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Biology Lecture :) > Exam 1 :) > Flashcards

Exam 1 :) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population

A

group of individuals of the same species that interact with one another

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2
Q

Community

A

populations of all the species that live and interact in the same area

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

all the organisms of a particular area and the physical environment in which they live

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4
Q

Biosphere

A

all regions of the Earth (terrestrial and aquatic) and Earth’s atmosphere in which organisms can live.

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5
Q

Organism

A

may be unicellular or multicellular

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6
Q

Cell

A

the basic unit of life

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7
Q

Prokaryotic

A

membrane enclosing genetic material and other biochemical (lacks a nucleus).

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8
Q

Eukaryotic

A

genetic material contained within a nucleus (all other life except viruses, archae, and bacteria)

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9
Q

molecule

A

chemical substance made of one or more atoms bound together

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10
Q

small molecules include

A

water and carbon dioxide

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11
Q

large molecules include

A

proteins and nucleic acids

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12
Q

Atom

A

the smallest unit of a chemical element

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13
Q

Cellular structure

A

continuation of life; repair of cell damage which may relate to organism damage; how do cells communicate with one another; (relate to ecosystem); homeostasis (maintenance of an acceptable range of internal conditions)

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14
Q

Classical genetics

A

law of inheritance, impact on populations and ecosystems…understanding genetic transfer of information

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15
Q

External hierarchy of the biological world

A

Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

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16
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

understanding of the structure and function of DNA, proteins, etc is critical to learning how organisms change and impact their surroundings

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17
Q

Bioenergetics

A

metabolism (sum of total of all the chemical transformations in all of the cells of an organism)

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18
Q

Organisms interact with the environment….

A

exchanges of matter and energy

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19
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

Matter is made of anything tangible

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20
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work

forms include light chemical kinetic

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21
Q

Organic Molecule

A

component of all living systems primarily made of C and H

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22
Q

Producers

A

example is photosynthesis (plants, algae, some prokaryotes)
convert CO2 into organic moleules

CO2 + Water + Light energy -> organic molecule + oxygen

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23
Q

Consumers

A

acquire organic material by eating food from producers and other consumers
Cell respiration

organic molecule + oxygen -> CO2 + water + energy

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24
Q

Decomposition

A

consume organic matter from waste products and other organisms
examples are bacteria and fungi

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25
Q

Scientific Method

A

process used by all scientists to understand the natural world
Cycles of inductive and deductive reasoning
Steps are:
1. Make observations and ask questions
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Make predictions, design, and perform an experiment
4. Collect data
5. Analyze results and make conclusions
6. Either repeat experiment or revise hypothesis

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26
Q

The Scientific method includes

A

hypothesis: educated guess, tentative answer to a well framed question, good hypothesis is testable: may be either right or wrong!

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27
Q

Experimental design

A

must include appropriate controls

must plan on repeat experiments (variability happens)

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28
Q

Jenner’s Experiment

A

8 year old boy (gardener’s son)
inoculate with fresh cowpox—10 days later, boy recovers
Inoculate with fresh smallpox—no disease develops (immune protection)
paper was originally rejected…later published small booklet (1 year later)

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29
Q

Matter

A

has mass and takes up space

appearance varies, based on magnification

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30
Q

Elements

A

118 known elements

92 elements naturally occurring (almost all are detected in living organisms)

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31
Q

Composition of Living Matter

A

95% made of H,C, O, N

99% made of H,C, O, N, P, Ca, S

32
Q

Different elements

A

different macroscopic properties

33
Q

Atomic structure is the basis for the study of…..

A

LIFE

34
Q

Atom

A

smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element; form living and nonliving matter

35
Q

Atomic nucleus

A

dense, central structure

contains protons and neutrons

36
Q

Proton

A

single positive charge

37
Q

Neutron

A

no electrical charge, mass slightly larger that proton

38
Q

Electron

A

outside the nucleus; negative charge with very little mass

39
Q

Atomic Number

A

of protons, unique to each element

40
Q

Mass Number

A 
# protons + # neutrons 
may vary for the same element (isotopes)
41
Q

Bohr Model for Atomic Structure

A

largely empty space
centra nucleus with electrons surrounding
Orbitals: particular locations where electrons are found (~90% of the time)
electrons determine whether a chemical bond will form and what shape the bond will have

42
Q

Valance (outer) shells determine an element’s……

A

stability or reactivity

43
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water loving

has an affinity for water

44
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating

does not have an affinity for water

45
Q

Ionic Bond

A

electrical attraction

46
Q

Ion

A

electrically charged particle

forms when atom gain or loses electrons

47
Q

Cation

A

positive charged ion

48
Q

Antion

A

negative charge ion

49
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

form between molecules with polar covalent bonds and different regions of the same larger molecule
weak electrostatic bond

50
Q

Van der Waals forces

A

electron constant motion

change of an atom is asymmetrical

51
Q

Water

A 
we are 60-70% water 
essential for life 
excellent solvent
sticky 
surface of water resists penetration
moderate temperature
less dense in the solid form
52
Q

Water has ……..

A

polar covalent bonds

53
Q

Water also has

A

hydrogen bonding

H2O + H2O

54
Q

Water also has high specific heat. Specific heat is ……

A

something needs to gain a lot of heat to raise the temperature

water also cools and releases heat

55
Q

Acid

A

Increase in hydronium H3O

56
Q

Base

A

increase in hydroxide OH

57
Q

pH scale

A

Neutral is pH 7

7 is basic

58
Q

Buffers stabilize

A

pH

59
Q

Condensation

A

removal of H2O, links monomers together

60
Q

Hydrolysis

A

addition of H2O, breaks a polymer into monomers

61
Q

Carbohydrates

A

large (polymers,starch) or small (simple sugars,glucose)
Roles: Source of stored energy, transport stored energy, structural molecules, recognition/signaling molecules
General formula: Cn(H2O)n

62
Q

Monosaccharides are simple

A

sugars

63
Q

Ribose

A

RNA

64
Q

Deoxyribose

A

DNA

65
Q

Glycosidic links

A

covalent bond formed by condensation reaction to join two monosaccharides

66
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

several monosaccharides

covalently bonded to cel surface (recognition via proteins/lipids)

67
Q

Polysaccharides

A

very large

connected by glycosidic linkages

68
Q

Polysaccharides include

A

Starch and Glycogen and cellulose

69
Q

Starch

A

glucose; branching; energy source for plants

70
Q

Glycogen

A

glucose
highly branched
energy source for animals

71
Q

Cellulose

A

linear

find in plant cell walls

72
Q

Lipids

A 
Hydrocarbons
composed of hydrogen & carbon 
not covalently bonded monomers
insoluble in water because of the non polar (hydrocarbon) chain
non poplar covalent bonds
hydrophobic (aggregate together)
73
Q

Structure of Lipids

A

1 hydrocarbon

2 Carboxyl

74
Q

Lipids: hydrocarbons

A

hydrophobic
non polar covalent
repels water

75
Q

Carboxyl (lipids)

A

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Biology Lecture :) (4 decks)

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