Exam 2

Question 1

How much energy is stored in lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates?

Answer 1

4. 2 kcal/g in carbohydrates
5. 65 kcal/g in lipids
6. 4 kcal/g in proteins

Question 2

What is the difference between saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 2

Saturated Fats- all bonds in this fatty acid are single bonded. Chain is relatively straight
Unsaturated Fats- one bond in this fatty acid is double or triple bonded. Chain has a bend
Polyunsaturated Fats- multiple bonds in this fatty acid are double or triple bonded

Question 3

What is a triaglycerol (or triglycerides)

Answer 3

Triaglycerol- a glyceride that has 3 fatty acid chains

Question 4

What are the functions of the fatty acids discussed in class?

Answer 4

Triglyceride- to store energy in the body, is fats in animals and oil in plants
Linoleic Acid- to act as structure in the cell membrane
Linolenic Acid- to prevent heart diseases
Arachidonic Acid- necessary in synthesis
Phospholipids- to form structure in the cell membranes
Steroids- to act as hormones and to provide structure in animal cell membranes

Question 5

What is the difference between the macro- and microminerals? Also, name them.

Answer 5

Macrominerals are required by the body in 100 ppm. The macrominerals are Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride.
Microminerals are required by the body in less than 100 ppm. The microminerals are Iron, Selenium, and Copper.

Question 6

What are the two groups of macrominerals and where are they located in the body?

Answer 6

The first group of macrominerals are Calcium, Phosphorous, and Magnesium. They are located within the bones and teeth
The other group of macrominerals are Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium, the electrolytes. They are found in blood, urine, tissues, and other bodily fluids.

Question 7

What is the function of NA/K ATPase transport protein?

Answer 7

It uses ATP to transfer out 3 Na out of the cell in exchange for 2 K to maintain concentration gradient

Question 8

What are the functions of each micromineral?

Answer 8

Fe- hemoglobin (carries O2 in blood), myoglobin (carries O2 to muscles), cytochrome (mitochondrial membrane protein used in ATP production)
Cu- Fe absorption and storage, hair and wool growth, and collagen and elastin synthesis
Se- enzymes in tissues, pancreatic lipase

Question 9

Describe toxicity and deficiency of each micromineral

Answer 9

Fe- deficiency (amenia) can decrease the number of healthy blood cells and cause birth defects. Toxicity can lead to genetic disorders
Cu- deficiency can cause amenia, ataxia, a decrease in hair and wool quality, and heart muscle weakness. Toxicity can lead to jaundice and could turn the blood pink
Se- deficiency can lead to muscle disease. Toxicity can lead to night blindness

Question 10

Define Vitamin. Which vitamins are fat soluble and which are water soluble? Which vitamin has 3 sub vitamins? What are their names?

Answer 10

A vitamin is a nutrient that is A) essential, B) organic, C) contained in foods, and D) not synthesized by animals in sufficient amounts
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat soluble. Vitamins B and C are water soluble.
Vitamin B has 3 sub vitamins. They are Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), and Niacin (B3)

Question 11

How are the vitamins absorbed?

Answer 11

Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are solubilized into micelles and are absorbed in the small intestine
Water soluble vitamins (B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacin), C) are absorbed in the small intestine through active tranpsort

Question 12

What are sources of fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 12

Vitamin A- found in meat and milk. Can also be formed from splitting beta-carotene
Vitamin D- found in plants as ergosterol and animals as dehydrocholesterol
Vitamin E- found in green plants (chloroplasts) and oils, but trace amounts can be found animal fats
Vitamin K- found in green plants (chloroplasts) and oils, but trace amounts can be found animal products

Question 13

What are sources water soluble vitamins?

Answer 13

(Vitamin B is produced by bacteria therefore ruminants and hind-gut fermenters do not need to work about their daily intake)
Vitamin B1, Thiamin- found in yeast, unpolished grains, and pork
Vitamin B2, Riboflavin- found in leafy greens, milk, and meat
Vitamin B3, Niacin- found in yeast, meat, and unprocessed grains
Vitamin C- unboiled fruits and vegetables, tea leaves, berries, guava, rose hips, and organ meat

Question 14

What are the functions of fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 14

Vitamin A- to compose rods and cones in the retina as well promote epithelial cell growth
Vitamin D- to increase the function increases Ca/P synthesis as well as aid the immune system in fighting bacteria and viruses
Vitamin E- to act as an antioxidant that decreases cell membrane breakdown and is necessary in neuromuscular function
Vitamin K- to form blood clots

Question 15

What are the functions of water soluble vitamins?

Answer 15

Vitamin B1, Thiamin- to be used for energy metabolism (a pyruvate dehydrogenase coenzyme) as well as neuromuscular effects
Vitamin B2, Riboflavin- to be a coenzyme for: ATP production, vitamin conversion enzymes, fatty acid oxidation enzyme, and pyruvate hydrogenase
Vitamin B3, Niacin- to synthesize the coenzymes NAD and NADP
Vitamin C- to be a coenzyme for: electron transport, collagen synthesis, antioxidants, steroid synthesis, and possibly the immune system

Question 16

What are the risk of the deficiencies of vitamins discussed in class? What is the risk of Vitamin A toxicity? Which vitamins are the least toxic?

