Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology - Christi > Exam 3 - Circulatory System > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood

A
  • transport oxygen and nutrients to all tissue
  • remove waste products of cellular metabolism
  • active in the body’s defense/immune system (circulatory system WBC)
  • help maintain homeostasis (pH, fluid level)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two separate circulations in the circulatory system

A

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does pulmonary circulation do

A

allows the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the systemic circulation do

A

provides for the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and the cells throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do arteries do

A

transport blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Blood flow path

A

arteries»arterioles»capillaries»venules»>veins»back to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Blood flow in the veins depends on

A

skeletal muscle action, respiratory movements, and gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do valves in the larger veins do

A

valves help push blood towards the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 layers of arteries and veins

A
  1. inner layer - tunica intima, an endothelial layer
  2. middle layer - tunica media, a layer of smooth muscle that controls the diameter and lumen size (diameter) of the blood vessel
  3. outer layer - tunica adventita, or externa, connective tissue layer that contains elastic and collagen fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of walls do capillaries have and what is the advantage

A

single layer endothelial layer, which allows for easier transport into tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

*decreases pH, increases carbon dioxide, or a decrease in oxygen
*release of chemical mediators such as histamine or an increase temperature

A

VASODILATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

*norepinephrine, epinephrine, angiotensin increase systemic vasoconstriction by stimulating alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in the arteriole walls

A

VASOCONSTRICTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is third spacing

A

plenty of fluid butt in wrong place

ex: interstitial space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many cells/proportion of cells in the blood

A

Hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Viscosity

A

thickness of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Higher the hematocrit

A

the thicker the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hematocrit levels

A

Men: 42%-52%

Females: 37%-48%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes elevated hematocrit level

A

dehydration on excess cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Decreased hematocrit - cause

A

blood loss or anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe plasma

A

yellowish fluid remaining after cells are removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are 3 plasma proteins

A

Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Maintains osmotic pressure (keeps fluid where it is supposed to be; between blood vessels and tissues)

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Plasma protein that aid in immune response

A

Globulin and antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Plasma protein involved in clotting

A

Fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where do RBCs originate

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

precursors for RBCs, platelets, and granulocytes (Eosinophilia , Basophils, & Neutrophils)

A

Myeloid stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Precursor for B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells

A

Lymphoid stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

__________________ from the kidneys stimulates erythrocyte (RBC) production (hematopoiesis) in response to tissue hypoxia

A

Erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

RBC production and maturation depend on availability of what raw materials

A

*amino acids
*iron (part of hemoglobin that makes O2
*vitamin B12
*vitamin B6
*folic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where does hemoglobin, normally become fully saturated with O2

A

in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Characteristic of oxyhemoglobin

A
  • bright red color; is what distinguishes this arterial blood from venous blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What color is deoxyhemoglobin and where is it found

A

It is dark or bluish red in color and is found in venous blood

33
Q

What can cause oxygen to become displaced from hemoglobin

A

Carbon monoxide; which binds tightly to the iron in place of oxygen, causing a fatal hypoxia

**carbon monoxide takes up all 4 receptors, leaving no room for oxygen

34
Q

what is a sign of carbon monoxide saturation

A

Cherry red lips

35
Q

How often do the spleen and liver remove old or damaged cells

A

120 days

36
Q

What causes jaundice

A

excessive hemolysis or destruction of RBCs (as with hemolytic anemias) may cause elevated serum bilirubin levels

37
Q

What is Leukopoiesis

A

production of WBCs - it is stimulated by colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) produced by the cells such as macrophages and T lymphocytes

38
Q

B and T cell - immune response

A

Lymphocytes

39
Q

First responders to tissue damage

A

Neutrophils

40
Q

Immature neutrophil is what

A

a band; and bands often increase in number in response to bacterial infection

41
Q

what is an indicator of a bacterial infection

A

“shift to the left”

42
Q

Basophil

A

becomes mast cells that release histamine

43
Q

active in allergic reaction and parasitic infections

REMEMBER THIS!!

