Exam 2 - Vaccines

Question 1

serum therapy

Answer 1

grow bacteria in clear culture –> inactivate with disinfectant –> inject into host –> collect serum –> inject into animals to immunize them

Question 2

serum therapy provides __________ immunity

Answer 2

passive

Question 3

passive immunity

Answer 3

transfer of active premade Ab, short-acting (2-3 weeks)

Question 4

vaccine

Answer 4

preparation to stimulate an immune response against a specific pathogen

Question 5

vaccination

Answer 5

inoculation with a vaccine by injection, mouth, or aerosol to produce immunity

Question 6

vaccination provides ___________ and _______________ immunity

Answer 6

humoral; cell-mediated

Question 7

immunization

Answer 7

process of developing adaptive immunity

Question 8

active immunity

Answer 8

long-term protection

Question 9

what are the 5 types of vaccines?

Answer 9

1. traditional or whole pathogen
2. recombinant subunit/peptide
3. recombinant vector
4. reassortant
5. nucleic acid

Question 10

traditional vaccines

Answer 10

• contains entire pathogen
• live, attenuated vaccines or killed/inactivated vaccines
• life-long immunity with 1-2 doses

Question 11

attenuated viruses can’t be given to ________________ patients

Answer 11

immunocompromised

Question 12

recombinant subunit/peptide vaccines

Answer 12

• contains only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system
• can include adjuvants
• safer, less side effects, easier to produce
• multiple doses

Question 13

adjuvants

Answer 13

chemicals that stimulate strong immune response

Question 14

recombinant vector vaccines

Answer 14

• genes of pathogenic viruses are inserted into safe viruses
• host cells use genetic materials to produce antigens –> immune response
• replicating or non-replicating vectors

Question 15

reassortant vaccines

Answer 15

• only work with segmented viruses
• create reassortments in lab - make attenuated variant

Question 16

nucleic acid vaccines

Answer 16

• host cells produce antigens that best stimulate the immune system
• broad long-term immune response
• excellent vaccine stability
• easy to produce (just have to change sequence)

Question 17

how does an mRNA vaccine work?

Answer 17

delivers RNA with a liposome (lipid coated molecule)

Question 18

what are the 2 challenges with developing an mRNA vaccine?

Answer 18

1. immune response - against RNA itself
2. toxicity - lipid layer

Question 19

3 vaccine additives

Answer 19

purification, adjuvants, preservatives

Question 20

side effects of vaccines are usually _________________

Answer 20

localized reactions

Question 21

what do vaccination monitoring programs look for?

Answer 21

adverse effects to the vaccination

Question 22

types of vaccine delivery

Answer 22

• needle and syringe
• nasal sprays
• skin patches
• time-release pills
• edible vaccines

Question 23

vaccine clinical testing tests for _________ and __________

Answer 23

efficacy (does it work?); safety (side effects)

Question 24

average vaccine development takes ______ years

Answer 24

10

Question 25

clinical trials

Answer 25

- several phases - determine if new drug/vaccine is safe and effective - compare new treatment to standard of care (control)

Question 26

clinical trials complete several phases of _________________ before ________________

Answer 26

human testing; FDA approval

Question 27

what type of study is done in clinical trials?

Answer 27

double-blind

Question 28

preclinical testing

Answer 28

lab animal studies for safety and efficacy

Question 29

phase 1 (clinical trial)

Answer 29

- information on safety and side effects - first time vaccine is given to people - 20-80 participants

Question 30

phase 2 (clinical trial)

Answer 30

- data on safety and effectiveness - specific groups of volunteers - 100-300 participants

Question 31

phase 3 (clinical trial)

Answer 31

- prove efficacy and safety for FDA approval - compare vaccine to placebo or early vs. late vaccination - 1000-3000 participants

Question 32

during the clinical trials, there are routine appointments for _____________________

Answer 32

monitoring of safety and efficacy

Question 33

what happens if there are successful results during the clinical trial?

Answer 33

all participants are shifted to experimental treatment

Question 34

phase 4 (clinical trial)

Answer 34

- ongoing testing after FDA approval - monitoring programs monitor effects over time - vaccine manufacturing - 1000+ participants

Question 35

after what phase of a clinical trial does FDA review occur?

Answer 35

phase 3

Question 36

the majority of individuals in need of vaccines are __________________________

Answer 36

children in impoverished countries