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Pathophysiology 2 > Exam 1 - Upper GI > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Upper GI Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five steps of the alimentary canal pathway?

A

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, SI, LI

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2
Q

What is the name of the sphincter between the mouth and esophagus?

A

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

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3
Q

What is the name of the sphincter between the esophagus and stomach?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

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4
Q

What is the name of the sphincter between the stomach and Small Intestine?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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5
Q

What is the name of the sphincter between the Small Intestine and Large Intestine?

A

Ileocecal Valve

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6
Q

What is the name of the sphincter between the Large Intestine and the world?

A

Anal Sphincter

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7
Q

What are the three “Accessory Organs” of the GI tract?

A

Liver, Gall Bladder, Exocrine Pancreas

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8
Q

Which sphincter for the Liver, Gall Bladder, Exocrine Pancreas?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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9
Q

What are the three layers of the GI tract from inner to outer?

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis

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10
Q

Which layer of the GI tract controls peristalsis?

A

Mucosa. Specifically, the Muscularis Mucosa.

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11
Q

What does the Adventiva (Serosa) layer contain and is like?

A

Like saran wrap. Contains mesentary allowing blood supply, lymph, innervation

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12
Q

What are the 4 major jobs of the GI tract?

A

Motility, Secretion, Digestion, Absorption

MSDA

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13
Q

What is the job of the Motility process of the GI tract?

A

Physically move food/bolus through GI tract to allow secretion/digestion/absorption to occur

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14
Q

Constant tone in the GI tract is called

A

Tonic Contractions

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15
Q

What maintains Tonic Contractions in the GI tract?

A

Sphincters

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16
Q

What is Propulsive Peristalsis and where does it occur?

A

Moving bolus down by contract and relax. In esophagus, distal stomach, small intestine, and rectum.

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17
Q

What sweeps up debris in the Small Intestine?

A

Migrating Motor Complex (MMC)

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18
Q

What sweeps up debris in the Large Intestine?

A

Haustrations

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19
Q

What do exocrine glands secrete into the GI tract?

A

Water, electrolytes, substances necessary for digestion (mucus, enzymes, bile salts)

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20
Q

What are three substances necessary for digestion which are secreted by exocrine glands into GI tract?

A

Mucus, enzymes, bile salts

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21
Q

What do endocrine hormones do in the GI tract?

A

Regulate GI system

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22
Q

What is digestion?

A

Process of breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simple absorbable molecules

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23
Q

Carbohydrates are absorbed as what?

A

Monosaccharides (glucose, sucrose, galactose)

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24
Q

Proteins are absorbed as what?

A

Amino Acids

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25
Q

Fats are absorbed via what process?

A

Micelle formation. Bile emulsifies fats into small lipids. Small lipids incorporated into bile salt aggregated called “micelles”, which allows for FFA and glycerol absorption

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26
Q

Fats are absorbed as what two things?

A

FFA and Glycerol

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27
Q

Where are the pacemaker cells of the GI tract located?

A

In and around muscular cell layers

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28
Q

What are the pacemaker cells of the GI tract called?

A

Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICCs)

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29
Q

What activity do the ICCs maintain? In which muscle type?

A

Maintain tonal activity in smooth muscles.

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30
Q

APs travel through what?

A

Gap Junctions

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31
Q

What are the two neural systems of the GI tract?

A

Intrinsic and Extrinsic

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32
Q

What two nervous systems make up the Extrinsic Neural system of the GI tract?

A

CNS and PNS (CNs and autonomic NS)

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33
Q

Intrinsic control of the GI tract is by which nervous system?

A

Enteric Nervous System

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34
Q

Can the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Neural Pathways of the GI track function on their own?

A

Yes, with minimal adaptive changes

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35
Q

Extrinsic Control to the GI tract comes from what type of inputs?

A

Sensory to CNS=smell, taste, sight, emotion, feedback loop from GI tract

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36
Q

The CNS stimulates what two type of neural control to the GI tract?

A
  1. Autonomic output to GI tract

2. Peripheral/Cranial nerve voluntary actions (eating, swallowing, defecating)

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37
Q

The CNS stimulates cranial nerves/peripheral nerve output for what type of motor actions?

A

Voluntary motor actions: eating, swallowing, defecating

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38
Q

Which nerves and nervous system are part of the PNS?

