Exam 3 Flashcards
Sexism
The production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female
Androcentrism
The production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity
Stalled Revolution
A sweeping change in gender relations that got started but has yet to be fully realized
Time-use Diaries
A research method where participants are asked to self-report their activities at regular intervals throughout the day
Patriarchal Relations
Relations which empower men at the expense of women
Patriarch/Property Marriage
A model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men
Breadwinner/Homemaker Marriage
A model of marriage that involves a wage-earning spouse supporting a stay-at-home spouse and children
Family Wage
An income, paid to a man, that is large enough to support a non-working wife and children
Ideology of Separate Spheres
The idea that home is a feminine space best tended y women and work is a masculine space best suited to men
Heteronormatic
Promoting heterosexuality as the only or preferred sexual identity, making other sexual desires invisible or casting them as inferior
Mononormatic
Promoting monogamy, or the requirement that spouses only have sexual relations with each other
Pro-Natal
promoting childbearing and stigmatizing choosing to go child-free
Partnership Unions
A relationship model based on love and companionship between equals
Subordinated Masculinities
Men seen as lesser based on the androcentric logic that masculine is better than feminine
Marginalized Masculinity
Men who are perceived as sufficiently masculine, but are considered lesser by virtue of another social identity
Hegemonic Masculinity
Form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely and rewarded kind of person in any given culture
Second Shift
Unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that faces family members once they return home from their paid jobs
Ideal Worker Norm
The idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without the distraction of family responsibilities
Shared Division of Labor
Both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work
Specialized Division of Labor
One partner does more paid work than childcare and the other does the inverse
Ideology of Intensive Motherhood
The idea that children require concentrated maternal investment
Feminization of Poverty
Those who perform femininity are at the bottom of the income scale and vice-versa
Glass Escalator
Invisible ride to the top offered to men in female dominated positions
Job Segregation
The sorting of people with different social identities into different occupations
Androcentric Pay Scale
Positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees
Care Work
Work that involves face-to-face caretaking of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others
Male Flight
Phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it
Freedom/Power Paradox
Situation whereby women have more freedom than men but less power, and men have more power than women but less freedom
Domestic Outsourcing
Paying non-family members to do family-related tasks
Global Care Chains
Series of nurturing relationships in which the international work of care is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid workers
Cultural Capital
Symbolic resources that communicate ones social status
Social Closure
Process by which advantaged groups preserve opportunities for themselves while restricting them for others
Ethnography
Research method that involves careful observation of regularly occurring social action, often as a participant
Hegemonic Ideologies
Shared ideas about how human life should be organized that are used to manufacture our consent, or convince us to accept the status quo
Social Reproduction
A process in which society maintains an enduring character from generation to generation
Social Inequality Aversion
Emotional discomfort from witnessing or experiencing an unfair outcome
Power Elite
Relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in important social institutions
Pluralist theory of Power
The idea that U.S. politics is characterized by competing groups that work together to achieve their goals
Elite Theory of Power
The idea that a small group of networked individuals controls the most powerful positions in social institutions
Social Capital
The number of people we know and the resources they can offer us
Objectified Cultural Capital
Material things
Institutional Cultural Capital
Organizational endorsements
Embodied Cultural Capital
The body and its capacities
Cultural Hegemony
Power maintained primarily by persuasion
Individualism
The idea that people are independent actors responsible primarily for themselves
Collectivism
The idea that people are interdependent actors with responsibilities primarily to the group
Xenophobia
Prejudice against people defined as foreign
Interdependent Power
When enough of us stop participating in social interaction/institutions, we have a substantial amount of influence over the elites
Social Movements
Persistent and organized collective action meant to promote or oppose social change
Insurgent Consciousness
The recognition of a shared grievance that can be addressed through collective action
Organizational Strength
A combination of strong leadership, human and material resources, social networks, and physical infrastructure
Standing
Authority for an individual to speak on their topic
Frames
Succinct claims as to the nature of a social fact
Social Change
Shifts in our shared ideas, interactions, and institutions
Collective Action
The challenge of getting large groups of people to act in coordinated ways
Political Networks
Webs of ties that link people with similar political goals
Countermovements
Persistent, organized collective action meant to resist social movements
Counterframes
Frames meant to challenge an existing social movements frame
Framing Wars
Battles over whether a social fact is a social problem and what kind of problem it is
Political Opportunity Structure
The strengths and weaknesses in the existing political system that shape the options available to social movement actors
Cultural Opportunity Structure
Cultural ideas, objects, practices, or bodies that create or constrain activist strategies
Critical Events
A sudden and dramatic occurrence that motivates non-activists to become politically active
Economic Opportunity Structure
The role of many in enabling or limiting a movements operations and influence
Interest Convergence
The alignment of the interests of activists and elites
Globalization
The expansion and intensification of that interconnectedness across nation-states
Cultural Hybridization
The production of ideas, objects, practices, and bodies influenced by two or more cultures
Transnational Organizations
Companies that cross-borders, governments that make alliances, and activists who organize across countries (can be non-governmental or governmental)
Global Commodity Chains
A transnational economic process that involves extracting natural resources, transforming them into goods, and marketing and distributing them to consumers
Global Power Elite
A relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in globally important social institutions
Global Inequality
Relatively stable system of world social stratification characterized by a mix of poor, rich, and middle income countries
Transnational Social Movements
Social movements that coordinate activism across more than one country
Colonialism
Practice in which countries gain control over territories, the people and natural resources within them, and exploit them for economic gain
Global Cities
Urban areas that act as key hubs in the world economy
Nation-State System
A world society consisting of only sovereign, self-contained territories
World-System
A global market organized by a capitalist economy
Global Slave Trade
The practice of kidnapping human beings, transporting them around the world, and selling them for profit
Global Imagined Community
A socially constructed in-group based on a shared planet
Risk Society
A society organized around the self-conscious production, distribution, and management of risk
