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Exam 3 - Herpesvirus Flashcards

1
Q

“herpes” means to

A

creep or crawl across the skin

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2
Q

herpesvirus infects almost all ___________ and some ____________

A

vertebrates; invertabrates

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3
Q

characteristics of herpesvirus:

A
  • large
  • icosahedral, enveloped capsid
  • pleomorphic viral particles
  • dsDNA
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4
Q

herpesvirus has a ________ replication style

A

lytic - virus takes over host cell, replicates, and causes cell lysis

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5
Q

herpesvirus has __________ latency

A

lifelong

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6
Q

transmission of herpesvirus

A

direct contanct with mucosal surfaces or secretions

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7
Q

4 herpesviruses in the alpha subfamily

A
  • HSV 1
  • HSV 2
  • VZV
  • Herpes B virus
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8
Q

3 herpesviruses in the beta subfamily

A
  • CMV
  • HHV 6A & 6B
  • HHV 7
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9
Q

2 herpesviruses in the gamma subfamily

A
  • EBV
  • KSVH
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10
Q

most herpesviruses produce

A

blister-like vesicle or lesions

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11
Q

HSV-1 signs and symptoms

A

sores above the waist, red lesions with clear vesicle
- causes 10% of genital herpes

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12
Q

HSV-1 transmission

A

skin contact

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13
Q

HSV-1 latency

A

trigeminal nerve

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14
Q

HSV-1 reactivation due to

A

stress, menstruation, immune suppression, sexual contact, UV light, etc.

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15
Q

HSV-2 signs and symptoms

A

sores below the waist, red lesions with clear vesicle
- causes 90% of genital herpes

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16
Q

HSV-2 transmission

A

sexual, can shed virus when asymptomatic, perinatal through vaginal birth

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17
Q

HSV-2 latency

A

sacral ganglia

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18
Q

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) signs and symptoms

A

Chickenpox, itchy widespread rash, red bumbs and lesions
- mild in children
- severe in infants, adults, and immunocompromised

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19
Q

VZV transmission

A

airborne, respiratory droplets

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20
Q

VZV latency

A

dorsal root ganglia

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21
Q

Chickenpox vaccine

A

live-attenuated, 2 doses, 75% decrease in hospitalizations, may prevent shingles

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22
Q

reactivation of VZV

A

shingles
- after the age of 60
- severly painful vesicular rash
- contagious for chickenpox

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23
Q

EBV signs and symptoms

A
  • mostly in children - asymptomatic
  • teens-20s - symptomatic
  • causes 79% of MONO cases
  • symptoms resolve in 1-2 months
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24
Q