Answer 16

Deficiency
Vitamin K- bleeding to death from small cuts
Vitamin B- anorexia
Vitamin B2, Riboflavin- unthrift and low weight gain
Vitamin B3, Niacin- decrease growth and skin & intestinal damage
Vitamin C- scurvy

Toxicity
Vitamin A- skin problems such as eczema or alopecia
Vitamin B3, Niacin- flushing in the face and gastrointestinal pain

Vitamin E is the least toxic

Question 17

Which type of macromineral is calcium and where can it be found in the body? What are 2 dietary sources of this macromineral? What is its function? Describe its deficiency and toxicity?

Answer 17

Calcium is a bone structure mineral and it can be found in bones and teeth.
Dietary sources of are: alfalfa hay, meant & bonemeal, fishmeal, milk & milk byproducts, blackstrap molasses, citrus pulp, soybean meal, bone meal, dicalcium phosphate, and limestone.
The function of calcium is muscle contraction, the formation of egg shells, and milk production.
Calcium deficiency can cause abnormal muscle development (rickets and osteomalacia) and muscle tetany (“milk fever”).
Calcium toxicity can cause the blockage of Zn absorption in pigs.

Question 18

Which type of macromineral is phosphorous and where can it be found in the body? What are 2 dietary sources of this macromineral? What is its function? Describe its deficiency and toxicity?

Answer 18

Phosphorous is a bone structure mineral and it can be found in bones and teeth.
Dietary sources of phosphorous are: meat meal, fish meal, poultry byproducts, distillers’ soluble, wheat bran, whey, soybean oil meal, dicalcium phosphate, bone meal, and monosodium phosphate.
The function of phosphorous is to be component of: ATP, enzymes, DNA, RNA, and phospholipids.
Phosphorous deficiency can cause reproduction failure, pica (the craving of things with no nutrition), and rickets.
Phosphorous toxicity can cause damage to kidney nephrons

Question 19

Which type of macromineral is sodium and where can it be found in the body? What are 2 dietary sources of this macromineral? What is its function?

Answer 19

Sodium is an electrolyte and it can be found in the blood, urine, tissues, and other bodily fluids.
Dietary sources of sodium are: fish meal, meat meal, poultry byproducts, beet pulp with molasses, blackstrap molasses, beet molasses, whey, distillers’ soluble, table salt, and monosodium glutamate.
The function of Sodium, along with the other electrolytes, is to maintain blood PH levels, Na/K ATPase

Question 20

Which type of macromineral is potassium and where can it be found in the body? What are 2 dietary sources of this macromineral? What is its function?

Answer 20

Potassium is an electrolyte and it can be found in the blood, urine, tissues and other bodily fluids.
Dietary sources are: forages, blackstrap molasses, beet molasses, soybean byproducts, whey, carrots, tomato pomace, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, and dried kelp.
The function of potassium, along with the other electrolytes, is to maintain pH levels in the body and Na/K ATPase.

Question 21

How does bile enhance lipid digestion? Where is bile made?

Answer 21

Bile clusters around lipids and form micelles. By forming micelles, it allows the small intestine to absorb the fat more easily. Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Question 22

Describe the activity of pancreatic lipase

Answer 22

Pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes triglyceride into 2 free fatty acids and a monoglyceride

Question 23

How do hydrophobic lipids travel through the blood?

Answer 23

Hydrophobic lipids travel through the blood as as lipoproteins, either Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL (in order lowest protein to highest)

Question 24

What do rumen microbes do to unsaturated fats and why?

Answer 24

Rumen microbes add hydrogenate unsaturated fats. The rumen microbes do this to change unsaturated fats into saturated fats.

Question 25

What is the function of the liver as it relates to digestion?

Answer 25

The function of the liver is: store and produce bile, store excess carbohydrates and amino acids as triaglycerol, synthesize lipoproteins and cholesterol, alter fatty chains and saturate them, and take free fatty acids from triaglycerols and convert them into ketones.

Question 26

Where are fatty acids catabolized in the body? Where are they synthesized? How is ATP created from the breakdown of fatty acids?

Answer 26

Fatty acids are catabolized in the mitochondria of liver, adipose (body fat), and muscle cells.
Fatty acids are synthesized in the cytosol of liver and adipose cells.
ATP is created from the breakdown of fatty acids because fatty acid oxidation breaks away Acetyl CoA (2C). That enters the Krebs cycle and results in 38 ATP/

Question 27

Where is lipoprotein lipase found in the body? What does it do?

Answer 27

Lipoprotein lipase can be found in the pancreas and liver. It hydrolyzes TAG in lipoproteins and converts them into two free fatty acids and a monoaglycerol

Question 28

How are lipids absorbed across intestinal cells?

Answer 28

Through diffusion

Question 29

What is hydroxyapatite? Describe the importance of the formation of this molecule as it is related to bone formation, Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and the dietary ratio of Ca to P.

Answer 29

A molecule that is a combination of minerals such as calcium and phosphorous and is used to build strong bones.
This is important because it maintains a 2:1 ration of Ca to P. If there is more P in the body than Ca, it can cause Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism which leads to weaker bones