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Zak, Physiology > Exam 3: Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Lecture 11 Flashcards

0
Q

Describe long-term control of localized tissue regulation

A

Increases in sizes/numbers of vessels

Occurs over a period of days, weeks, or months

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1
Q

Describe acute control of localized tissue regulation

A

Rapid changes in local vasodilation/constriction

Occurs in seconds to minutes

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2
Q

What is vasomotion

A

Cyclical opening and closing of precapillary sphincters

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3
Q

What is autoregulation

A

Tissues control how much blood they get/need
Blood flow returns to normal within minutes even with elevated pressure
Ranges from 75-175 mmHg

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4
Q

What is the “Metabolic Theory of Autoregulation?”

A

Increase in blood flow->too much oxygen/nutrients->washes out vasodilators

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5
Q

What is they “Myogenic Theory of Autoregulation?”

A

Stretching of vessels->reactive vasculature constriction

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6
Q

What is the role of NO in vasodilation/vasoconstriction?

A

Damaged cells block production of NO which inhibits vasodilation, creating vasoconstriction

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7
Q

What is humoral circulation control?

A

What’s in the blood that can control circulation

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8
Q

What components of circulation control vasoconstriction?

A

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Angiotensin II
Vasopressin

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9
Q

What components of circulation control vasodilation?

A

Bradykinins

Histamine

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10
Q

T/F: The sympathetic nervous system innervates all vessels except capillaries which primarily results in vasodilation.

A

False, it primarily results in vasoconstriction

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11
Q

What part of the brain is the “Vasoconstriction area of the brain?”

A

Anterolateral portions of upper medulla

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12
Q

What are vasoconstrictor tones?

A

Continual firing of vasoconstriction area of brain

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13
Q

What are vasomotor tones?

A

Partial state of contraction of blood vessels due to vasoconstriction area of brain

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14
Q

Where in the brain is the “Vasodilation area of the brain?”

A

Bilateral in the anterolateral portions of lower medulla

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15
Q

How does the vasodilation area of the brain function?

A

It causes vasodilation by inhibiting vasoconstriction at vasoconstriction are of brain in upper medulla

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16
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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17
Q

Neural rapid control of arterial pressure is simultaneously caused by…

A

Constriction of most systemic arteries (increases peripheral resistance)
Constriction of veins
Increased HR

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18
Q

T/F: The simultaneous changes that control neural rapid arterial pressure all increase blood pressure.

A

True

19
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Sense pressure changes
Stimulated by low arterial pressure
Carotid sinus stimulated by pressure <30 mmHg

20
Q

What are the 4 main functions of baroreceptors?

A

1) Inhibit vasoconstriction center
2) Excited vasodilator center
3) Cause either increase or decrease in arterial pressure
4) Reduce minute-by-minute variation in arterial pressure

21
Q

What is the effective range of baroreceptors?

A

~60-110 mmHg

22
Q

Describe chemoreceptors

A

Located in bifurcation of common carotids/aortic bodies
Sensitive to lack of O2, CO2, & H+ ion excess
Plays important role in respiratory control

23
Q

What are atrial reflexes?

A

Low pressure receptors located in atria and pulmonary arteries that play important role in minimizing arterial pressure changes in response to changes in blood volume

24
Q

An increase in atrial stretch reflex results in…

A

Reflex dilation of kidney afferent arterioles
Increase in HR
Signal hypothalamus to decrease ADH
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)->Kidneys->GFR or Na+ reabsorption

25
Q

What is the equation for atrial pressure?

A

Atrial pressure = Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

26
Q

What are the 4 major causes of hypertension?

A

Renal causes
Endocrine causes
Cardiovascular causes
Neurologic causes

27
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Type of arterioslcerosis

Characterized by lesions within tunica intima that protrude into lumen

28
Q

What are non-modifiable risk factors associated with atherosclerosis?

A

Age
Gender
Genetics

29
Q

What are modifiable risk factors associated with atherosclerosis?

A

Hyperlipidemia (esp. hypercholesterolemia)
Hypertension
Cigarette smoking
Diabetes

30
Q

Name 6 other factors contributing to atherosclerosis.

A 
Inflammation
Hyperhomocystinemia
Metabolic syndrome
Lipoprotein (a)
Factors affecting hemostasis
Life style
31
Q

What are the stages of atherosclerosis formation due to accumulation of lipoproteins?

A

1) Accumulation in intima & oxidized by O2 free radicals
2) Oxidized LDL ingested by macrophages which become foam cells
3) Oxidized LDL stimulate release of growth factors, cytokines, & chemokines
4) Oxidized LDL is toxic to endothelial & smooth muscle cells

32
Q

What are the stages of atherosclerosis formation due to monocyte adhesion to endothelium?

A

1) Monocytes & T-cells bind to endothelium via VCAM-1
2) Monocytes become macrophages and engulf lipoproteins
3) T-cells stimulate chronic inflammatory response
4) Activated leukocytes & endothelial cells release growth factors that promote smooth muscle cell proliferation

33
Q

What is a “mature atheroma?”

A

Cap of smooth muscle cells, macrophages, foam cells, & other extracellular components overlying a necrotic center composed of cell debris, cholesterol, foam cells, & Ca++

34
Q

What is the process of atherosclerosis development?

A 
Earliest lesions are fatty streaks
Plaques impinge on lumen of artery (appear white/yellow)
Plaques progressively enlarge
Plaques often undergo calcification
Plaques may rupture, ulcerate, or erode
35
Q

What are the most common arterial sites for atherosclerosis?

A 
Lower abdominal aorta
Coronary arteries
Popliteal arteries
Internal carotid arteries
Circle of Willis
36
Q

How is short-term arterial pressure controlled?

A

Via SNS on total peripheral vascular resistance and capacitance (cardiac pumping ability)

37
Q

How is long-term arterial pressure controlled?

A

Via multiple nervous & hormonal controls

Via local control in kidneys that regulate salt/water excretion

38
Q

What are the primary determinants of long-term arterial pressure level?

A

Degree of pressure shift of renal output curve for water/salt
Level of water/salt intake

39
Q

Define chronic hypertension

A

One’s mean arterial pressure is grater than upper range of accepted normal measure

40
Q

What is the normal measure of BP?

A

90 mmHg

Ranging from 70-110

41
Q

What is the hypertensive measure of BP?

A

110 mmHg

Ranging from 90-135

42
Q

What is considered severe hypertensive measure of BP?

A

150-170 mmHg

Ranging from 130-220

43
Q

What are 5 causes of lethal effects of chronic hypertension?

A

1) Early heart failure
2) Coronary heart disease
3) Heart attack
4) Cerebral infarct
5) Destruction of areas of kidneys

44
Q

List 5 characteristics of primary hypertension

A

1) Increased cardiac output
2) Increased SNS activity
3) Increase in angiotensin II & aldosterone levels
4) Impairment of renal-pressure natriuresis mechanism
5) Inadequate secretion of salt/water

45
Q

T/F: Primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of hypertension and has no known origin.

A

True

46
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Hypertension caused by something else

EX: Renal artery constriction, Preeclampsia, Neurogenic hypertension, Genetic causes

Zak, Physiology (20 decks)

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