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Biology Lecture :) > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Desmosomes

A

Hold adjacent cells together but materials can move around the EMC

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2
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Similar to plasmodesmata
Channels which run between membrane pours in adjacent cells allowing substances to pass between cells
Heart cells

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3
Q

Tight junctions

A

Prevent movement of substances between cells

Skin

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4
Q

Cell theory

A

Cells are the basic units of life
All organisms are composed of cells
Cells come form other pre existing cells

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5
Q

Why do cells need to be small?

A

As the cell gets bigger its volume increase more quickly than surface area
A large cell doesn’t have enough surface area to efficiently move substances in and out

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6
Q

Light microscope

A 
Visible light shined on through a cell
Size limit (0.2um)
Living cells and general cell structure
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7
Q

Electron microscope

A

Electron beam focused by magnets
Size limits (2nm)
Structures within preserved cells

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8
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

Engulf large particles or even entire cells

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9
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking

Smaller vesicles and dissolve substances into cell

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10
Q

What structures facilitates cell communication in plant cells?

A

Plasmodesmata

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11
Q

Which of the following substances would pass through the cell membrane most easily?

A

Small, non-polar molecule

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12
Q

What would be the effect of placing an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

The water in the solution would move via osmosis into the cell and cause it to lyse

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13
Q

Which of the following would result in the ingestion of a wide variety of soluble nutrients from the environment?

A

Pinocytosis

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14
Q

In which phase does a normal cell make the commitment to divide or not?

A

G1

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15
Q

Which one of the following cytoskeletal structures has the smallest diameter?

A

Microfilaments

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16
Q

Shared features of all cells

A

Cells separate the internal from external environment in order to maintain homeostasis
Cells must store information and pass it onto the next generation
Cells must be able to build proteins
Cells must conduct the chemical processes of life

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cell structures include

A

Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm (cytosol and insoluble particles ribosomes).

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18
Q

Specialized features of some prokaryotes

A

Cell walls
Flagella
Cytoskeleton

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19
Q

Cell walls prokaryotes

A

Outside plasma membrane
Rigid
Contains peptidoglycan and outer membrane

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20
Q

Flagella definition continued

A

Appears as a tiny corkscrew
Spins on axis
Cellular movement

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton prokaryotic cells

A

Often found within rod shaped bacteria just inside of plasma membrane
Maintains

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22
Q

Eukaryotic cells have

A

Compartmentalizations and membrane bound organelles

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23
Q

Compartmentalization is key to

A

Eukaryotic cell function

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24
Q

Nucleus

A 
Storage of DNA
Hereditary information stored in sequence of DNA nucleotides
Largest organelle
Most cells contain 1
Chromatin is DNA + proteins
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25
Q

Chromosomes

A

Long thin threads of chromatin

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26
Q

Structure of nucleus

A 
Nuclear envelope (2 lipid bi layers continuous with membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum)
Nuclear pores (1000's, connect interior nucleus to cytoplasm)
Nucleolus (make rRNA and ribosomal subunits
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27
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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28
Q

Components of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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29
Q

Microfilaments

A

Strands of actin
Diameter 7nm
Function: movement, determine/stabilize cell shape, resist tension
Actin monomers attach to (+) end and detach at the (-) end
Processes involving Microfilaments: cytoplasmic streaming and formation of pseudopodia
Smallest
Actin
At positive end it attaches and at the negative end it detaches
Polymerization is the process of adding actin to the positive end

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30
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Diameter (8-12 nm)
Fibrous proteins organized into tough rope like structures
Function: anchor cell structures and resist tension
50 different kinds (cell type specific)
No dynamic instability
Fibrous proteins
Rope like

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31
Q

Microtubules

A

Diameter (25 nm)
Long, hollow cylinders made of Tubulin (unbranched)
Function: rigid internal skeleton, framework for motor proteins to move structures within the cell
Organize chromosomes (mitosis)

Movement of cilia and flagella

13 chains of dimers make a hollow tube

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32
Q

Cells shared features

A

Internal/external homeostasis
-plasma membrane (gatekeeper and phospholipid bi layer).
DNA
Ribosome (organelle of protein synthesis)
Cytoplasm-location

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33
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A 
Pro – before 
No nucleus 
Domain Archaea Bacteria 
No membrane enclosed organelles
DNA (1 circular chromosome - plasmids)
Cell membrane
Smaller
Nucleotide: region where DNA is located 
Ribosomes: protein synthesis
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34
Q

Nucleoid

A

Region where DNA is located

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35
Q

Ribosome prokaryotic

A

Protein synthesis

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36
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A 
Eu-good/true 
Presence of nucleus
Domain Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants, animals)
Membrane enclosed organelles – compartmentalization
DNA: linear chromosomes
Cell membrane
Cell wall – plants
10x larger
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37
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Encloses cell
Separate interior from exterior
Regulate traffic into and out of cell

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38
Q

Cytosol

A

Water with dissolved ions, small molecules, biomolecules, proteins
Anything that is insoluble is suspended in the cytosol

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39
Q

cell wall

A

Outside of plasma membrane
Rigid – support cell, determine shape
Peptidoglycan
Outer membrane polysaccharide and phospholipid

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40
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Sugars and peptides

Single, large molecule

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41
Q

Capsule

A

Outside cell wall
Prevent drying out
Evade immune system
Helps bacteria attach to others

42
Q

Flagella

A 
Swim
Protein - flagellin
Long (10-200um)
Single or in pairs 
Push/pull through environment
43
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Cytoskeleton skeleton is behind plasma membrane maintains structure

