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Soc_101 > Exam 2 Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviors & beliefs that violate social expectations and attract negative sanctions

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2
Q

Social Deviance

A

Violations of norms (mores, folkways, taboos)

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3
Q

Criminal Deviance

A

Crimes (breaking the law)

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4
Q

Stigmatization

A

Process by which physical traits or social conditions become widely devalued

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5
Q

Criminalization

A

Collectively defining a trait or condition as criminal

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6
Q

Medicalization

A

Collectively defining physical traits or social conditions as an illness

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7
Q

Strain Theory

A

The idea that deviance is caused by a tension between widely valued goals and people’s ability to obtain them (Robert Merton)

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8
Q

Social Disorganization Theory

A

The idea that deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods

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9
Q

Differential Association Theory

A

The ida that we need to be recruited into and taught criminal behavior by people in our social networks

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10
Q

Concentrated Poverty

A

A condition in which 40% or more of the residents in the area live below the poverty line

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11
Q

Neutralization Theory

A

The idea that deviance is facilitated by the development of culturally resonant rationales for rule breaking

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12
Q

Labeling

A

The process of assigning a deviant identity to an individual

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13
Q

Primary Deviance

A

The instance of deviance that first attracts a deviant label

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14
Q

Secondary Deviance

A

Further instances of deviance prompted by the receipt of a deviance label

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15
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

The theory that society is a system of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability

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16
Q

Collective conscience

A

Societies shared understanding of right and wrong

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17
Q

Anomie

A

Widespread normlessness or a weakening of or alienation from social rules

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18
Q

Conflict theory

A

The idea that societies aren’t characterized by shared interests but by competing ones

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19
Q

Social Inequality

A

A condition in which wealth, power, and prestige are most readily available to people with privileged social identities

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20
Q

Historical Sociology

A

Research method that involves collecting and analyzing data that reveal facts about past events, with the aim of enhancing sociological theory

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21
Q

Social organizations

A

Formal entities that coordinate collections of people in achieving a stated purpose (Ex: school)

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22
Q

Social Institutions

A

Widespread and enduring patterns of interaction with which we respond to categories of need (Education)

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23
Q

Social structure

A

A set of interlocking social institutions in which we live (work, family, education)

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24
Q

Structural Position

A

Mix of opportunities and constraints offered to us by the social structure we live in

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25
Q

Institutional Discrimination

A

Outcome of social institutions persistently favoring some people over others

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26
Q

Social Stratification

A

A persistent sorting of social groups into enduring hierarchies

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27
Q

Premodern Thought

A

A belief in supernatural sources of truth and a commitment to traditional practices

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28
Q

Nation-States

A

Large territories governed by centralized powers that grant or deny citizenship rights

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29
Q

Modern-Thought

A

A belief in science as the sole source of truth and the idea that humans can rationally organize societies and improve human life (Max Weber)

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30
Q

Rationalization

A

Process of embracing reason and using it to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of human activities

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31
Q

Comparative Sociology

A

A research method that involves collecting and analyzing data about two or more cases that can be usefully compared and contrasted

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32
Q

Divisions of Labor

A

Complicated tasks broken down into smaller parts and distributed to individuals who specialize in narrow roles

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33
Q

Bureacracies

A

Organizations with formal policies, strict hierarchies, and impersonal relations

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34
Q

Postmodern Thought

A

A rejection of absolute truth (supernatural OR scientific) in favor of countless partial truths (personal experience)

35
Q

Gig work

A

Segment of labor market in which companies contract with individuals to complete one short term job at a time (Uber)

36
Q

Capital

A

Resources we use to get the things we want and need (can be economic, social, and cultural)

37
Q

Economic Capital

A

Financial resources that are or can be converted into money, including cash, investments, and valuable goods/property

38
Q

Economic Elite

A

The minority of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth

39
Q

Social Mobility

A

Opportunity to move up or down the economic hierarchy

40
Q

Wage

A

Cash payments given to workers in exchange for their labors

41
Q

Capitalism

A

An economic system based on private ownership of the resources used to create wealth and the right of individuals to personally profit

42
Q

Proletariat

A

People employed by others who work for a wage

43
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

The group of people who employ the workers

44
Q

Means of Production

A

Resources that can be used to create wealth (land, factories, money to invest, etc.)