A

Cranial/peripheral nerves, autonomic NS

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39
Q

The cranial/peripheral nerves in the oral cavity and proximal esophagus innervate what type of muscles?

A

Voluntary skeletal muscle

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40
Q

Which nerves innervate the External Anal Sphincter’s voluntary skeletal muscle?

A

S4 and Inferior Rectal Nerve (branch of pudendal nerve)

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41
Q

What are the two parts of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS

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42
Q

The nerves of the Sympathetic Tract to the GI Tract are located in the ____ and ____ ____ regions

A

Thoracic and Upper Limb regions

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43
Q

Does the Sympathetic NS excite or inhibit GI Tract?

A

Inhibits the GI Tract

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44
Q

What two things are inhibited/decreased by Sympathetic NS stimulation of the GI Tract?

A

Decreased Motility Peristalsis/Secretions, Inhibit/Vasoconstrict blood flow to GI Tract

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45
Q

What are the Parasympathetic NS nerves to the GI Tract?

A

Vagus Nerve and Pelvic Nerves of Sacral Plexus

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46
Q

The Vagus Nerve is travels from the _____ to the ____ ____.

A

Esophagus to the Transverse Colon

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47
Q

Does the Parasympathetic NS excite or inhibit the GI Tract?

A

Excited the GI Tract

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48
Q

What three functions does the Parasympathetic NS have on the GI Tract?

A
  1. Increase motility/peristalsis and secretions
  2. Relax involuntary sphincters of the GI Tract
  3. Facilitate/vasodilate blood flow to the GI Tract
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49
Q

Intrinsic Neural Control aka ____Nervous System

A

Enteric Nervous System

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50
Q

The Enteric Nervous System is likened to what “in the gut”?

A

Brain in the gut

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51
Q

The neural plexuses of the Enteric Nervous System are located where?

A

Within layers of the intestinal wall

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52
Q

What are the two major plexuses of the Enteric Nervous System?

A
  1. Submucosal Plexus

2. Myenteric Plexus

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53
Q

Where is the Submucosal Plexus located and in which layer?

A

Located in Submucosa Layer in SI and LI

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54
Q

The two major roles of the Submucosal Plexus are controlling what and what?

A

Controlling secretions and absorption

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55
Q

Which two places is the Submucosal Plexus not found?

A

Esophagus and Stomach

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56
Q

Which layers are the Myenteric Plexus located in?

A

Between Circular and Longitudional Layers of muscularis

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57
Q

The Myenteric Plexus is distributed in the GI Tract from where to where?

A

From Upper Esophagus to Internal Anal Sphincter

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58
Q

The Myenteric Plexus’ major role is in what?

A

Controlling motility

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59
Q

What is the “third” plexus of the Enteric NS and what does it respond to?

A

Subserosal Plexus, involved in pain response when distended.

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60
Q

Can the intrinsic system feedback on itself and act autonomously?

A

Yes

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61
Q

Which neurons communicate in the enteric system of the GI Tract?

A

Motor and Sensory neurons

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62
Q

Can the intrinsic neural system influence the extrinsic system?

A

Yes, and vice versa

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63
Q

What are the two functional neurons of the enteric plexus?

A

Sensory Neurons and Motor Neurons

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64
Q

What two things do the sensory neurons of the enteric plexus monitor?

A

Distention and chemical status of GI tract

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65
Q

What three things do the motor neurons of the enteric plexus control?

A
  1. Motility of gut wall
  2. Secretions of the mucosa/submucosa
  3. Smooth muscle of GI vasculature
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66
Q

What does the hormone gastrin stimulate? What needs to be kept closed because of gastrin?

A

Stimulates acid secretion and motility. Need to keep LES closed.

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67
Q

Where is gastrin secreted and in response to what three things?

A

Stomach. In response to proteins, stomach distention, and parasympathetic input to stomach.

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68
Q

Where is CCK secreted and in response to what?

A

Duodenum and Jejunum. In response to fat or protein products in Duodenum.

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69
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Inhibits gastric secretion and motility, stimulates other secretions, relaxes Sphincter of Oddi

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70
Q

Where is the hormone Secretin released and in response to what?

A

Duodenum and Jejunum. In response to acid in duodenum.

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71
Q

What does the hormone Secretin do?

A

Inhibits gastric secretion and motility, stimulates other secretions

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72
Q

Where is GIP secreted and in response to what?