44
Q

all cells have

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA

45
Q

Organelle

A

Structure in a cell that performs a specific function

46
Q

Functions of nucleus

A

Process information from cytoplasm
Store and retrieve information – chromosomes – polynucleotides
Location of replication and transcription
Contains nucleosis where ribosomes are assembled (Rna and proteins)
Allow ribosomal subunits to leave through pores

47
Q

Ribosome

A

Protein synthesis – translation
RNA – protein
No membrane
Can be free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER

48
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Very large

Vesicles

49
Q

vesicle

A

Tiny membrane enclosed structure that shuttle substances throughout components of cell or to the plasma membrane

50
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

2 lipid bilayer

Nuclear pore: connect nuclear interior to cytoplasm

51
Q

Nuclear pore

A

Connect nuclear interior to cytoplasm

52
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Expensive folding – increased surface area
Rough – ribosomes
Smooth – no ribosomes
Protein synthesis (rough er)

53
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis

54
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipids synthesis
Carbohydrate metabolism
Calcium storage
Breakdown toxic substances

56
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Cis face- close to nucleus and ER

Trans face- cytoplasm

57
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestion and recycling
Phagocytosis
Breaks Down materials

58
Q

Peroxisome

A

Detoxify cells
H2O2
Break down peroxide

59
Q

Mitochondria

A

Transform energy
Outer- large pores, passage of substances
Inner- biochemical processes

60
Q

Plastids

A

Plant/algae
Chlorophyll
Light to chemical energy

61
Q

Granum

A

Stack of thylakoids

62
Q

Vacuole

A

Contractile: continual diffusion of water
Central: storage of ions, water, toxins

63
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Support and shape
Controls position/movement of organelles
Move cytoplasm
Anchor cell

64
Q

Dynamic instability

A

Proteins of the cytoskeleton maybe made or broken very rapidly

65
Q

Depolymerization

A

Releasing from the negative end

66
Q

Anchor

A

Radiate from the nuclear envelope
Holds nucleus in place
Holds organelles in place

67
Q

Desmosomes are also

A

Junctions between cells

68
Q

Microtubules are also

A

Cylinders
Framework for motor proteins to move structures within the cell
Organize chromosomes

69
Q

Motor proteins

A

Help movement along 1 microtubules

2 Microtubules along each other

70
Q

Cillia

A

Short (2-20um)
Hundreds per cell
Stiff movement (protists)
Move substances in respiratory tract

71
Q

Dynein

A

ATP hydrolysis to allow Microtubules to slide pass each other (cilia and flagella)

72
Q

Nexin

A

Holds two Microtubules together

Causing bending

73
Q

Kinesin

A

Movement of vesicles, organelles, chromosomes

Walks across Microtubules

74
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Plasma membrane blind channels that connect adjacent cells

75
Q

Exchange between the cells

A

Water, ions, small molecules, hormones, RNA, proteins

76
Q

Membrane

A

Retain materials, maintain homeostasis, protect contents of a cell

77
Q

Apoptosis

A 
Cell detaches from neighbors 
DNA hydrolyzed
Formation of membrane blebs
Blebs break into small fragments
Other cells (often macrophages) ingest cellular remains
Digestion in lysosomes
78
Q

Necrosis

A

Cells swell, bursts, and release contents to extracellular environment
causes inflammation

79
Q

Why is cell death necessary?

A

Longer cellular life equals more prone to accumulation of DNA damage, leads to cancer
cells no longer needed

80
Q

CDK

A

Regulate cell cycle checkpoints

81
Q

Checkpoints

A

Times when the cell cycle can be stopped or pushed forward

82
Q

Eukaryotic cells do not constantly

A

Divide

Signals linked to division are linked to organisms needs

83
Q

Bacterium constantly

A

Divide

When nutrients go down, they stop dividing

84
Q

Translocations

A

During crossing over of Meiosis one, movement of a portion of a chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome, results in addition of extra genes to chromosomes

85
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Improper number of one of the chromosome pairs

86
Q

Monosomy

A

Missing a chromosome

87
Q

Trisomy

A

Possessing an extra chromosome

88
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes (anaphase 1) or sister chromatids (anaphase 2) to separate

89
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Energy: no
Driving force: concentration gradient
Membrane protein: no
Specificity: n/a

90
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Energy: no
Driving force: concentration gradient
Membrane protein: yes
Specificity: yes

91
Q

Active transport

A

Energy: ATP
Driving force: (against gradient) energy->ATP
Membrane protein: yes
Specificity: yes

92
Q

Passive transport

A

No required energy
1 simple diffusion
2 facilitated diffusion

93
Q

Active transport

A

Requires energy

94
Q

Diffusion

A

Random movement toward equilibrium

1 Diameter of molecules (smaller equals faster)
2 temperature (higher temp = faster)
3 Concentration gradient (higher = faster)
95
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Molecules/ions contains to move randomly across membrane, but concentrations are equal

96
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Higher the solute = decrease in water
Water moves toward solute

97
Q

Tonicity

A

Measure of tendency of water to move from one area to another when separated by selectively permeable membranes

98
Q

Uniport

A

One substance

Single (along the gradient)

99
Q

Symport

A 
Two or more
Same direction (along the gradient)
100
Q

Antiport

A 
Two or more
Opposite direction (along individual gradients)
101
Q

Pump

A

Active transport protein, use energy ATP, move substances against concentration gradient

102
Q

Sodium – potassium pump

A

3 na+ and ATP bind to pump
ATP hydrolysis -> ADP + P
Pump shape change -> 3NA+ released 2K+ bind to pump outside
Po released and pump returns to original shape

Biology Lecture :) (4 decks)

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