Exam 1 :) Flashcards
Population
group of individuals of the same species that interact with one another
Community
populations of all the species that live and interact in the same area
Ecosystem
all the organisms of a particular area and the physical environment in which they live
Biosphere
all regions of the Earth (terrestrial and aquatic) and Earth’s atmosphere in which organisms can live.
Organism
may be unicellular or multicellular
Cell
the basic unit of life
Prokaryotic
membrane enclosing genetic material and other biochemical (lacks a nucleus).
Eukaryotic
genetic material contained within a nucleus (all other life except viruses, archae, and bacteria)
molecule
chemical substance made of one or more atoms bound together
small molecules include
water and carbon dioxide
large molecules include
proteins and nucleic acids
Atom
the smallest unit of a chemical element
Cellular structure
continuation of life; repair of cell damage which may relate to organism damage; how do cells communicate with one another; (relate to ecosystem); homeostasis (maintenance of an acceptable range of internal conditions)
Classical genetics
law of inheritance, impact on populations and ecosystems…understanding genetic transfer of information
External hierarchy of the biological world
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Molecular Genetics
understanding of the structure and function of DNA, proteins, etc is critical to learning how organisms change and impact their surroundings
Bioenergetics
metabolism (sum of total of all the chemical transformations in all of the cells of an organism)
Organisms interact with the environment….
exchanges of matter and energy
Matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
Matter is made of anything tangible
Energy
the capacity to do work
forms include light chemical kinetic
Organic Molecule
component of all living systems primarily made of C and H
Producers
example is photosynthesis (plants, algae, some prokaryotes)
convert CO2 into organic moleules
CO2 + Water + Light energy -> organic molecule + oxygen
Consumers
acquire organic material by eating food from producers and other consumers
Cell respiration
organic molecule + oxygen -> CO2 + water + energy
Decomposition
consume organic matter from waste products and other organisms
examples are bacteria and fungi
Scientific Method
process used by all scientists to understand the natural world
Cycles of inductive and deductive reasoning
Steps are:
1. Make observations and ask questions
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Make predictions, design, and perform an experiment
4. Collect data
5. Analyze results and make conclusions
6. Either repeat experiment or revise hypothesis
The Scientific method includes
hypothesis: educated guess, tentative answer to a well framed question, good hypothesis is testable: may be either right or wrong!
Experimental design
must include appropriate controls
must plan on repeat experiments (variability happens)
Jenner’s Experiment
8 year old boy (gardener’s son)
inoculate with fresh cowpox—10 days later, boy recovers
Inoculate with fresh smallpox—no disease develops (immune protection)
paper was originally rejected…later published small booklet (1 year later)
Matter
has mass and takes up space
appearance varies, based on magnification
Elements
118 known elements
92 elements naturally occurring (almost all are detected in living organisms)
Composition of Living Matter
95% made of H,C, O, N
99% made of H,C, O, N, P, Ca, S
Different elements
different macroscopic properties
Atomic structure is the basis for the study of…..
LIFE
Atom
smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element; form living and nonliving matter
Atomic nucleus
dense, central structure
contains protons and neutrons
Proton
single positive charge
Neutron
no electrical charge, mass slightly larger that proton
Electron
outside the nucleus; negative charge with very little mass
Atomic Number
of protons, unique to each element
Mass Number
# protons + # neutrons may vary for the same element (isotopes)
Bohr Model for Atomic Structure
largely empty space
centra nucleus with electrons surrounding
Orbitals: particular locations where electrons are found (~90% of the time)
electrons determine whether a chemical bond will form and what shape the bond will have
Valance (outer) shells determine an element’s……
stability or reactivity
Hydrophilic
water loving
has an affinity for water
Hydrophobic
Water hating
does not have an affinity for water
Ionic Bond
electrical attraction
Ion
electrically charged particle
forms when atom gain or loses electrons
Cation
positive charged ion
Antion
negative charge ion
Hydrogen bond
form between molecules with polar covalent bonds and different regions of the same larger molecule
weak electrostatic bond
Van der Waals forces
electron constant motion
change of an atom is asymmetrical
Water
we are 60-70% water essential for life excellent solvent sticky surface of water resists penetration moderate temperature less dense in the solid form
Water has ……..
polar covalent bonds
Water also has
hydrogen bonding
H2O + H2O
Water also has high specific heat. Specific heat is ……
something needs to gain a lot of heat to raise the temperature
water also cools and releases heat
Acid
Increase in hydronium H3O
Base
increase in hydroxide OH
pH scale
Neutral is pH 7
7 is basic
Buffers stabilize
pH
Condensation
removal of H2O, links monomers together
Hydrolysis
addition of H2O, breaks a polymer into monomers
Carbohydrates
large (polymers,starch) or small (simple sugars,glucose)
Roles: Source of stored energy, transport stored energy, structural molecules, recognition/signaling molecules
General formula: Cn(H2O)n
Monosaccharides are simple
sugars
Ribose
RNA
Deoxyribose
DNA
Glycosidic links
covalent bond formed by condensation reaction to join two monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
several monosaccharides
covalently bonded to cel surface (recognition via proteins/lipids)
Polysaccharides
very large
connected by glycosidic linkages
Polysaccharides include
Starch and Glycogen and cellulose
Starch
glucose; branching; energy source for plants
Glycogen
glucose
highly branched
energy source for animals
Cellulose
linear
find in plant cell walls
Lipids
Hydrocarbons composed of hydrogen & carbon not covalently bonded monomers insoluble in water because of the non polar (hydrocarbon) chain non poplar covalent bonds hydrophobic (aggregate together)
Structure of Lipids
1 hydrocarbon
2 Carboxyl
Lipids: hydrocarbons
hydrophobic
non polar covalent
repels water
Carboxyl (lipids)
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