Exam 3 Health Assessment Ch 14 Flashcards
Functions of bones
support for soft tissues and organs
protection of brain and spinal cord
body movement
hematopoiesis
Risk factors for osteoarthritis
*Age: >50
*Gender: Women (less bone tissue and lose it more than men
*Race: Caucasians & Asians
*Bone structures and body weight: Small boned and thin women <127lb
Lifestyle: Cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol, inadequate calcium, weight bearing exercise.
Fasciculations
Muscle twitching of a single muscle group
Muscle pain
Cramping,
Bone Pain
Deep, dull, boring, or intense
Spasms
Involuntary muscle contractions
Overview
Cephalocaudal (head to toe)
patients with rheumatoid Arthritis have pain, edema, and warmth where?
Found bilaterally in joints
Osteoarthritis pain and enlarged joints is found where?
Unilateral in joints
TMJ pain….Ask about?
Sore throat
To measure the angle of a joint, use?
Goniometer
Test Trapezius muscle for?
Strength (push down on shoulder and have patient resist).
Dorsiflex the ankle for range of motion
pointing toes toward the face reaching 20 degree from midline
Plantar flex the ankle for range of motion
pointing the toes toward the floor should reach 45 degree from midline
Evert foot for range of motion
rotating it outward. should be 20 degrees
Invert the foot for range of motion
rotating it inward. Should be 30 degrees
Abduct the foot for range of motion
turning it away from midline. abduction is 10 degrees
Adduct the foot for range of motion
turning it inward toward midline. Adduction is 20 degree
Expected findings of gait for conformity, rhythm, and symmetry
- regular smooth rhythm
- symmetry in length of leg swing
- smooth swaying
- smooth, symmetric arm swing
when uneven leg length is suspected
measure leg from anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus, crossing the knee on the medial side.
Inspect face and neck for symmetry by?
- ask patient to smile and open and close mouth
* Palpate with pads of fingers in front of targus of each ear (TMJ) with mouth open and closed.
Mouth should easily open to
3-6cm between upper and lower teeth
Mouth should easily open to
3-6cm between upper and lower teeth
Abnormal finding with TMJ
Pain or crepitus of the TMJ with locking or popping may require further evaluation
Palpate the neck for tone
pads of thumbs and fingers palpate the neck muscles and lymph nodes
Abnormal findings of neck for tone
pain on palpation, enlarged lymph nodes, or neck spasm (indicates nerve compression or stress.
observe neck for range of motion
- flex chin to chest (45 degree)
- hyperextend the head to 55 degrees
- Laterally bend head to right and left (40 degrees from midline)
- Rotate chin to the shoulders (70 degrees from midline)
Abnormal findings for range of motion
Range of motion is impaired by pain or muscle spasms.
Reasons hyperextension and flexion are limited
- cervical vertebral disk herniation
- degeneration
- osteoarthritic changes
If pain, numbness, or tingling are reported during range of motion, this may indicate
compression of cervical spinal root nerves
What main muscle is being tested for strength in the neck
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
Kyphosis
a posterior curvature of the thoracic spine
Scoliosis
is a lateral curvature of the spine
Pivot joints permit movement of
one bone articulating with a ring or notch of another bone such as the head of the radius, which articulates with the radial notch of the ulna.
Hinge joints
(e.g Knee, elbow, and fingers) permit extension and flexion. Some hinge joints allow hyperextension.
Ball and socket joints
head of femur into the acetabulum
Diarthrodial joints
synovial joints because they are lined with fluid
difference between ligaments and tendons
Ligaments: strong, dense, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones to bones. Provide support in several ways: encircling the joint, gripping it obliquely, or lying parallel to the bone ends across the joint. Can simultaneously allow some movements while restricting others
Tendons: strong, nonelastic cords of collagen located at the ends of muscles to attach them to bones. Support bone movement in response to skeletal muscle contractions, transmitting remarkable force at times from the contracting muscles to the bone without sustaining injury themselves