45
Q

Labor

A

The work people do with their bodies and minds

46
Q

Alienation

A

The feeling of dissatisfaction and disconnection from the fruits of ones labor

47
Q

Crisis of Capitalism

A

A coming catastrophic implosion from which capitalism could never recover

48
Q

Class consciousness

A

An understanding that members of a social class share economic interests

49
Q

Socialism

A

An economic system based on shared ownership of the resources used to create wealth that is then distributed y governments for the enrichment of all

50
Q

Free-Market Capitalsim

A

A capitalist system with little or no government regulation

51
Q

Labor Unions

A

Associations that organize workers so they can negotiate with their employers as a group instead of as individuals

52
Q

Social Safety Net

A

Patchwork of programs intended to ensure that the most economically vulnerable do not go without basic necessities like fod, clothing, and shelter

53
Q

Living Wage

A

Income allowing full-time workers to afford basic needs

54
Q

Welfare Capitalism

A

A capitalist economic system with some socialist policy aimed at distributing the profits of capitalism more evenly across the population

55
Q

Contradictory Class Locations

A

Positions in the economy that are in some ways like the proletariat and in other ways like the bourgeoisie (managers)

56
Q

Service and Information Economy

A

An economy centered on jobs in which workers provide services or work with information

57
Q

Precariat

A

A new class of workers who live an economically precarious life

58
Q

Working Poor

A

People in the labor force who earn poverty level wages

59
Q

Protestant Work Ethic

A

The idea that one’s character can and should be measured by ones dedication to paid work

60
Q

Glass Ceiling

A

Invisible barrier restricting upward economic mobility

61
Q

Glass Floor

A

Invisible barrier that restricts downward mobility

62
Q

Wealth Gaps

A

Differences in the amount of money and economic assets owned by people from different social identity groups

63
Q

Wage Gaps

A

Differences between hourly earnings of different social identity groups

64
Q

Colorism

A

Prejudice against and discrimination towards people with dark skin compared to those with light skin regardless of race

65
Q

Legitimation

A

A process by which a potentially controversial social fact is made acceptable

66
Q

Racism

A

Refers to a society’s production of unjust outcomes for some racial or ethnic groups

67
Q

Residential Segregation

A

Involves the sorting of different kinds of people into separate neighborhoods

68
Q

Cross-Institutional Advantage/Disadvantave

A

People advantaged by one institution are often advantaged by many others and vivce-versa

69
Q

Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage

A

When institutional advantage/disadvantage builds over a lifetime

70
Q

Intergenerational Advantage/Disadvantage

A

Children inherit advantage/disadvantage from their parents

71
Q

Hypersegregation

A

Residential segregation so extreme that many people’s daily lives involve little or no contact with members of other races

72
Q

White Fight

A

Organized white resistance to integration

73
Q

White Flight

A

Phenomenon in which White people start leaving a neighborhood when minority residents begin to move in

74
Q

Redlining

A

Practice of refusing loans to or steeply overcharging anyone buying in poor and minority locations

75
Q

Resource Deserts

A

Places that lack beneficial or critical amenities

76
Q

Spatial-Analysis

A

Research method in which data are layered onto a landscape divided into fine grained segements

77
Q

Environmental Racism

A

Practice of exposing racial and ethnic minorities to more toxins and pollutants than White people

78
Q

Achievement Gaps

A

Disparities in the academic accomplishments of different kinds of students

79
Q

Tracking

A

The practice of placing students in different classrooms according to their perceived ability

80
Q

Adultification

A

Form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children

81
Q

School-to-prison Pipeline

A

A practice of disciplining and punishing children and youth in school that routes the out of education and into the criminal justice system

82
Q

Mass incarcerations

A

An extremely high rate of imprisonment in cross-cultural and historical perspective

83
Q

Mass Deportation

A

An extremely high rate of deportation in cross-cultural and historical perspective

84
Q

Structural violence

A

Institutional discrimination that injures the body and mind

Soc_101 (3 decks)

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