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BIO181 > Exam 3 Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Voltage-gated ion channels open when a protein binds to the receptor.

A

False

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2
Q

How do glial cells (i.e., myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons?

A

Glial cells wrap tightly around the axon with myelin, which provides insulation for the axons.

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3
Q

The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K-ATPase pump.

A

True

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4
Q

Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells.

A

False

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5
Q

Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to start the action potential in the postsynaptic cell.

A

True

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6
Q

Draw a neuron, and label all the parts as described in lecture.

A
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7
Q

Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web.

A

The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels.

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8
Q

In the motor end plate, the even that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is:

A

Calcium ions

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9
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) contains:

A

There is no correct answer

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10
Q

The resting potential of neurons is:

A

The answer is not on this list

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11
Q

When a presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor end plate.

A

True

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12
Q

The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory

A

False

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13
Q

The cell body refers to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal.

A

False

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14
Q

Draw an action potential in the axon of a neuron and indicate which ions flow into the neuron and out of the neuron as the action potential passes at the point where the electrodes are in the cell. Be sure to assign on the Y-axis the mV of each of these areas. This should be as described in my lectures.

A
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15
Q

The terminal web:

A

is a site of exocytosis

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16
Q

The autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

True

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17
Q

The action potential is:

A

A result of the movement of ions.

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18
Q

List the 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function.

A

1) Schwann cells. They wrap around the axon of a cell in the PNS, providing electrical insulation.
2) Oligodendrocytes. They wrap around the axon of a cell in the CNS, providing electrical insulation.
3) Astrocytes. They provide nutrients to neurons and provide structural support.
4) Microglia. This is part of the cellular immune system and protects the brain by cleaning up cellular debris.

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19
Q

Excitatory synapses make the post-synaptic cell less likely to fire.

A

False

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20
Q

Potassium ions are at high concentration inside of cells including in neurons.

A

True

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21
Q

Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin.

A

False

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22
Q

The post-synaptic cell can be:

A

In glands, muscle cells, neurons

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23
Q

Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the post-synaptic cell.

A

True

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24
Q

The axon hillock in the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs.

A

True

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25
Q

Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid

A

False

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26
Q

The neural tissues are:

A

Spinal cord, sensory neurons, and brain

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27
Q

Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating.

A

False

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28
Q

The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron.

A

False

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29
Q

Receptors are made from membrane-bound polyribosomes.

A

True

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30
Q

Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel.

A

False

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31
Q

When the Sympathetic nervous system is triggered glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy.

A

True

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32
Q

Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved?

A

Osteoporosis. The parathyroid hormone (released on thyroid gland) would be involved.

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33
Q

When epinephrine is released it triggers activation of which part of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

The Sympathetic Nervous System

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34
Q

Vitamin D is really a hormone.

A

True

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35
Q

Insulin is produced by alpha cells

A

False

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36
Q

The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline).

A

True

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37
Q

Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen?

A

When blood glucose levels are in excess, reserve glucose is stored as glycogen (fat) in the liver and muscle cells for later use.

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38
Q

Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate the balance (i.e., homeostasis) between glycogen and glucose when epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline) is not involved.

A

Insulin is released when glucose in present in the blood, and glucagon is released when there is no glucose present in the blood. The pancreas makes both glucose & glucagon for cells to continuously make ATP (so they can survive).

When blood glucose rises, beta cells of the pancreas release insulin to stimulate cells to use the glucose & convert it glycogen and fat.
When blood glucose falls, the pancreas stops releasing insulin and cells use glycogen and fat fat energy to remain in homeostasis.
If blood glucose falls far too low, alpha cells in the pancreas release glucagon, which stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose for cell use.

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39
Q

The Parasympathetic Nervous System is triggers to act by exposure to epinephrine.

A

False

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40
Q

Vitamin D is synthesized from cholestrol.

A

True

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41
Q

Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis.

A

True

42
Q

Insulin is a ligand.

A

True

43
Q

What could the stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body?

A

Stress would produce adrenaline, which pulls glucose into the blood from the liver and muscle glycogen stores and stops glycogen synthesis. (Your blood glucose levels would increase)

44
Q

To prevent back flow of blood in the heart there are ____

A

valves

45
Q

The blood flow slows down in the capillaries because the increased total area of the capillary is very large.

A

True

46
Q

The inspiratory and the expiratory reserves make up the total volume in the lungs.

