Exam 3 Part 1 Flashcards
Functions of Respiratory System !!!
- Ventilation- air in and out of of lungs
- Gas Exchange- b/w air and blood
- Sound Production
- Facilitate olfaction (sense of smell)
- Regulate blood pH by CO2 elimination
- Protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temp changes, and pathogens
Upper vs Lower Respiratory Tract
Upper- nasal cavity and pharynx (nose, paranasal sinuses)
Lower- everything lower (larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli of lungs)
Conducting Zone vs Respiratory Zone
Conducting- air to lungs (nasal cavity throw airways to terminal bronchioles)
respiratory- gas exchange (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli)
Mucosa
lining of respiratory tract
made of epithelial cells (line lumen) + lamina propria
mucus glands= make mucus
Mucous Gland
make mucus
function: defense
location: upper conducting portion (make more mucus)
smooth muscle= regulatory control mostly in lower conducting portion (less mucus)
Mucus
mucus is made by goblet cells + mucous glands
traps pollutants + pathogens
Cilia
function= move & sweep mucus towards pharynx (upward)-> enters esophagus (digestive tract) *swallow
location= epithelial cells lining respiratory tract
destroyed cilia= increase mucus production -> cough to expel mucus
Nasal Cavity Function ?
- coarse hair trap large particles
- olfactory region
~olfactory epithelium lines superior portion of nasal cavity & contains receptors/sensory neurons for sense of smell - warm & moisturize air
~paranasal sinuses secrete mucus which moisturize air
~tears drain into nasal cavity and moisturize air
~nasal mucosa is vascularized = heat from blood & fluid that filters out of blood vessels can warm & humidify air
~air split into separate streams by nasal conchae & easier to warm & humidify.
3 Types of Pharynx (sequence)
- Nasopharynx (nose)
- Oropharynx (mouth)
- Laryngopharynx (larynx)
*shared by both respiratory and digestive system *pharynx important in swallowing and speech
Larynx
voice box
-glottis & epiglottis
-phonation
-articulation
Glottis vs Epiglottis (location & function)
Glottis= location (narrow opening at superior end of larynx, b/w vocal folds) (leads to opening of larynx)
Epiglottis= location (cartilaginous lid, cover glottis)
*important in regulating liquid & food intake
Phonation
production of sound
-vocal folds
Vocal Folds
aka vocal cords
inferior to vestibular folds
function- vibrate = sound when air passed over them
determines pitch- diameter, length, tension, & speed of vibration or cords
Articulation
production of speech
-contains tongue, lip, cheek movement, amplification & resonance in cavities & sinuses
Trachea Structure
aka windpipe, a tough, flexible tube
structure- lumen covered w/ mucus & ciliated epithelium
-tracheal cartilage= protect trachea from collapse
-trachealis muscle= regulate diameter of trachea, allow esophagus to expand when swallowing food
Bronchial Tree & Bronchitis
Bronchi:
Primary (main)- branch off trachea to lungs
Secondary (lobar)- one to each lobe
Tertiary (segmental)- one to each bronchopulmonary segment
Bronchitis- inflamed, constricted bronchi = less air flow
Bronchioles
def: smallest airways
structure: no mucus, few cilia, no cartilage, lined w/ smooth muscle
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic on Bronchioles
Sympathetic- bronchodilation = more air flow
Parasympathetic- bronchoconstriction = less air flow
Terminal & Respiratory Bronchioles
terminal branches form several respiratory bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles connect to alveoli along alveolar ducts
Lung Structure
location= L & R plueral cavities in thorax
-vicseral pleura (lung surface)
-parietal pleura (inside wall of thoracic cavity)
base= rests on diaphragm, apex superior
R lung: 3 lobes, broader
L lung: 2 lobes, longer, cardiac notch
Alveoli
def: air-filled sacs where gas exchange b/w air & blood takes places
clusters = alveolar sacs
Cells of Alveoli
Type 1: simple squamous epithelium (90% of wall)
Type 2: cells that make surfactant that coats lumen of alveoli
Surfactant
fatty mixture & reduces surface tension & keeps alveoli open
Alveolar Macrophages
mobile phagocytes which engulf small particles trapped in bronchioles or alveolar surface
Respiratory Membrane (3)!!!!
function: site for gas exchange
1. Squamous epithelial cells of alveolus- type 1 cell; form surface of alveoli
2. Endothelial cells of capillary- form surface of capillary
3. Fused basement membrane- sticky matrix b/w alveolus and capillary
Pneumonia
inflammation of lung tissue -> fluid buildup inside alveoli & respiratory membrane becomes thicker = harder gas diffusion
Pulmonary Circulation
low pressure b/c of extensive capillary beds in lungs & less pressure generated by RV
Respiratory Rate (RR)
breaths per minute
Tidal Volume (Vt)
air moved during one respiratory cycle (avg. 500 mL)
Respiratory Minute Volume (RMV) !!!
amount of air moved per minute
RMV = Vt x RR
Anatomic Dead Space (Vd)
air volume in conducting airways (less that RMV)
Alveolar Ventilation (Va) !!!
amount of air that reaches alveoli in a minute
Va = RR x (Vt-Vd)
*doesn’t depend on Vd b/c doesn’t really change
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
amount of air that’s forcefully inhaled above tidal volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
amount of air that’s forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation
Residual Volume (RV)
air that remains in lungs after max exhalation
Inspiratory Capacity
total amount of air that can be inhaled
Functional Residual Cavity (FRC)
amount of air left in lungs after quiet exhalation
Vital Capacity (VC) !!!
max amount of air moved in & out of lungs
VC = ERV + TV + IRV
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
total volume of lungs
TLC = Vt +ERV + IRV +RV