A

Eosinophils

44
Q

Monocytes

A

become macrophages&raquo_space;>active in phagocytosis

45
Q

Hemostasis

A

Blood Clotting

46
Q

What are the steps of hemostasis?

A
  1. immediate response of a blood vessel to injury is vasoconstriction or vascular spasm
  2. thrombocytes (platelets) adhere to the underlying tissue at the site of injury and can form a platelet plug in the vessel if it’s small
  3. if it’s larger vessel, platelets can trigger the CASCADE (coagulation) cascade
47
Q

Where are clotting factors primarily produced?

A

LIVER

48
Q

What is required for the synthesis of most clotting factors, especially prothrombin

A

Vitamin K

49
Q

Vitamin ______ is essential in the clotting cascade

A

Vitamin C

50
Q

What will help speed up clotting on an injured patient

A

apply pressure, cold application, or thrombin solution can help

51
Q

Liver issues = ____________

A

clotting issues

52
Q

What determines blood type

A

the presence of specific antigens on the surface of RBCs

53
Q

Universal blood type

A

Type O - universal donor (it has no antigens)

54
Q

Type AB is a _____________ recipient

A

universal

55
Q

Why do blood types have to match or be unniversal

A

because the antibodies react with another person’s incompatible blood antigens causing agglutination (clumping) and destruction of RBC’s

56
Q

what can be administered without risk of a reaction and why?

A

PLASMA; because it doesn’t have antigens or antibodies

57
Q

Clinical manifestations of a blood transfusion

A

feeling of warmth in the involved vein
flushed face
headache
pain in the chest and abdomen
fever and chills
decreased blood pressure
rapid pulse

58
Q

What should always be done when a p/t has had a transfusion

A

BASELINE vitals = ALWAYS

59
Q
A

Diagnostic Tests

60
Q

Common Treatments

A
61
Q

Reduced oxygen supply due to decreased hemoglobin

A

Anemias

62
Q

General cause of Anemias

A

Blood loss
Decreased erythrocyte (RBC) production
Increased erythrocyte destruction
Deficiency of necessary components

63
Q

Anemia Etiology and Risk Factors

A

*Blood loss (trauma, heavy periods, GI Bleed, Surgical)
*Rapid metabolic activity (pregnancy, adolescence, infection)
*Increased hemolysis (sickle cell, autoimmune disorders)
*Inadequate dietary intake or malabsorption (iron, vitamin B12, folic acid»neural tube development)
*Bone marrow suppression (radiation); *Aplastic anemia; chemo
*Age (higher occurrence nutrient deficits, misdiagnosis, GI bleed)

ALL CELLS COME FROM BONE MARROW

64
Q

General Manifestation: Anemia

A

*Decreased H/H (hematocrit, hemoglobin)
*Pallor
*Fatigue, somnolence (drowsy or strong desire to fall asleep) headache
*Irritability
*Dyspnea on exertion
*Cold intolerance
*Dizziness, syncope(fainting)
*Tachycardia, palpitations (heart trying to compensate)
*Nail bed deformation
*Smooth, sore, bright red tongue; *Numbness/tingling in extremities
*Pain and hypoxia
(especially in sickle cell anemia)

65
Q

Anemia Specific Labs

A
66
Q

More Anemia Specific Labs

A
67
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
68
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia S/S and Manifestations

A
69
Q
A

Pernicious Anemia

70
Q
A

Pernicious Anemia S/S

71
Q

What is Aplastic Anemia

A
72
Q

What Is Sickle Cell Anemia

A
73
Q

Thalassemia

A
74
Q

Clotting Disorders

A
75
Q

Hemophilia

A
76
Q

Van Willebrand Disease

A
77
Q
A
78
Q

Thrombophelia

A
79
Q

Polycythemia - Neoplasticism Blood Disorder

A

Pathophysiology - Christi (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions