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Biology Lecture :) > Exam 3 :P > Flashcards

Exam 3 :P Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

The study of inheritance

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2
Q

The study of inheritance

A

Gametes contain “heredity determinants”

Gametes fuse – “heredity determinants” blend

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3
Q

Experience-dependent Inheritance

A

Parents modified over time and passed to children

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4
Q

Theory of Particulate Inheritance

A

Each “determinate” is physically distinct

Gametes fuse – “determinants” remain intact

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5
Q

Gregor Mendel

A 
Father of modern genetics 
austrian monk scientist
Work supported the Theory 
    of Particulate Inheritance
7yr project (crossed pea plants to study genetics)
1865: presented his findings
1866: published
1900: genes carried on chromosomes (Mendel’s work re-visited)
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6
Q

Normally

A

self-fertilize

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7
Q

Mendel’s experiment

A

Remove male organs (stamen), before pollen production

Fertilize with pollen from another plant

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8
Q

Stamen

A

male organs

gametes in pollen tube

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9
Q

Pistil

A

female organs

gametes in ovule

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10
Q

Phenotype

A

characteristic

observable physical feature

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11
Q

Hybrid

A

offspring of crosses

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12
Q

Monohybrid

A

differ in only one trrait

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13
Q

Medel’s first law

A

Principle of Segregation

When any individual produces gametes, the two copies of a gene separate
each receives only one copy
Segregation occurs because chromosomes separate during cell division (Meiosis)

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14
Q

meiosis

A

segregation of alleles
alleles are located on homologous chromosomes
alleles segregate during meiosis

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15
Q

gene

A

unit of heredity
Passed from parent to child
Specific nucleotide sequence of DNA
Genes are synthesized into RNA and proteins
Action of a synthesized product = observable phenotype

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16
Q

Allele

A

particular version of a gene, produces a specific phenotype

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17
Q

Punnett Square

A

table used to determine the probability of inheritance

Method devised in 1905 (Reginald Punnett)

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18
Q

homozygous

A

2 alleles are the same

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19
Q

hertozygous

A

2 alleles are different

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20
Q

Mendel’s 2nd Law

A

Principle of Independent Assortment

Alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation

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21
Q

Probability

A

determine likeihood of an event occuring

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22
Q

Punnett Square

A

Predict probability of inheritance

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23
Q

Each new offspring is an

A

independent event

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24
Q

Every new fertilization has the same probability of

A

inheritance regardless of siblings

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25
Q

Multiplication rule

A

determine the probability of independent events

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26
Q

Addition Rul

A

determine the probability of an event that can occur by two or more different ways

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27
Q

Probabilities predict

A

genotype and phenotype

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28
Q

Test cross

A

used to determine unknown parental genotype

breeding an organism of unknown genotype with one that expresses a recessive trait

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29
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype

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30
Q

Codominance

A

heterozygotes express multiple dominant alleles

each allele is incapable of masking the other

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31
Q

Pleiotropy

A

cause multiple phenotypes
similar phenotypes are always found together
the gene product is found in multiple cell types or tissues
appears as though multiple diseases were inherited

32
Q

Epistasis

A

phenotypic expression of one gene is affected by another gene

33
Q

Phenotypes are multi

A

factorial

34
Q

Genotype + Environment

A

Phenotype

35
Q

Most traits are

A

multifactorial

36
Q

Pedigree

A

family trees that show the occurrence of inherited phenotypes in several generations of related individuals
family histories reveal more accurate data for analysis

37
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

caused by mutation in a single gene (cftr gene)

must have 2 mutant copies of the gene for the disease to develop

38
Q

Karyotype

A

visualize chromosome structure

39
Q

Aneuploidies

A

abnormal number of chromosomes (trisomy, monosomy)

40
Q

Theodor Boveri & Walter Sutton

A

chromosomes are the structures that carry units of heredity

41
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan

A

Embryology researcher at Columbia University (early 20th century) – Nobel Prize in 1933
Model Organism:
Drosophila melanogaster
Morgan’s discovery of sex-linked traits, “chromosomes are the physical basis of inheritance”

42
Q

autosomes

A

not sex chromosomes

43
Q

sex chromosomes

A

differ between males and females

44
Q

sex linked traits

A

expressed in one sex more often than another

45
Q

Sex (X)-linked traits

A

Due to alleles on the X chromosome
Males are hemizygous for genes on the X chromosome
Recessive alleles on the X cannot be masked in males
Females require 2 copies of recessive alleles to express the phenotype
Males suffer from sex linked recessive traits at higher rates

46
Q

Hemizygous

A

any gene that is present as a single copy in a diploid organism
Individuals will express the phenotype associated with the allele present

Unable to mask weak alleles
Recessive phenotypes are always expressed

47
Q

Red green color blindness is carried on the human

A

X chromosome

48
Q

Genetic Linkage

A

Genes on a single chromosome that do not demonstrate independent assortment

49
Q

Recombination Frequency

A 
the proportion of new allelic combinations on a chromosomes
# recombinant progeny / total # progeny
50
Q

Recombination frequencies can be used to generate

A

genetic maps

51
Q

Higher recombination frequency+

A

Loci are father apart

52
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

transforming principle

Studying S. pneumoniae strains
S strain (smooth colonies): virulent
R strain (rough colonies): non-virulent

Conclusions:
R strain became virulent because of S strain (“transformation”)
Virulence contained in chemical substance or “transforming principle”

53
Q

Ori

A

Hydrogen break more easily in this region

54
Q

Ter

A

Termination point

55
Q

Ase

A

Enzyme

56
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Binds double helix beyond replication force relieves strain

57
Q

Primer

A

Short starter strand
Single stranded RNA
Complementary to DNA template

58
Q

1 error per

A

100,000 bases

59
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Synthesis new DNA
Proofread
Mismatch repairs

60
Q

Semi conservative

A

New DNA = 1 new strand

1 parent strand

61
Q

Linkage map

A

Diagram of relative position of genes on chromosomes

Based on frequency of crossover events

62
Q

Bio in one word is

A

Bullshit

63
Q

Primer

A

Short starter strand
Single stranded Rna
Complementary to Dna Template

64
Q

Dispersive

A

New DNA = complete mix of parent and new

65
Q

Conservative

A

New DNA equals one entirely new parent and one entirely new strand

66
Q

Meselson-Stahl experiment

A

Radioactive nitrogen nitrogen 14 or nitrogen 15
parent DNA in several rounds of replication
equal semi conservative

67
Q

Template

A

Parental DNA sequence, determines bases to add to daughter strand

68
Q

Telomeres

A

Repetitive DNA sequence, not code for protein -> protective

69
Q

Terminal RNA Primer (removed)

A

Single-stranded DNA, cut off single-stranded DNA, remove DS DNA

70
Q

The mutations are the cause of what blank was studying

A

Mendel

71
Q

point mutation

A

Single base pair change

72
Q

Chromosomal mutation

A

Millions of base pairs rearranged or lost

73
Q

Somatic mutations

A

Somatic (body) cells

Pass that onto daughter cells during mitosis

74
Q

Causes of mutations

A

Spontaneous, meiotic problems, tautomeric shift, DNA polymerase errors
Induced: mutagen, ultraviolet radiation, chemicals, radiation

75
Q

Tautomeric shift

A

Tautermer- each base exists in two forms

Alternate form used, l ‘@’J.. Jk..m m m me jkimuon lllly jylnyl
Yynyy
H
Mm, m Mm

Biology Lecture :) (4 decks)

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