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Soc_101 > Exam 2 Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviors & beliefs that violate social expectations and attract negative sanctions

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2
Q

Social Deviance

A

Violations of norms (mores, folkways, taboos)

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3
Q

Criminal Deviance

A

Crimes (breaking the law)

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4
Q

Stigmatization

A

Process by which physical traits or social conditions become widely devalued

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5
Q

Criminalization

A

Collectively defining a trait or condition as criminal

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6
Q

Medicalization

A

Collectively defining physical traits or social conditions as an illness

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7
Q

Strain Theory

A

The idea that deviance is caused by a tension between widely valued goals and people’s ability to obtain them (Robert Merton)

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8
Q

Social Disorganization Theory

A

The idea that deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods

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9
Q

Differential Association Theory

A

The ida that we need to be recruited into and taught criminal behavior by people in our social networks

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10
Q

Concentrated Poverty

A

A condition in which 40% or more of the residents in the area live below the poverty line

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11
Q

Neutralization Theory

A

The idea that deviance is facilitated by the development of culturally resonant rationales for rule breaking

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12
Q

Labeling

A

The process of assigning a deviant identity to an individual

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13
Q

Primary Deviance

A

The instance of deviance that first attracts a deviant label

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14
Q

Secondary Deviance

A

Further instances of deviance prompted by the receipt of a deviance label

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15
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

The theory that society is a system of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability

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16
Q

Collective conscience

A

Societies shared understanding of right and wrong

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17
Q

Anomie

A

Widespread normlessness or a weakening of or alienation from social rules

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18
Q

Conflict theory

A

The idea that societies aren’t characterized by shared interests but by competing ones

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19
Q

Social Inequality

A

A condition in which wealth, power, and prestige are most readily available to people with privileged social identities

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20
Q

Historical Sociology

A

Research method that involves collecting and analyzing data that reveal facts about past events, with the aim of enhancing sociological theory

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21
Q

Social organizations

A

Formal entities that coordinate collections of people in achieving a stated purpose (Ex: school)

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22
Q

Social Institutions

A

Widespread and enduring patterns of interaction with which we respond to categories of need (Education)

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23
Q

Social structure

A

A set of interlocking social institutions in which we live (work, family, education)

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24
Q

Structural Position

A

Mix of opportunities and constraints offered to us by the social structure we live in

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25
Institutional Discrimination
Outcome of social institutions persistently favoring some people over others
26
Social Stratification
A persistent sorting of social groups into enduring hierarchies
27
Premodern Thought
A belief in supernatural sources of truth and a commitment to traditional practices
28
Nation-States
Large territories governed by centralized powers that grant or deny citizenship rights
29
Modern-Thought
A belief in science as the sole source of truth and the idea that humans can rationally organize societies and improve human life (Max Weber)
30
Rationalization
Process of embracing reason and using it to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of human activities
31
Comparative Sociology
A research method that involves collecting and analyzing data about two or more cases that can be usefully compared and contrasted
32
Divisions of Labor
Complicated tasks broken down into smaller parts and distributed to individuals who specialize in narrow roles
33
Bureacracies
Organizations with formal policies, strict hierarchies, and impersonal relations
34
Postmodern Thought
A rejection of absolute truth (supernatural OR scientific) in favor of countless partial truths (personal experience)
35
Gig work
Segment of labor market in which companies contract with individuals to complete one short term job at a time (Uber)
36
Capital
Resources we use to get the things we want and need (can be economic, social, and cultural)
37
Economic Capital
Financial resources that are or can be converted into money, including cash, investments, and valuable goods/property
38
Economic Elite
The minority of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth
39
Social Mobility
Opportunity to move up or down the economic hierarchy
40
Wage
Cash payments given to workers in exchange for their labors
41
Capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership of the resources used to create wealth and the right of individuals to personally profit
42
Proletariat
People employed by others who work for a wage
43
Bourgeoisie
The group of people who employ the workers
44
Means of Production
Resources that can be used to create wealth (land, factories, money to invest, etc.)
45
Labor
The work people do with their bodies and minds
46
Alienation
The feeling of dissatisfaction and disconnection from the fruits of ones labor
47
Crisis of Capitalism
A coming catastrophic implosion from which capitalism could never recover
48
Class consciousness
An understanding that members of a social class share economic interests
49
Socialism
An economic system based on shared ownership of the resources used to create wealth that is then distributed y governments for the enrichment of all
50
Free-Market Capitalsim
A capitalist system with little or no government regulation
51
Labor Unions
Associations that organize workers so they can negotiate with their employers as a group instead of as individuals
52
Social Safety Net
Patchwork of programs intended to ensure that the most economically vulnerable do not go without basic necessities like fod, clothing, and shelter
53
Living Wage
Income allowing full-time workers to afford basic needs
54
Welfare Capitalism
A capitalist economic system with some socialist policy aimed at distributing the profits of capitalism more evenly across the population
55
Contradictory Class Locations
Positions in the economy that are in some ways like the proletariat and in other ways like the bourgeoisie (managers)
56
Service and Information Economy
An economy centered on jobs in which workers provide services or work with information
57
Precariat
A new class of workers who live an economically precarious life
58
Working Poor
People in the labor force who earn poverty level wages
59
Protestant Work Ethic
The idea that one's character can and should be measured by ones dedication to paid work
60
Glass Ceiling
Invisible barrier restricting upward economic mobility
61
Glass Floor
Invisible barrier that restricts downward mobility
62
Wealth Gaps
Differences in the amount of money and economic assets owned by people from different social identity groups
63
Wage Gaps
Differences between hourly earnings of different social identity groups
64
Colorism
Prejudice against and discrimination towards people with dark skin compared to those with light skin regardless of race
65
Legitimation
A process by which a potentially controversial social fact is made acceptable
66
Racism
Refers to a society's production of unjust outcomes for some racial or ethnic groups
67
Residential Segregation
Involves the sorting of different kinds of people into separate neighborhoods
68
Cross-Institutional Advantage/Disadvantave
People advantaged by one institution are often advantaged by many others and vivce-versa
69
Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage
When institutional advantage/disadvantage builds over a lifetime
70
Intergenerational Advantage/Disadvantage
Children inherit advantage/disadvantage from their parents
71
Hypersegregation
Residential segregation so extreme that many people's daily lives involve little or no contact with members of other races
72
White Fight
Organized white resistance to integration
73
White Flight
Phenomenon in which White people start leaving a neighborhood when minority residents begin to move in
74
Redlining
Practice of refusing loans to or steeply overcharging anyone buying in poor and minority locations
75
Resource Deserts
Places that lack beneficial or critical amenities
76
Spatial-Analysis
Research method in which data are layered onto a landscape divided into fine grained segements
77
Environmental Racism
Practice of exposing racial and ethnic minorities to more toxins and pollutants than White people
78
Achievement Gaps
Disparities in the academic accomplishments of different kinds of students
79
Tracking
The practice of placing students in different classrooms according to their perceived ability
80
Adultification
Form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children
81
School-to-prison Pipeline
A practice of disciplining and punishing children and youth in school that routes the out of education and into the criminal justice system
82
Mass incarcerations
An extremely high rate of imprisonment in cross-cultural and historical perspective
83
Mass Deportation
An extremely high rate of deportation in cross-cultural and historical perspective
84
Structural violence
Institutional discrimination that injures the body and mind

Soc_101 (3 decks)

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