Exam 3 - Circulatory System Flashcards by Christi Bolin

What are the functions of blood

transport oxygen and nutrients to all tissue
remove waste products of cellular metabolism
active in the body’s defense/immune system (circulatory system WBC)
help maintain homeostasis (pH, fluid level)

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What are the two separate circulations in the circulatory system

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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What does pulmonary circulation do

allows the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

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What does the systemic circulation do

provides for the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and the cells throughout the body

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What do arteries do

transport blood away from the heart

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Blood flow path

arteries»arterioles»capillaries»venules»>veins»back to the heart

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Blood flow in the veins depends on

skeletal muscle action, respiratory movements, and gravity

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What do valves in the larger veins do

valves help push blood towards the heart

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What are the 3 layers of arteries and veins

inner layer - tunica intima, an endothelial layer
middle layer - tunica media, a layer of smooth muscle that controls the diameter and lumen size (diameter) of the blood vessel
outer layer - tunica adventita, or externa, connective tissue layer that contains elastic and collagen fibers

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What type of walls do capillaries have and what is the advantage

single layer endothelial layer, which allows for easier transport into tissues

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*decreases pH, increases carbon dioxide, or a decrease in oxygen
*release of chemical mediators such as histamine or an increase temperature

VASODILATION

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*norepinephrine, epinephrine, angiotensin increase systemic vasoconstriction by stimulating alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in the arteriole walls

VASOCONSTRICTION

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What is third spacing

plenty of fluid butt in wrong place

ex: interstitial space

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How many cells/proportion of cells in the blood

Hematocrit

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Viscosity

thickness of blood

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Higher the hematocrit

the thicker the blood

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Hematocrit levels

Men: 42%-52%

Females: 37%-48%

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What causes elevated hematocrit level

dehydration on excess cells

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Decreased hematocrit - cause

blood loss or anemia

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Describe plasma

yellowish fluid remaining after cells are removed

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What are 3 plasma proteins

Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen

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Maintains osmotic pressure (keeps fluid where it is supposed to be; between blood vessels and tissues)

Albumin

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Plasma protein that aid in immune response

Globulin and antibodies

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Plasma protein involved in clotting

Fibrinogen

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Where do RBCs originate

Bone marrow

precursors for RBCs, platelets, and granulocytes (Eosinophilia , Basophils, & Neutrophils)

Myeloid stem cells

Precursor for B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells

Lymphoid stem cells

__________________ from the kidneys stimulates erythrocyte (RBC) production (hematopoiesis) in response to tissue hypoxia

Erythropoietin

RBC production and maturation depend on availability of what raw materials

*amino acids *iron (part of hemoglobin that makes O2 *vitamin B12 *vitamin B6 *folic acid

Where does hemoglobin, normally become fully saturated with O2

in the lungs

Characteristic of oxyhemoglobin

* bright red color; is what distinguishes this arterial blood from venous blood

What color is deoxyhemoglobin and where is it found

It is dark or bluish red in color and is found in venous blood

What can cause oxygen to become displaced from hemoglobin

Carbon monoxide; which binds tightly to the iron in place of oxygen, causing a fatal hypoxia **carbon monoxide takes up all 4 receptors, leaving no room for oxygen

what is a sign of carbon monoxide saturation

Cherry red lips

How often do the spleen and liver remove old or damaged cells

120 days

What causes jaundice

excessive hemolysis or destruction of RBCs (as with hemolytic anemias) may cause elevated serum bilirubin levels

What is Leukopoiesis

production of WBCs - it is stimulated by colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) produced by the cells such as macrophages and T lymphocytes

B and T cell - immune response

Lymphocytes

First responders to tissue damage

Neutrophils

Immature neutrophil is what

a band; and bands often increase in number in response to bacterial infection

what is an indicator of a bacterial infection

"shift to the left"

Basophil

becomes mast cells that release histamine

active in allergic reaction and parasitic infections **REMEMBER THIS!!**

Eosinophils

Monocytes

become macrophages >>>active in phagocytosis

Hemostasis

Blood Clotting

What are the steps of hemostasis?

1. immediate response of a blood vessel to injury is vasoconstriction or vascular spasm 2. thrombocytes (platelets) adhere to the underlying tissue at the site of injury and can form a platelet plug in the vessel if it's small 3. if it's larger vessel, platelets can trigger the CASCADE (coagulation) cascade

Where are clotting factors primarily produced?

LIVER

What is required for the synthesis of most clotting factors, especially prothrombin

Vitamin K

Vitamin ______ is essential in the clotting cascade

Vitamin C

What will help speed up clotting on an injured patient

apply pressure, cold application, or thrombin solution can help

Liver issues = ____________

clotting issues

What determines blood type

the presence of specific antigens on the surface of RBCs

Universal blood type

Type O - universal donor (it has no antigens)

Type AB is a _____________ recipient

universal

Why do blood types have to match or be unniversal

because the antibodies react with another person's incompatible blood antigens causing agglutination (clumping) and destruction of RBC's

what can be administered without risk of a reaction and why?

PLASMA; because it doesn't have antigens or antibodies

Clinical manifestations of a blood transfusion

feeling of warmth in the involved vein flushed face headache pain in the chest and abdomen fever and chills decreased blood pressure rapid pulse

What should always be done when a p/t has had a transfusion

BASELINE vitals = ALWAYS

Diagnostic Tests

Common Treatments

Reduced oxygen supply due to decreased hemoglobin

Anemias

General cause of Anemias

Blood loss Decreased erythrocyte (RBC) production Increased erythrocyte destruction Deficiency of necessary components

Anemia Etiology and Risk Factors

*Blood loss (trauma, heavy periods, GI Bleed, Surgical) *Rapid metabolic activity (pregnancy, adolescence, infection) *Increased hemolysis (sickle cell, autoimmune disorders) *Inadequate dietary intake or malabsorption (iron, vitamin B12, folic acid>>neural tube development) *Bone marrow suppression (radiation); *Aplastic anemia; chemo *Age (higher occurrence nutrient deficits, misdiagnosis, GI bleed) ALL CELLS COME FROM BONE MARROW

General Manifestation: Anemia

*Decreased H/H (hematocrit, hemoglobin) *Pallor *Fatigue, somnolence (drowsy or strong desire to fall asleep) headache *Irritability *Dyspnea on exertion *Cold intolerance *Dizziness, syncope(fainting) *Tachycardia, palpitations (heart trying to compensate) *Nail bed deformation *Smooth, sore, bright red tongue; *Numbness/tingling in extremities *Pain and hypoxia (especially in sickle cell anemia)

Anemia Specific Labs