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Anatomy > Exam 3 Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Respiratory System !!!

A
  1. Ventilation- air in and out of of lungs
  2. Gas Exchange- b/w air and blood
  3. Sound Production
  4. Facilitate olfaction (sense of smell)
  5. Regulate blood pH by CO2 elimination
  6. Protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temp changes, and pathogens
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2
Q

Upper vs Lower Respiratory Tract

A

Upper- nasal cavity and pharynx (nose, paranasal sinuses)
Lower- everything lower (larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli of lungs)

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3
Q

Conducting Zone vs Respiratory Zone

A

Conducting- air to lungs (nasal cavity throw airways to terminal bronchioles)
respiratory- gas exchange (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli)

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4
Q

Mucosa

A

lining of respiratory tract
made of epithelial cells (line lumen) + lamina propria
mucus glands= make mucus

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5
Q

Mucous Gland

A

make mucus
function: defense
location: upper conducting portion (make more mucus)
smooth muscle= regulatory control mostly in lower conducting portion (less mucus)

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6
Q

Mucus

A

mucus is made by goblet cells + mucous glands
traps pollutants + pathogens

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7
Q

Cilia

A

function= move & sweep mucus towards pharynx (upward)-> enters esophagus (digestive tract) *swallow
location= epithelial cells lining respiratory tract
destroyed cilia= increase mucus production -> cough to expel mucus

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8
Q

Nasal Cavity Function ?

A
  1. coarse hair trap large particles
  2. olfactory region
    ~olfactory epithelium lines superior portion of nasal cavity & contains receptors/sensory neurons for sense of smell
  3. warm & moisturize air
    ~paranasal sinuses secrete mucus which moisturize air
    ~tears drain into nasal cavity and moisturize air
    ~nasal mucosa is vascularized = heat from blood & fluid that filters out of blood vessels can warm & humidify air
    ~air split into separate streams by nasal conchae & easier to warm & humidify.
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9
Q

3 Types of Pharynx (sequence)

A
  1. Nasopharynx (nose)
  2. Oropharynx (mouth)
  3. Laryngopharynx (larynx)
    *shared by both respiratory and digestive system *pharynx important in swallowing and speech
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10
Q

Larynx

A

voice box
-glottis & epiglottis
-phonation
-articulation

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11
Q

Glottis vs Epiglottis (location & function)

A

Glottis= location (narrow opening at superior end of larynx, b/w vocal folds) (leads to opening of larynx)
Epiglottis= location (cartilaginous lid, cover glottis)
*important in regulating liquid & food intake

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12
Q

Phonation

A

production of sound
-vocal folds

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13
Q

Vocal Folds

A

aka vocal cords
inferior to vestibular folds
function- vibrate = sound when air passed over them
determines pitch- diameter, length, tension, & speed of vibration or cords

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14
Q

Articulation

A

production of speech
-contains tongue, lip, cheek movement, amplification & resonance in cavities & sinuses

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15
Q

Trachea Structure

A

aka windpipe, a tough, flexible tube
structure- lumen covered w/ mucus & ciliated epithelium
-tracheal cartilage= protect trachea from collapse
-trachealis muscle= regulate diameter of trachea, allow esophagus to expand when swallowing food

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16
Q

Bronchial Tree & Bronchitis

A

Bronchi:
Primary (main)- branch off trachea to lungs
Secondary (lobar)- one to each lobe
Tertiary (segmental)- one to each bronchopulmonary segment
Bronchitis- inflamed, constricted bronchi = less air flow

17
Q

Bronchioles

A

def: smallest airways
structure: no mucus, few cilia, no cartilage, lined w/ smooth muscle

18
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic on Bronchioles

A

Sympathetic- bronchodilation = more air flow
Parasympathetic- bronchoconstriction = less air flow

19
Q

Terminal & Respiratory Bronchioles

A

terminal branches form several respiratory bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles connect to alveoli along alveolar ducts

20
Q

Lung Structure

A

location= L & R plueral cavities in thorax
-vicseral pleura (lung surface)
-parietal pleura (inside wall of thoracic cavity)
base= rests on diaphragm, apex superior
R lung: 3 lobes, broader
L lung: 2 lobes, longer, cardiac notch

21
Q

Alveoli

A

def: air-filled sacs where gas exchange b/w air & blood takes places
clusters = alveolar sacs

22
Q

Cells of Alveoli

A

Type 1: simple squamous epithelium (90% of wall)
Type 2: cells that make surfactant that coats lumen of alveoli

23
Q

Surfactant

A

fatty mixture & reduces surface tension & keeps alveoli open

24
Q

Alveolar Macrophages

A

mobile phagocytes which engulf small particles trapped in bronchioles or alveolar surface

25
Q

Respiratory Membrane (3)!!!!

A

function: site for gas exchange
1. Squamous epithelial cells of alveolus- type 1 cell; form surface of alveoli
2. Endothelial cells of capillary- form surface of capillary
3. Fused basement membrane- sticky matrix b/w alveolus and capillary

26
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammation of lung tissue -> fluid buildup inside alveoli & respiratory membrane becomes thicker = harder gas diffusion

27
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

low pressure b/c of extensive capillary beds in lungs & less pressure generated by RV

28
Q

Respiratory Rate (RR)

A

breaths per minute

29
Q

Tidal Volume (Vt)

A

air moved during one respiratory cycle (avg. 500 mL)

30
Q

Respiratory Minute Volume (RMV) !!!

A

amount of air moved per minute
RMV = Vt x RR

31
Q

Anatomic Dead Space (Vd)

A

air volume in conducting airways (less that RMV)

32
Q

Alveolar Ventilation (Va) !!!

A

amount of air that reaches alveoli in a minute
Va = RR x (Vt-Vd)
*doesn’t depend on Vd b/c doesn’t really change

33
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

amount of air that’s forcefully inhaled above tidal volume

34
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

amount of air that’s forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation

35
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

air that remains in lungs after max exhalation

36
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

total amount of air that can be inhaled

37
Q

Functional Residual Cavity (FRC)

A

amount of air left in lungs after quiet exhalation

38
Q

Vital Capacity (VC) !!!

A

max amount of air moved in & out of lungs
VC = ERV + TV + IRV

39
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

total volume of lungs
TLC = Vt +ERV + IRV +RV

Anatomy (9 decks)

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