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Pathophysiology 2 > Exam 3 - Neuro > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Two parts of CNS? Two parts of PNA?

A

CNS=Brain + Spinal Cord

PNS=Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves

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2
Q

Three parts of a neuron? Primary role?

A

Soma (body), axon, dendrite. Primary communication cell.

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3
Q

Four types of Neuroglia cells? What does ‘glia’ mean?

A

Glia=nerve glue

  1. Astroglia
  2. Oligodendroglia
  3. Ependymoglia
  4. Microglia
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4
Q

What is Astroglia? What barrier does it make? Wrapped around what?

A

Connective tissue of the brain. Part of BBB. Wrapped around blood vessels.

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5
Q

What do Oligodendroglia do? To how many?

A

Myelinate. Each Oligodendroglia can myelinate multiple neurons/axons.

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6
Q

What roles do the Ependymal cells have? Line what?

A

Line of ventricles. CSF secretory and absorptions role.

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7
Q

What do Microglia do?

A

Signaling and remove debris.

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8
Q

Where are Schwann cells? Role?

A

In PNS. Myelinate single axon. (Vs Oligodendrocytes which myelinate multiple axons.)

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9
Q

Describe Gyri and Sulci.

A

Ridges or folds of cortex. Sulci separate Gyri.

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10
Q

What separates Gyri?

A

Sulci

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11
Q

What is a Fissure?

A

Large and deep Sulci

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12
Q

What do Gyri and Sulci allow?

A

Increased surface area

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14
Q

What is White Matter?

A

Myelinated nerve fibers that communicate between regions of the CNS

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15
Q

What is a Fascisulus? What type/color of matter?

A

White matter. Bundles or tracts of fibers. EX: Arcuate Fasciculus

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16
Q

What are Commisures? What color/type of matter?

A

Connects right and left hemispheres. White matter. Ex: Corpus collosum

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17
Q

What are Projection Fibers? Color/type?

A

Connect Cortex with lower portions of CNS. White matter.

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18
Q

What are Afferent and Efferent Projection Fibers?

A

Afferent Projection Fibers: Input from spinal cord to brain

Efferent Projection Fibers: Output from brain to spinal cord

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19
Q

What are Association Fibers? Color/type?

A

Connections regions of within same hemisphere. Ex: Sensory to motor regions. White matter.

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20
Q

What does Gray Matter contain?

A

Cell bodies and neurons

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21
Q

How is Gray Matter arranged?

A

In Columns

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22
Q

What does Brodmann’s Classification do?

A

Identify functional regions of the cortex

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23
Q

What are the three general areas of the cortex? What does each do?

A
  1. Primary Area-“raw” sensory input or motor output
  2. Secondary Area- gives meaning to primary sensory area
  3. Association Area- gives meaning to sensory information “unimodal”
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24
Q

What is Area 4 of the Frontal Lobe? Specially referred to as what?

A

Primary motor area. Contralateral voluntary movement- right side of brain controls left side of body.

Referred to as “homunculus”.

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25
Q

What would a lesion on Area 4 result in?

A

Paresis of Plegia on contralateral side.

Paresis=Spacticity, too much tone
Plegia=complete less of use

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26
Q

Define Paresis and Plegia

A

Paresis=Spacticity, too much tone

Plegia=complete less of use

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27
Q

What is Area 6 of the Frontal Lobe? What area does it mainly work with?

A

Pre-Motor Area. Prepared and selects primary motor area (area 4). Creates instructions for complex motor movement.

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28
Q

What would lesion to Area 6 look like?

A

Inability to plan, sequence, or perform purposeful movements. Contralateral apraxia.

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29
Q

Define Apraxia and Ataxia

A

Apraxia=Unable to execute purposeful LEARNED voluntary motor movements due to lesion in Area 6 or parietal input

Ataxia=uncoordinated voluntary movement, more in cerebellum

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30
Q

What is Gait Apraxia?

A

Diminished ability to perform learned movement of walking/standing

31
Q

What is Area 8 of the Frontal Lobe control?

A

Frontal eye field. Moving eyes together with percision to avoid double vision.
Conjugate/lateral and opposite direction movements of eyes.

32
Q

What do destructive and irritative lesions of Area 8 look like?

A

Destructive=Eyes deviate toward side of lesion

Irritative=eyes deviate away from lesion, like in seizure

33
Q

What is the relationship between dominant hemisphere and handedness?

A

Opposite relationship.
Right handed=left hemisphere dominant
Left handed=right hemisphere dominant

34
Q

What are Areas 44,45 responsible for and called?

A

Speech. Called Brochas.

35
Q

What does Dominant 44,45 control? What does Non-Dominant 44,45 control?

A

Dominant 44,45=Mechanics of words being spoken

Non-dominant 44,45=”Creative” speech like tone, pitch, intonation

36
Q

Lesion to Dominant 44,45 results in?

A

Aphasia. Can’t speak.

37
Q

Define Aphasia, Dysarthria, and Dysphagia

A

Aphasia=acquired impairment of comprehension/production of language
Dysarthria=difficult to control tongue to produce words
Dysphagia=difficulty in motor control of swallowing

38
Q

Lesion of Non-Dominant 44,45 results can result in what condition?

A

Motor Dysprosody=no expression in speech

39
Q

Area 9-12, 46, and 47 are called what? What controls?

A

Prefrontal Area. Higher order intellectual action/function.

40
Q

Areas 10, 11, and 12 are which “classic” area? What controls?

A

“Classic” Prefontal Area. Controls social behavior and filters raw emotions to be ‘appropriate’.

41
Q

Areas 9, 46, and 47 are which “classic” area? What controls?

A

“Classic” Motor Association Area. Main junction area for motor planning with input from all systems. Final processing area for voluntary movements before motor instructions sent to premotor area.

42
Q

What does lesion of Areas 10-12 Prefrontal area look like?

A

Personality changes. Apathetic, being inappropriate, perseveration on single topic, poor task focus

43
Q

What does lesion of Areas 9,46,47 “classic” motor area area look like?

A

Contralateral motor apraxia (decreased purposeful movements)

44
Q

What is Akinetic Mutism? What areas involved?

A

Involve bilateral frontal lobe lesion. Lack any motivation to move or speak.

45
Q

Define Akinesia, Mutism, Peseveration, and Apathy

A

Akinesia=lack of movement
Mutism=lack of speech
Perseveration=persist on single topic
Apathy=lack of interest, indifference

46
Q

Areas 3,1,2 are on which lobe? What area and function?

A

Pariteal lobe. Somatosensory area. Detects incoming somatosensory info from body/periphery.

47
Q

What does a lesion on Area 3,1,2 Somarosensory look like?

A

Contralateral somatosensory loss and contralateral anethesia (loss of sensation).

48
Q

Define Analgesia, Anesthesia, and Parasthesia

A

Analgesia=inability to detect pain (nociception)
Anesthesia=loss of sensation
Parasthesia=distorted/abnormal detection of sensation

49
Q

Areas 5,7 on which lobe? Called what and what function?

A

Parietal lobe. Somatosensory association area. Gives meaning to incoming sensory information.
EX: Feeling keys in pocket and know they are keys.

50
Q

What does Lesion to Dominant Areas 5,7 look like? (hint: 3 terms)

A

Somatosensory agnosia, astereoagnosia, and agraphesthesia.

Agnosia=less of sensory interpretation. loss of ability to recognize objects, persons. they know something is in their hand (like a key) but not that it’s a key.
Asteroagnosia=inability to detect keys
Agraphesthesia=inability to know shapes or letters when drawn on their backs or body

51
Q

What does Non-dominant lesion of Areas 5,7 look like?

A

Anosagnosia=results in “neglect” and are unaware of their own damage, own injury, or own circumstances. if damage to non-dominant right hemisphere they become unaware of the left side of their body.

52
Q

What lobe Areas 39,40 on? What function and related to? Dominant and Non-dominant each do what?