A

Duodenum and Jejunum. In response to glucose, fats, or acid in duodenum or distention of duodonem

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73
Q

What what the hormone GIP do?

A

Inhibits gastric secretion and motility, stimulates insulin release

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74
Q

What is appetite?

A

Hunger

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75
Q

What is Satiety?

A

Sensation of feeling full/satisfied

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76
Q

What are the two centers/nuclei in the hypothalamus that control appetite and satiety?

A

Lateral Center (appetite), Medial Center (satiety)

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77
Q

The Lateral Center of the Hypothalamus controls what?

A

Appetite

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78
Q

The Medial Center of the Hypothalamus controls what?

A

Satiety

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79
Q

What is the function of the Lateral Center of the Hypothalamus?

A

To stimulate appetite

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80
Q

What can stimulate the Lateral Center of the Hypothalamus?

A

Depletion of nutrient stores, smell/vision/taste/hearing, memory, hormone ghrelin

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81
Q

What is the hormone Ghrelin and where is it released from?

A

Hunger hormone, released from stomach. Goes to hypothalamus and brainstem, stimulates hunger.

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82
Q

What is the function of the Medial Center of the Hypothalamus?

A

Suppressed appetite

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83
Q

What are four hormones that stimulate the Medial Center of the Hypothalamus?

A

GI Hormones (CCK, GLP-1, etc), Leptin, PYY, Insulin

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84
Q

Where is Leptin released and what is the duration of it’s effect?

A

Released by fat and chief cells. Long term in energy balance and suppressing food intake.

85
Q

Where is PYY released and what is the duration of it’s effect?

A

From SI after meal. Short term.

86
Q

Where is Insulin released and what is the duration of it’s effect?

A

Released by Pancreas and increased in BGL after meal. Short term effect.

87
Q

Which hormone counteracts ghrelin?

A

PYY

88
Q

The motility of the mouth/oral cavity is under what type of control?

A

Somatic control

89
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

Submandibular, Sublingual, and Parotid

90
Q

Which nervous systems stimulate production of saliva?

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic

91
Q

Is secretion of saliva controlled by hormones?

A

NO

92
Q

What are the three main parts of saliva?

A

Water, Salivary Amylase, and IgA

93
Q

What are the five components of the water component of saliva?

A

Contains mucus, sodium, bicarb, chloride, and potassium.

94
Q

What is the role of the water component in saliva?

A

Maintain pH in mouth to neutralize bacteria in order to prevent tooth decay

95
Q

What is the role of Salivary Amylase in the saliva?

A

Initiates carbohydrate digestion in mouth

96
Q

What is the role of IgA in the saliva?

A

Prevent infection. Why dogs lick their wounds.

97
Q

What are the two parts of digestion?

A

Mechanical and Chemical

98
Q

What does the mechanical part of digestion do?

A

Chews and softens food

99
Q

What does the chemical part of do?

A

Breaks down food for absporption.

100
Q

Which chemical begins the breakdown of carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

101
Q

What part of the mouth is used for fast delivery of meds?

A

Sublingual capillaries

102
Q

What type of muscle makes up the upper 1/3 and lower 2/3 of the esophagus?

A

Upper 1/3=Striated (voluntary) muscle

Lower 2/3=Smooth (involuntary) muscle

103
Q

Which CN innervates the upper 1/3 and lower 2/3 of the esophagus?

A

Upper 1/3=CN 10 Vagus

Lower 2/3=CN 10 Vagus “double nerve”

104
Q

What is the name of the muscle of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter?

A

Cricopharyngeus muscle

105
Q

The Upper Esophageal Sphincter is at the junction of which two areas?

A

Pharynx and Esophagus

106
Q

The Upper Esophageal Sphincter is at the level of which cartilidge?

A

Cricoid

107
Q

What are the two functions of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter?

A
  1. Prevent air from entering esophagus during ventilation

2. Closes after bolus enter esophagus

108
Q

Where is the Lower Esophageal Sphincter?

A

At narrowing of esophagus proximal (above) to junction of esophagus and stomach

109
Q

What is the function of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter?

A

Barrier of regurgitation/reflux of stomach’s acidic environment

110
Q

What maintains the tone of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter?

A

Increased smooth muscle tone

111
Q

What is the normal tone range of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter?

