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Anatomy > Exam 3 Part 2 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

breathing air in & out of lungs

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2
Q

Gas Exchange (Diffusion)

A

movement of gases b/w lungs & blood

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3
Q

Gas Transport

A

transport of gases through blood

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4
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation: Atmospheric Pressure

A

pressure outside of body; 760 mm Hg

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5
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation: Intrapulmonary Pressure

A

pressure inside lungs

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6
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation: Intrapleural Pressure

A

pressure b/w pleurae

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7
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

P = 1/V
V increases, pressure decreases
V decreases, pressure increases

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8
Q

How pressure and volume changes affect ventilation during rest, inhalation, and exhalation (remember atmospheric, intrapleural, & intrapulmonary pressure) ‼️

A
  1. At Rest: no air movement, atmostpheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, intrapulmonary pressure (inside lungs) is 760 mm Hg, intrapleural pressure is 756 mm Hg (-4 atmospheric pressure)
  2. Inhalation: air going in = volume increases = pressure down, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, intrapulmonary pressure is 759 mm Hg, intrapleural pressure is 754 mm Hg (-6)
  3. Exhalation: air goes out = volume decrease, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, intrapulmonary pressure is 761 mm Hg, intrapleural pressure is 756 mm Hg (-4)
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9
Q

Mechanism of Ventilation

A
  1. Inhale (Quiet/Resting Inspiration): diaphragm flattens on contraction, contraction of external intercostal & accessory muscles elevate ribs, (forced inspiration) more accessory muscle used
  2. Exhale (Quiet/Resting Expiration):
    diaphragm relax & dome-shaped, other muscles relax, lungs recoil *NO muscle contraction (forced expiration) internal intercostal & abdominal muscle contract
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10
Q

Factors Influencing Ventilation

A
  1. Airway Resistance: anything that impedes air flow thru/ respiratory tract (constriction & dilation)
  2. Alveolar Surface Tension: tension which tries to close alveoli & reduce surfactant (due to H2O collapsing alveoli, surfactant disrupt hydrogen bonding)
  3. Pulmonary Compliance: ability of lungs & chest wall to stretch & expand (ex. broken rib, no surfactant)
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11
Q

Pneumothorax

A

intrapleural pressue equal or higher than atmospheric pressue = collapsed lung

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12
Q

Restrictive Lung Diseases

A

decrease pulmonary compliance
ex. fibrosis (scar tissue in lung), neuromuscular disease (muscle can’t change in volume of chest)

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13
Q

Obstructive Heart Disease

A

increase airway resistance, trap oxygen-poor, CO2-rich air in alveoli
ex. COPD (emphysema, bronchitis) asthma

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14
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure, called its partial pressure (Pgas) relative to its abundance; the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of all of its component gases

in a mixture of gases, every gas contributes its own pressure which is relation to its abundance
50% of mixture, partial pressure is 50% of total mixture

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14
Q

Pressure and diffusion laws regulate gas exchange

A
  1. Pulmonary gas exchange: exchange of gases
    that happens in the lungs between alveoli and
    blood
  2. Tissue gas exchange: exchange of gases that
    happens in tissues between blood in systemic
    capillaries and body cells
    *Gas exchange depends on the:
    -Partial pressures of gases
    -Gas solubility in water
    !diffuse from higher pressure to lower pressure!
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15
Q

Oxygen Partial Pressure in Higher Altitudes

A

atmospheric pressure goes down, individual gas pressure goes down
At high altitudes: lower atm. P means lower PO2

16
Q

Henry’s Law

A

higher partial pressure means more gas dissolved in solution; amount of dissolved gas also depends on solubility (CO2
has better solubility then O2)
*choose higher number, if same number, CO2 is better

17
Q

5 factors that increase the efficiency of gas exchange‼️

A
  1. Difference in partial pressure (pressure gradient):
    drives diffusion from higher to lower partial pressure.
    The bigger the gradient, the faster the diffusion.
  2. Distance for diffusion: smaller distance (thin
    respiratory membrane) allows for faster diffusion.
    Inflammation increases the distance for diffusion.
  3. Lipid solubility of gasses: both O2 and CO2 have
    good lipid solubility and so can cross membranes and
    surfactant
  4. Total surface area for diffusion: large surface area
    provided by alveoli and pulmonary capillaries;
    emphysema decreases the total surface area of alveoli.
  5. Ventilation-perfusion matching: blood flow and air
    flow are closely coordinated, so the greatest blood flow
    goes to alveoli with highest oxygen content.
18
Q

Describe the pulmonary gas exchange

A

label: pulmonary capillary
-blue= blood goes to atrial, PO2=40, PCO2=45
-red = venous , PO2=104, PCO2=40
-alveolus (circle), PO2=104, PCO2=40
O2 towards pulmonary capillary, CO2 towards alveolus

19
Q

Describe the tissue gas exchange (including partial pressure values)

A

Systemic Capillary:
-Venous: PO2=100, PCO2=40
-Atrial: PO2-40, PCO2=45
Tissue Cells:
-PO2=40, PCO2=45
O2 towards tissue cells, CO2 towards systemic capillary

20
Q

Oxygen Transport

A

Each hemoglobin can reversibly bind to 4 O2

21
Q

Reverse binding

A

oxygen binds to the heme part of hemoglobin

22
Q

Hemoglobin Loading

A

oxygen from alveoli binds to
hemoglobin in pulmonary capillaries; converts
deoxyhemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin
* Hb with 1–3 molecules of oxygen bound is
partially saturated while Hb with four

23
Q

Hemoglobin Unloading

A

Hb in systemic capillaries
releases oxygen to cells of tissues

24
Q

Graph of Saturation

A

-temp increase = pH decrease, shift to the R
-hg most willing to unload O2, more to the R
-fetal more L shift, hold onto hg more

25
Q

CO2 Transport

A
  1. Dissolved in plasma
  2. Bound to hemoglobin; different portion than O2 would
  3. Convert to bicarbonate ions = easier to dissolve in plasma
26
Q

formula how CO2 is converted to carbonic acid and from
there to H+ and bicarbonate.!! what happens to product

A

CO2 + H2O <–> H2CO3 <–> H+ + HCO-3
H binds to Hb
HCO3- leaves RBC and dissolves in plasma

27
Q

Local Regulation of Respiration

A

Ventilation-perfusion matching and perfusion regulation in tissues in response to PO2 and
PCO2

28
Q

Nerual Control

A

-Voluntary control in the cerebral cortex
-Involuntary control is stronger than voluntary control
-Increase RR when oxygen demand rises

29
Q

Respiratory Rhythm Generator (RRG)

A

all neurons involved in creating basic rhythm for breathing in the medulla oblongata

30
Q

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A

involved in control of muscles for inspiration and expiration
during forced breathing

31
Q

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A

involved in control of inspiration

32
Q

Hypercapnia

A

high PCO2=hyperventilation

33
Q

Hypocapnia

A

low PCO2=hypoventilation

34
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex

A

blood pressure changes
affect breathing rate
* Low BP triggers hyperventilation

35
Q

Hering-Breuer reflexes

A

stretch receptors
prevent the lungs for overexpanding

36
Q

Protective reflexes:

A

sigh, yawn, cough, sneeze,
laryngeal spasm

37
Q

Other factors that affect breathing

A

pain, stress, change in body temp, swallowing

Anatomy (9 decks)

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