is ATP consisted of?

A

Phosphorus

89
Q

What are the bone structure macrominerals?

A

Mg, Ca, P

90
Q

Which macromineral is used in stomach acid?

A

Cl (to for HCl)

91
Q

What can Selenium deficiency cause?

A

Muscle disease

92
Q

What forms are most fatty acids in an animal’s diets?

A

As triglycerol

93
Q

Which molecule ties fatty acid oxidation to ATP production from CH2O?

A

Acetyl CoA

94
Q

Which organ synthesizes lipoproteins?

A

The liver

95
Q

What does emulsification do?

A

Allows fat particles to spread evenly in a watery solution and reduces size of lipid globules. It occurs before enzymatic digestion.

96
Q

How does Very Low Density Protein change as it travels through the blood?

A

The fatty acid content drops

97
Q

Where is lipoprotein lipase active?

A

It is active in tissues that require energy

98
Q

What is the first step of Vitamin A digestion?

A

The first step is that emulsification with bile

99
Q

Explain the difference between a micro- and a macromineral

A

Macrominerals are required in the body over 100 ppm. Microminerals are required in the body under 100 ppm.
Macrominerals: Ca, P, Mg (Bone) and K, Na, Cl (Electrolytes)
Microminerals: Cu, Se, Fe

100
Q

What is a symptom of Calcium deficiency?

A

Milk fever

101
Q

What causes Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?

A

An imbalance of Ca to P

102
Q

Dietary fats…

A

Contain approximately double the amount calories compared to other nutrients

103
Q

What causes star gazing in chickens?

A

Decreased ATP production

104
Q

Where is bile made? Where is it secreted to?

A

Made in the liver, secreted to the gallbladder

105
Q

What is iron an important component of?

A

Hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome

106
Q

Which animal is especially sensitive to Cu?

A

Sheep

107
Q

What is a symptom of Vitamin A deficiency?

A

Blindness

108
Q

Which vitamin is toxic if overconsumed?

A

Vitamin A

109
Q

Which animal requires Vitamin C?

A

Guinea pigs

110
Q

Define Vitamins

A

1) Essential
2) Not Synthesized by Animals in Sufficient Amounts
3) Organic
4) Contained in Foods

111
Q

How do fat-soluble vitamins differ from water-soluble vitamins?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins are emulsified with bile, absorbed in the small intestine without active transport, hydrophobic, and travel with lipoproteins with blood.

112
Q

How is the digestion of fat similar in monogastrics and ruminants?

A

The both occur in the small intestine and broken down with pancreatic lipase

113
Q

Why are animal feeds processed?

A

To minimize waste
To maximize consumption and absorption
To increase palpability
To increase shelf life

114
Q

What is a function of Vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant, neuromuscular function

115
Q

What is a function of Vitamin K?

A

Bloodclotting

Animal Science 1111 (3 decks)

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