EBV transmission

A

saliva

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25
EBV latency
blood and throat
26
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
autoimmune disease of the CNS - 20-40 year olds - leading cause is EBV
27
CMV signs and symptoms
- healthy people show no symptoms - young adults - infectious mono with fever and hepatitis - major disease in immunocompromised
28
CMV transmission
body fluids, sexual, organ transplant
29
______ is the most common opportunistic infection
CMV
30
congenital CMV
passed from mom to baby across placenta - hearing loss - visual impairment - intellectual and developmental disabilities - motor problems
31
HHV-6 signs and symptoms
common childhood illness - sixth disease (rash), fever, seizures - infects nearly all patients before age of 2
32
HHV-6A
rarely causes disease
33
HHV-6B
causes sixth disease or roseola infantum
34
HHV-6 is isolated from
T cells of AIDS patients
35
HHV-7 signs and symptoms
sixth disease (rash), fever, seizures
36
HHV-7 is isolated from
CD4+ T cells of a healthy person
37
Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) signs and symptoms
skin cancer, lesions, little to no pain
38
AIDS-Kaposi's Sarcoma (KSHV) signs and symptoms
skin cancer, different localization of lesions, aggressive and painful
39
KSHV transmission
saliva, possibly blood
40
KSHV diagnosis is confirmed by ________
biopsy
41
Herpes B virus signs and symptoms
influenza-like symptoms - can spread to CNS and cause death
42
Herpes B virus transmission
zoonotic, direct contact with macaques or indirect by contaminated surface
43
Herpes B virus latency
sensory ganglia
44
when is HSV peak viral shedding?
before symptoms arise
45
______ and _____ infected cells contain multinucleated giant cells and inclusion bodies
HSV-1; VZV
46
HSV virion structure
- linear dsDNA - icosahedral capsid - amorphous tegument - 8 proteins - 30 structural proteins & cellular components - 11 surface proteins
47
overview of HSV replication cycle
1. entry 2. membrane fusion 3. uncoating 4. replication of viral proteins 5. replication of viral genome 6. capsid assembly 7. viral membrane formation 8. mature virions released
48
entry step of HSV replication
- herpesvirus attaches to the cells of the epidermis/dermis of the skin - 5 membrane glycoproteins
49
HSV binding receptor
heparin sulfate
50
HSV entry receptor
TNFRS14 or Nectin 1 or 2
51
membrane fusion step of HSV replication
- receptor binding triggers fusion - gB, gH, gL membrane glycoproteins are involved - nucelocapsid released into cytoplasm
52
uncoating step of HSV replication
- release nucleocapsid proteins and some tegument proteins into cytoplasm (virion host shutoff) - nucleocapsid and VP16 attach to nuclear membrane - viral DNA released into nucleus
53
replication of viral proteins of HSV replication
- lytic infection - viral genome circularizes - transcribed by cellular RNAP2
54
VP16 protein
transcription of alpha genes
55
alpha (a) genes
DNA binding proteins, transcription of beta genes
56
beta (B) genes
DNA replication and viral transcription factors
57
gamma (Y) genes
structural proteins, transported to the nucleus for capsid assembly
58
virion host shutoff (vhs)
cellular mRNA degradation
59
replication of viral genome step of HSV replication
rolling circular replication mechanism - DNAP constantly goes around the circular genome
60
UL9 binds _____ and unwinds DNA with ______
ORI; ICP8 (SSB that binds to ssDNA)
61
UL5, UL8, and UL52 form a _______________
helicase-primase complex
62
UL30 (____________) and UL42 are used in ____________
viral DNA polymerase; DNA synthesis
63
capsid assembly step of HSV replication
- in nucleus - genomic DNA packaged with capsid monomers - viral glycoproteins promote budding through nuclear membrane
64
viral membrane formation step of HSV replication
- double envelopment process - de-envelopment and re-envelopment to pick up more tegument proteins in the cytoplasm
65
mature HSV virions are released by ______________ or ____________
fusion with cell membrane; cell lysis
66
since HSV viral membrane breaks down during replication, it allows for
the infection of slowly dividing and nondividing cells
67
viral enzymes increase _____________ in cell, which is important for ______________
nucleotide pool; antiviral drug targets
68
HSV latency
virus enters sensory neuron axon --> cell body in a CNS ganglion - dsDNA genome is an episome - no virions produced
69
what 3 HSV's can be reactivated
HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV
70
reactivation of HSV is produced from _________
episome
71
when HSV is reactivated, virus travels along _______ to ________________
nerve; surface of the skin
72
Acyclovir
Antiviral drug used to treat HSV infections
73
how is Acyclovir administered?
topically to the skin or eye, intravenous, or orally
74
Acyclovir is a __________ analog and acts as a _______________ to prevent _________________ by inhibiting ______________
guanosine; chain terminator; DNA elongation; viral DNA polymerase
75
Acyclovir is activated by ____________
thymidine kinase (TK)
76
foods high in ____________ increase HSV outbreaks
L-arginine
77
foods rich in ____________ reduce HSV occurance, severity, and healing time
L-lysine
78
high doses of _______ is not recommended due to _________
lysine; side effects
79
Chickenpox vaccine
Varivax - live, attenuated by passage in cell culture - 2 doses (12-18 months old, 4-6 years old) - 75% decline in hospitalizations - 51.3% decrease in shingles
80
Zoster (Shingels) vaccine
Zostavax - >50 years old - discontinued Shingrix - recombinant - 2 doses - 90% effective at preventing shingles - NOT used to prevent Chickenpox
81
developing CMV vaccine
- recombinant canarypox vaccine contains CMV genes Moderna - mRNA vaccine in Phase 3 trial - women 16-40 - 50% effective
82
developing EBV vaccine
NIAID - recombinant protein - Phase 1 trial Moderna - mRNA - Phase 1 trial
83
how can genetically engineered HSV be used as a treatment for malignant gliomas?
- HSV can target the brain tumor - HSV replicates in neurons - increase antitumor immune response

Virology (11 decks)

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