A

Parietal lobe. Somatosensory association area related to language and math.

Dominant=Where all visual, auditory, and somatic sensory info processed. Interprets language, math, and congnition. Calculated tasks.
Non-dominant=Interprets characteristics of language like pitch and tone

53
Q

Lesion of Dominant Area 39,40 look like?

A

“Gersmann’s Syndrome”

Impaired calculations, right and left confusion (dyslexia), finger agnosia, Agraphia. May result in Wernicke’s sensory aphasia.

54
Q

Lesion of Nondominant Area 39,40 look like?

A

Sensory dysprosodia. Impaired ability to interpret “meaning” of language like stress, tone, pitch, etc.

55
Q

Define Dyslexia, Agraphia, Acalulia, and Finger Agnosia. Which area of brain involved?

A 
Dyslexia=Impairment in right-left reading and comprehension
Agraphia=Can't write
Acalulia=can't do math
Finger Agnosia=can't tell which finger
39,40
56
Q

Area 41 on which lobe and what function?

A

Temporal lobe. Primary auditory area. Detects sound

57
Q

Area 42 on which lobe and what function?

A

Temporal lobe. Gives meaning to sound.

58
Q

Lesion on Area 42 looks like?

A

Auditory Agnosia. Can’t interpret meaning of sound.

59
Q

Area 22 on which lobe? What area called if Dominant? Function?

A

Temporal lobe. Wernicke’s Area if dominant, “association area for language”. Comprehension of language.

60
Q

Lesion of dominant Area 22 results in?

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia. Can speak but can’t understand language.

61
Q

Non-dominant Area 22 function?

A

Emotion of language. Pitch, tone, etc.

62
Q

Lesion of non-dominant Area 22 looks like?

A

Sensory dysprosodia. Difficulty in interpreting the pitch and tone of speech.

63
Q

Temporal Lobe and Limbic Lobe both involved in what things we do in school?

A

Learning and memory

64
Q

Two types of long-term memory and description

A
  1. Declarative/Explicit=things you know that you can tell others
  2. Non-declarative/Implicit=recall of prior experiences which unconsciencely influence current tasks
65
Q

What type of memory is Declarative (aka Explicit)? What are the two subtypes?

A

Type of long-term memory.

  1. Episodic=specific events in life (remembering first day of school)
  2. Semantic=recall knowledge (knowing capital of France)
66
Q

What type of memory is Non-declarative (aka Implicit)? What are the three subtypes?

A

Type of long-term memory.

  1. Skill learning=knowing how to ride a bike
  2. Priming=more likely to use a new word recently heart
  3. Conditioning=salivating when see food
67
Q

Area 17 on which lobe? Function? Lesions cause what?

A

Occipital lobe. Primary visual area, detects visual input.

Lesion=blindness

68
Q

What is the dual visual pathway from Area 17?

A

where visual information comes in then sent to area 18,19 to give meaning.
WHERE=up to association to sematosensory (Area 7,6,8),
WHAT=”color and form” goes down to 37,21,20 or 39,22

69
Q

Area 18,19 lobe, what called, and function?

A

Occipital lobe. Visual association area. Interpret or give meaning to visual input.

70
Q

Lesions of 18,19 cause what?

A

Visual Agnosia, Prosopagnosia, Color Agnosia, Alexia

71
Q

Define Visual Agnosia, Prosopagnosia, Color Agnosia, Alexia

A

Visual Agnosia=can’t recognize by sight.
Prosopagnosia= difficulty recognizing by sight, “face blind”
Color Agnosia=can’t give meaning to colors
Alexia=can no longer read

72
Q

Right Brain vs Left Brain (aka dominant vs non-dominant)

A

Right Brain=creative and design. 3d spatial awareness, art and music, intuition. PROSODY.

Left Brain=Usability and analytic. here and now, spatialness of where body is. LANGUAGE and associated aphasia.

73
Q

Aphasia and Prosody affect which hemispheres of the brain?

A

Aphasia=left brain.

Prosody=right brain.

Pathophysiology 2 (15 decks)

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