A

10-45mmHg

112
Q

Belching is when air in the stomach exceeds what?

A

Exceeds LES pressure

113
Q

What happens to Lower Esophageal Sphincter smooth muscle tone during swallowing?

A

Relaxes

114
Q

The Lower Esophageal Sphincter relaxes during swallowing as what approaches it?

A

Peristaltic wave

115
Q

Is the Lower Esophageal Sphincter a true anatomical sphincter?

A

No

116
Q

What maintains sphincters in the esophagus?

A

Tonic contractions

117
Q

What two things are secreted in esophagus?

A

Mucus and Bicarb (HCO3-)

118
Q

What is the job of mucus and bicarb secretion in the esophagus?

A

Mucus=Lubricant to protect

Bicarb=Alkaline to protect against gastric acids

119
Q

Does any digestion or absorption happen in the esophagus?

A

Nope

120
Q

Which part of the brain is the swallowing center located in?

A

Brainstem

121
Q

What is the name of the swallowing center in the brainstem?

A

Reticular Formation

122
Q

Which two systems/tracts does swallowing require coordination of?

A

Digestive tract and Respiratory system

123
Q

What are the three phases of swallowing?

A
  1. Oral phase
  2. Pharyngeal phase
  3. Esophageal phase
124
Q

What happens during the Oral Phase of swallowing?

A

Food enters and t/p to post-canine region, chewing breaks down food, tongue pushes small food into posterior oropharynx, chewing continues until all food t/p to oropharynx

125
Q

How long does the Pharyngeal Phase of swallowing occur?

A

1-2 seconds

126
Q

Which sphincter does the food bolus pass in the Pharyngeal Phase of swallowing?

A

Upper Esophageal Sphincter into esophagus

127
Q

What does the Pharyngeal Phase of swallowing do to the airway?

A

Protects airway

128
Q

What are the five steps of the Pharyngeal Phase of swallowing?

A
  1. Food enters pharynx causing soft palate to elevate and close nasopharynx, 2. base of tongue pushes bolus against pharyngeal walls, 3. epiglottis and vocal cords close, 4. UES opens, 5. constrictors push bolus into esophagus
129
Q

The UES opening during Pharyngeal Phase of swallowing happens in what three steps?

A
  1. UES relaxes
  2. Open UES by contraction of suprahyoid and thyrohyoid muscles
  3. Pressure of bolus pushing through toward esophagus
130
Q

How long does the Esophageal Phase of swallowing take?

A

5-10 seconds

131
Q

What signifies the beginning and end of the Esophageal Phase of swallowing?

A

Begin: Bolus entering esophagus
End: Bolus enters stomach

132
Q

Which sphincter closes to prevent bolus from going back up during the Esophageal Phase of swallowing?

A

UES

133
Q

How is food bolus moved to stomach during Esophageal Phase of swallowing?

A

Peristaltic wave

134
Q

What happens during Peristaltic Wave of Esophageal Phase of swallowing?

A

Coordinated contraction and relaxation of longitudional and circular muscles in esophagus

135
Q

What is the range of esophageal muscle pressures of peristaltic contractions during Esophageal Phase of swallowing?

A

35-80mmHg or higher

136
Q

What happens if the peristaltic contraction wave pressure during Esophageal Phase of swallowing is less than 30mmHg?

A

Food residue left in esophagus

137
Q

What does distention (tension/stretch) of esophagus due to the force of contractions during Esophageal Phase of swallowing?

A

Increases force of contractions

138
Q

Intense contractions of the esophageus during Esophageal Phase of swallowing can cause what?

A

Substernal pain similar to agina/heartburn

139
Q

What happens to LES as the peristaltic wave nears the end of the esophageus?

A

LES relaxes allowing food bolus into stomach

140
Q

What are the two types of peristalsis in the esophagus?

A

Primary and Secondary

141
Q

What happens in Primary Peristalsis in Esophagus?

A

Normal peristaltic wave after food bolus swallowed and enters esophagus, continuation of oral and pharyngeal phases, pressure around 35-80mmHg

142
Q

What stimulates Secondary Peristalsis in Esophagus?

A

Stimulates by food residue from ineffective primary peristalsis or bolus that is stuck in esophagus

143
Q

What type of feedback is triggered by Secondary Peristalsis? What does it do?

