Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Animal Science 1111 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

A nourishment substance that is required for growth and life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the 6 ingested nutrients,

A

Water, Vitamins, Minerals, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids (Fats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the structure and function of Carbohydrates.

A

Formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules. (CH2O). Function is to provide energy and in plants, to give structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the structure and function of Proteins.

A

Formed by amino acids, peptide bonds, and an R group. Function is to organize and regular muscle growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the function of water.

A

Helps in the digestion of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which nutrients can be used for energy?

A

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Water is a solvent. Describe how this properly affects digestion and absorption.

A

Solvents can breakdown substances. Water helps break down Nitrogenous compounds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do marine mammals get their water?

A

Through the digestion of fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Factors that can affect water intake

A

Diet, water availability, quality of water, temperature of water, water ambience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define essential in nutrition

A

A substance that must be obtained through diet because the body cannot make it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define osmosis.

A

The transport of water from a high concentration to a low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define water toxicity.

A

When too much water is absorbed by cells and leads to burst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define Mesentery

A

Connective tissue that holds together the digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does fermentation take place in monogastric? In hind-gut fermenters? In ruminants?

A

For monogastrics, the large intestine. For hind-gut fermenters, the large intestine. For ruminants, the forestomach, specifically the rumen and reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Prehension

A

The seizing or grasping of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Deglutition

A

The swallowing of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define Peristalsis

A

The contraction of muscles used to swallow food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define Digestion

A

The chemical breakdown of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define Fermentation

A

The enzymatic decomposition by microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Compare and Contrast the teeth of a carnivore, an omnivore, and a ruminant herbivore.

A

All have canines, incisors, premolars, and molars. Carnivores have large canines and incisors while they are almost nonexistent for herbivores. The opposite is true for the molars.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does saliva aid digestion in ruminants and in monogastrics?

A

In ruminants, saliva is produced more to bring up PH levels. In both, saliva is used to aid in swallowing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Function of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and mucus.

Study These Flashcards
A

HCl- denatures proteins (breaks hydrogen bonds)
Pepsin- digests protein
Mucus- protects the lining of the stomach from acid

23
Q

3 Sections of the Small Intestine

Study These Flashcards
A

1) Duodenum- secretes ‘“lytics” (enzymes that break down)
2) Jejunum- absorption
3) Ileum- absorption

24
Q

Name the 4 Accessory Organs of the digestive tract and describe the role in digestion

Study These Flashcards
A

Salivary Glands- helps digest and moisten food
Liver- forms bile salt, which is secreted to the gallbladder
Gallbladder- uses bile salt to form micelles, which are secreted to form fatty acids
Pancreas- secretes enzymes into the duodenum

25
Compare and contrast digestion in ruminants vs hindgut fermenters
Lower digestibility in hindgut fermenters than ruminants. Bacteria is digested and absorbed in ruminants whereas it is removed in waste for hindgut
26
Describe rumination and microbial digestion of feeds containing carbohydrates and proteins
Rumination is the regurgitation and reswallowing of food. Microbes deaminate food and build their own amino acids.
27
Describe the function of rumen papillae
It increases the surface area of the rumen to allow for more absorption
28
Describe the function of the crop, proventriculus, and gizzard in poultry. (Be able to identify as well)
Crop- store food Proventriculus- produces digestive enzymes Gizzard- grinds up food
29
Contrast an omnivore's digestible tract to a carnivore's.
An omnivore's digestive tract is relatively more complex and longer than a carnivores.
30
What organisms make up the microbiota?
Bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, parasites.
31
Describe the relationship between the microbiota and the host
Microbiota helps in food digestion, growth in the digestive tract, and immunity
32
Explain the change in microbial populations over the lifetime of an animal
Proteo- and actinobacteria peaks in infancy, follow by the peaking of Bacteroides in the youth. Finally, firmicutes peak in old age.
33
What affects microbes in the digestive tract?
The age of the host, the diet of the host, the health of the host, and the genes of the host
34
Define dysbiosis
The disruption of a balanced community pattern during episodes of disease or stress
35
Define eubiosis
The balance in the community structure of microbes
36
How do plants store carbohydrates? What is the function of these carbohydrates?
The carbohydrates are starch and cellulose. Starch is used for energy storage while cellulose is used for structure
37
How do animals store carbohydrates? What is its function?
Glycogen is the carbohydrate. Its function is to store energy.
38
Compare and contrast starch and cellulose.
They are both sugars. Starch is used for energy storage whereas cellulose is used for structure.
39
Name at least one monosaccharide
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Ribose
40
Which monosaccharides form sucrose?
Glucose and Fructose
41
Which monosaccharides form lactose?
Glucose and Galactose
42
Describe the digestion of sucrose, lactose, starch, and cellulose
Sucrose & Lactose- digested in the small intestine. It's digestive enzymes are sucrase and lactase Starch- digestion begins at the mouth and further digested in the pancreas. It's digestive enzyme is amylase Cellulose- digested in the rumen. It's digestive enzyme is cellulase
43
How are carbohydrates absorbed? What form can they enter the intestinal epithelial cells?
Absorbed (mostly glucose) in the small intestine. They are absorbed via the passive diffusion of glucose transport proteins
44
What organ balances the metabolism of carbohydrates?
The liver and, to a lesser extent, the pancreas
45
What are VFA's and what is their use?
Volatile Fatty Acids. They are produced in the rumen, omasum, large intestine, and cecum. They can make glycogen and are used as energy for animal cells.
46
Compare and contrast starch, glycogen, and cellulose
They all contain glucose, however, all of their formation is different
47
Which type of carbohydrates are absorbed and where?
Glucose is mostly absorbed in the small intestine, mostly in the jejunum and the ileum
48
Define metabolism
The conversion of food into energy and the elimination of metabolic waste
49
Define Glycolysis, Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis, the Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis- the break of glucose into 2 pyruvates Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis- the making of the 2 glycogen and the breaking down of glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle tissue Krebs Cycle- inside the mitochondria, pyruvate is entered into the cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation- along with the Krebs Cycle generates 38 ATP and completely breakdowns Glucose into CO2 Gluconeogenesis- the making of new glucose
50
How do insulin and glucagon influence blood glucose levels? Where are they produced?
Insulin decreases blood glucose levels while glucagon releases glucose into the blood stream. They are both produced in the pancreas.
51
What are the 10 essential amino acids required by animals? Which ones are limiting? Which extra do cats need?
Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine*, Histidine, Argmine, Leucine, Lysin*. The extra amino acid cats require is Taurine
52
Describe protein structure. How is affected by denaturation and digestion.
1st, Amino Acid sequence. 2nd, Hydrogen bonds. 3rd, Hydrophobic interactions. (sometimes) 4th, chains to other amino Amino Acids. Denaturation breakdowns Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Digestion pepsin breaks it down into amino acids
53
Describe protein metabolism. What is unique about it?
The breakdown of protein. What is unique is that nitrogen is kept and not thrown out as waste
54
What are the 3 sources of water?
Drinking, Feed, Metabolic Water

Animal Science 1111 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions