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Pathophysiology - Christi > Exam 3 - Fluid Balance Electrolytes > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Fluid Balance Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

fluid inside cells

A

Intracellular

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2
Q

fluid outside cells
intravascular (blood)
interstitial fluid (CSF)
transcellular (secretions)

A

Extracellular

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3
Q

Adult 60%

Infant 70%

A

Fluid range

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4
Q

Amount in = Amount out

A

try to maintain fluid balance with the body

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5
Q

Holds on to water

A

ADH (active in the kidney tubules)

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6
Q

Holds on to sodium and water

A

Aldosterone

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7
Q

Ger rid of sodium and water

A

ANP and BNP

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8
Q

Fluids constantly moving by ______________?

A

filtration or osmosis

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9
Q

direction of fluid movement depends on _______________?

A

Hydrostatic and Oncotic pressure changes

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10
Q

Effects of fluid on blood cells

A

Hypotonic solution (dilute) = swollen cell

Isotonic solution (normal) = normal red cell

Hypertonic solution (concentrated) = shrunken (crenated) cell (like a raisin)

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11
Q

What is edema?

A

excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment which causes swelling of the tissues
localized or general
more severe in dependent areas due to GRAVITY

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12
Q

Prolonged ________________ hinders
venous return
arterial circulation
cell function in the affected area

A

Edema

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13
Q

with ______________ you should check weight daily.

Alert HCP if more than 3lbs daily

A

Edema (fluid excess)

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14
Q

localized swelling, pain (pressure on the nerves from swelling)
weight gain
pale, gray, or red skin color
slow, bounding pulse, high Bp, JVD (more volume in vessels)
dilute urine
pulmonary congestion - cough, rales
skin breakdown

A

Manifestations of Fluid Volume Excess

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15
Q

fluid shifts our of the blood into the body or tissue where it is no longer available as circulating fluid

A

Third spacing

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16
Q

caused by burns, peritonitis, low protein levels, abdominal surgery, sepsis

A

Third spacing

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17
Q

insufficient body fluid resulting from inadequate intake or excessive loss of fluids (or combo of the two)

often measured by a change in body weight

more serious in infants and elderly
they lack significant fluid reserve, unable to conserve fluid quickly

water loss often accompanied by loss of electrolytes and sometimes proteins

A

Dehydration (fluid deficit)

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18
Q

Dehydration causes

A

vomiting and diarrhea (loss of numerous
electrolytes, nutrients, and water)
Drainage and suction of any portion of the
digestive system
Excessive sweating - loss of sodium and
water
Diabetic ketoacidosis- loss of fluid,
electrolytes, and glucose in urine
Insufficient water intake in an elderly or
unconscious person
Use of a concentrated formula to provide
more nutrition to an infant

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19
Q

Manifestations of fluid volume deficit

A

Diminished skin turgor, dry mucous
membranes, flattened neck veins
Thirst, weight loss
Pale cool skin&raquo_space;»> altered blood flow
Increased heart rate, rapid, weak, thready
pulse
Low blood pressure and orthostatic
hypotension
increased body temp
Fatigue, weakness, dizziness, possible
stupor&raquo_space;» low blood volume
Concentrated urine, decreased urine output
LOW Sodium can reek havoc on mental
state

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20
Q

Renal and Respiratory

A

ABG’s

21
Q

Normal pH

A

7.35-7.45

22
Q

more basic (alkalotic)

A

> 7.4 = less hydrogen ions

23
Q

more acidic (acidotic)

A

<7.4 = more hydrogen ions

24
Q

cell metabolism constantly produces __________?L

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Hydrogen Acid

**Both are Acidic

25
Q

Bicarbonate HCO3 is Acidic or Basic

A

Alkalotic (more basic)

26
Q

What mechanisms control/compensate for pH?

A

Plasma - buffers pairs circulating in the blood respond to pH changes immediately
1st and most rapid system to respond

Lungs: can alter carbon dioxide levels (carbonic acid) in the body changing the respiratory rate
Lungs can only change the amount of carbon dioxide in the body

Kidneys - can modify the excretion rate of acids and the production and reabsorption of bicarbonate
kidneys SLOW to compensate but MOST effective because they can excrete acids and adjust serum bicarbonate levels

27
Q

Plasma Buffer System

4 Major Buffer Pairs

A

Present in blood, respond to pH changes immediately

  1. the sodium bicarbonate- carbonic system
    major extracellular fluid buffer and is used clinically to assess a client’s acid-base status (via ABG, Anion Gap, Base Excess or Deficit)
  2. the phosphate system
  3. the hemoglobin system
  4. the protein system
28
Q

composed of carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate (Base-Alkali)
Exists in balance with each other to maintain pH

this balance is controlled by the lungs and kidneys
metabolic acidosis-lungs will blow off excess acid (increase respiratory rate)
respiratory acidosis- kidneys will excrete acids out while holding on to bicarbonate

A

Sodium Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid System

29
Q
A
30
Q

Edema (fluid excess)

A
31
Q

Manifestations of Fluid Volume Excess vs. Fluid Volume Deficit

A
32
Q

Electrolytes

A
33
Q

Sodium

A
34
Q

Sodium - Hypernatremia

A
35
Q

Potassium - Hypokalemia

A
36
Q

Potassium - Hyperkalemia

A
37
Q

Calcium - Hypocalcemia

A
38
Q

Calcium - Hypercalcemia

A
39
Q

Magnesium - Hypomagnesemia

A
40
Q

Magnesium - Hypermagnesemia

A
41
Q

Phosphate

A
42
Q

Chloride

A
43
Q

ABG Values

A
44
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A
45
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A
46
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A
47
Q

Compensation

A
48
Q

ABG STEPS

A
49
Q

ACID BASE MNEMONIC

A

Pathophysiology - Christi (4 decks)

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