A

Intrinsic Feedback, stimulates constriction above bolus and relaxation below bolus to push along

144
Q

Which nerve controls peristalsis?

A

CN 10 Vagus Nerve

145
Q

What type of parallel signaling come from CN 10 Vagus Nerve during esophageal peristalsis?

A

Parallel inhibitory and excitatory signaling from vagus nerve

146
Q

What is the LES resting/basal tone pressure?

A

10-45mmHg

147
Q

What three factors contribute to the basal/resting LES pressure?

A
  1. Myogenic tone that is independent of any neural input
  2. Excitatory vagal tone (cholinergic)
  3. Inhibitory neural tone (nitrergic – nitric oxide)
148
Q

What two factors increases LES tone/pressure?

A
  1. Vagus nerve excitatory pathways via ACh release

2. Gastrin which stimulates acid secretion in stomach requiring LES to close to prevent regurg

149
Q

What three things can decrease LES tone/pressure?

A
  1. Anticholinergic meds
  2. Hormones (progesterone, secretin, glucagon, CCK)
  3. Common foods/substances
150
Q

Elevated Progesterone levels in pregnancy and second half of menstrual cycle can have what sort of effect on the LES?

A

Reduce LES tone allowing reflex

151
Q

A single swallow of food initiates a peristaltic wave which lasts for how long and is followed by what?

A

Lasts 5-10 seconds, followed by short refractory period

152
Q

What does the 5-10 second long esophageal peristaltic wave inhibit?

A

Inhibits ability to swallow a second bite for 10-15 seconds

153
Q

How long does swallowing liquids last?

A

1-2 seconds

154
Q

What is Deglutitive Inhibition?

A

Inhbition of esophagus from contracting during swallowing by quick subsequent swallows

155
Q

What does Deglutitive Inhibition cause the esophagus to do and allow for liquids?

A

Causes esophagus to stay relaxed and to allow more liquid to descend

156
Q

How long does Deglutitive Inhibition last for and what happens after it ends?

A

Until last swallow. Followed by full peristaltic contraction.

157
Q

What is a Hiatal Hernia? What can it cause?

A

Portion of cardia of stomach protrudes above diaphragm causing LES dysfunction. Common cause of GERD.

158
Q

What is GERD? What causes it?

A

Gastoesophageal Reflex Disease allowing acid from stomach to enter esophagus. Due to hypotensive LES less than 10mmHg. Causes esophagatits.

159
Q

What is esophagatits? What does it result in?

A

Chronic acid reflex into esophagus, results in inflammation/pain and eventual destruction of esophageal wall

160
Q

What do parasympathetic drugs do to LES tone?

A

Increase LES tone. Tx for hypotensive LES causing GERD.

161
Q

What is Achalasia? What is etiology?

A

Increase in LES tone above 45 causing pain w/eating and drinking. Unknown etiology but possibly dysfunction of intrinsic esophageal plexus causing loss of inhibitory motor neurons in esophagus.

162
Q

What are the two “mechanical results” of achalasia?

A

Absent/impaired peristalsis of esophageal muscles, failure of LES to relax

163
Q

Achalasia aka…?

A

Cardiospasm

164
Q

What are four possible treatments of Achalasia?

A
  1. Pneumatic dilation of LES to stretch out
  2. Medications to relax LES (sympathetics?)
  3. Myotomy
  4. Botox injections
165
Q

What is Eosinophilic Esophagatitis? AKA?

A

“Asthma of the esophagus”, like achalasia pain and difficulty swallowing.

166
Q

What is etiology and causes Eosinophilic Esophagatitis?

A

Eosinophils accumulating in esophageal wall causing inflammation. Triggered by food and other allergens.

167
Q

How is Eosinophilic Esophagatitis diagnosed?

A

Biopsy of esophageal squamous mucosa showing eosinophils

168
Q

What are Esophageal Varicies? Most common cause/consequence?

A

Severely dialated submucosal veins in esophaus. Consequence of portal hypertension.

169
Q

PTs with Esophageal Varicies have a strong tendency to develop what? What are consequences?

A

Strong tendency to develop chronic GI bleeding. Major systemic consequences.

170
Q

What is Barrett’s Esophagus?

A

Stomach acid in esophagus causing mature cells to be replaced by different mature cells due to exposure to stomach acid. Metaplasia.

171
Q

What cells are changed in Barrett’s Esophagus?

A

Normal esophageal squamous epithelium replaced by spectrum of metaplastic columnar mucosa

172
Q

What is Metaplasia? What condition is it found in?

A

One mature and physically normal cell type replaced by another type of mature and physically normal cell. Barret’s Esophagus.

173
Q

What is Metaplasia and Dysplasia?

A

Metaplasia=Mature and physically normal cell type replaced by another mature and physically normal cell type
Dysplasia=Abnormal development/maturation of cell

174
Q

What is Dysplasia often an indicator of?

A

Early neoplastic process

175
Q

What are the two types of Esophageal Cancer?

A
  1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

2. Adenocarcinoma

176
Q

How do Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus differ in terms of location?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma from squamous cells of entire esophagus, Adenocarcinoma in lower esophagus

177
Q

In Adenocarcinoma normal cells are replaced with what type?

A

Columnar cells, through metaplasia/dysplasia

178
Q

What is a major risk factor in the development of Adenocarcinoma?

A

GERD

179
Q

GERD can lead to what type of cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

180
Q

Where does the Small Intestine start and finish?

A

Start at Pyloric Sphincter and end at Ileocecal Valve

181
Q

What is the length and sections of the SI?

A

Duodenum 25-35cm, Jejunum 2.5m, Ileum 3.5m. Total 5-6m.

182
Q

Where does the Duodenum begin and end?

A

Begin at Duodenal Bulb, end at Ligament of Treitz

183
Q

What does the Sphincter of Oddi (aka Hepatopancreatic Ampula) allow to enter the duodenum?

A

Bile and Pancreatic Enzyme secretions

184
Q

Where are Brunner’s Glands located?

A

Proximal Duodenum

185
Q

What do Bunner’s Glands secrete and where to?

A

To Proximal Duodenum. Secretes Bicarb-rich mucus to protect against chyme entering from stomach.

186
Q

What SI portion regulates stomach emptying?

A

Duodenum

187
Q

What is the triad of hormone messengers released from duodenum that regulate gastric emptying?

A

Secretin, VIP, CCK

188
Q

Where is Secretin released from?

A

Duodenum

189
Q

What stimulates the release of Secretin from Duodenum?

A

Acidity, pH less than 4-5

190
Q

What is Secretin’s action?

A

Inhibits gastric activity and facilitates digestion

191
Q

Which hormone does Secretin inhibit?

A

Gastrin

192
Q

Gastrin is inhibited by which hormone?

A

Secretin

193
Q

What does Secretin do in the pancreas?

A

Stimulates secretion of watery bicarb solution

194
Q

What does Secretin to do stomach?

A

Inhibit gastric motility, inhibits gastrin from producing gastric secretions

195
Q

What does Secretin do to Brunner’s Glands of Duodenum?

A

Stimulate secretion of alkaline/bicarb rich mucus

196
Q

CCK is secreted by which part of the SI?

A

Duodenum

197
Q

What is the stimulus of CCK?

A

Fatty chyme (partially digested proteins) entering duodenum

198
Q

What two major roles does CCK do?

A
  1. Promotes bile and pancreatic enzyme release,

2. Inhibitory to gastric activity

199
Q

What does CCK do to the liver?

A

Stimulate bile output for fat digestion

200
Q

What does CCK do to the Gallbladder?

A

Stimulates contraction to release stored bile

201
Q

What two organs is CCK majorly connected to?

A

Live and Gall Bladder

202
Q

CCK has a huge role in the digestion of what type of foodstuff?

A

Fat digestion. Gets bile to duodenum to start.

203
Q

CCK, GIP, VIP, and Intestinal Gastrin are all stimulated by ___ entering the ___

A

Chyme entering the Duodenum

204
Q

What is the major role of GIP?

A

Tells pancreas to pump out insulin when chyme/food enters duodenum

205
Q

What is the major role of VIP?

A

Gets blood to intestines to promote digestion

206
Q

What is the major role of Intestinal Gastrin?

A

Stimulate motility

207
Q

Which hormone is the “housekeeper of the intestinal tract”?

A

Motilin

208
Q

What are the stimuli for Motilin?

A

Fasting or periodic release every few hours

209
Q

What is the action of Motilin?

A

Initiates MMC (migrating motor complex). Motilin active when fasting.

Pathophysiology 2 (15 decks)

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