A

False

47
Q

The heart pace maker that triggers the two atria to contract is the ____ ______

A

sinoatrial node

48
Q

The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs causes it to load into the circulatory system.

A

True

49
Q

The oxygen in the circulatory system functions to bring oxygen to every cell of the body so it can make ATP.

A

True

50
Q

When the diaphragm is relaxed, it allows air to leave the lungs including the residual volume.

A

False

51
Q

Red blood cells carry CO2 back to the lungs.

A

False

52
Q

Ulike other epithelia the epithelia that make up the capillaries have holes in them called fenestrations.

A

True

53
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

Carbonic anhydrase accelerates the conversion of CO2 to H2CO3

54
Q

When arterial blood pressure falls the body compensates to raise the blood pressure. Explain this process.

A

When arterial blood pressure falls, it causes a decrease in action potentials that are sent to the cardioregulatory center of the medulla. For the body to raise its blood pressure again, it causes an increase in sympathetic nerve activity, making it fire more frequently, and this increases heart rate. Since the heart muscle is also stimulated to pump harder, the stroke volume increases. As a result of the above processes, cardiac output increases, and an increase in cardiac output means an increase in blood pressure (AKA restoring it back to a normal level).

55
Q

Blood moves very rapidly through the capillaries.

A

False

56
Q

The lungs are in the thoracic cavity, but they are also in another cavity. What is the name of that other cavity?

A

Pleural cavity

57
Q

One of the problems with the increased surface area of the lungs is that the ______ could stick to each other causing the lungs to collapse. To get around this the body secretes _____ into the lungs.

A

alveoli, surfactant

58
Q

When you inhale which set of muscles uses the least amount of ATP and triggers the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Diaphragm

59
Q

The lungs have increased surface area to increase the movement of oxygen into the circulatory system.

A

True

60
Q

Draw a cross-section of an artery or arteriole and label the layers.

A
61
Q

Veins and venueles have valves in them, but arteries and arterioles do not.

A

True

62
Q

The heart contains two circuits. Name them.

A

Pulmonary circuit, Systemic circuit

63
Q

The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates the production of bicarbonates in the blood.

A

True

64
Q

There are two factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin – list them.

A

(1) When the pH of blood falls

(2) When PO2 values drop

65
Q

What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen that can bind to hemoglobin?

A

4

66
Q

The atrioventricular node fires after the sinoatrial node.

A

True

67
Q

The excretory system uses oxygen because oxygen diffuses more rapidly into the excretory system because it contains water in the urine.

A

False

68
Q

The two circuits in the heart and the cardiovascular system have the same blood pressure.

A

False

69
Q

The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates release of oxgyen.

A

True

70
Q

Once inside the circulatory system ______ is the molecule that binds oxygen.

A

Hemoglobin

71
Q

There is a reserve of oxygen in the muscles held by ______

A

Myoglobin

72
Q

The pulmonary artery contain oxygenated blood.

A

False

73
Q

Surfactants is one of the later components made in the fetus (prior to birth).

A

True

74
Q

In capillaries the blood pressure pushes nutrients out of the capillaries towards the cells.

A

True

75
Q

When oxygen passes from the lungs into the circulatory system as a gas, how many cells does it have to pass through to be in the circulatory system?

A

2

76
Q

Tidal breathing causes incoming air to mix with some older air in the lungs.

A

True

77
Q

In mammals ventilation is tidal.

A

True

78
Q

Oxygen is distributed throughout the body by:

A

The circulatory system

79
Q

When the systole occurs the ventricle is contracting.

A

True

80
Q

The left ventricle of the heart contains more muscle.

A

True

81
Q

Nutrients and oxygen can leave the arteries and arterioles to reach the cells.

A

False

82
Q

When ventricles contract blood is pushed out into the artery and the artery stretched because of its elastic layers allowing the blood to continue to flow into the circulatory system while the ventricle is relaxing.

A

True

83
Q

Give an example of homeostasis in the kidney.

A

Blood pressure

84
Q

Each kidney contains about one million nephrons.

A

True

85
Q

The kidney controls the water balance in the body.

A

True

86
Q

Blood pressure is the force that drives molecules out of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule.

A

True

87
Q

The inter-weaving of the circulatory system with the nephron is essential for the concentration of urea in the urine.

A

True

88
Q

The collecting duct of the kidney drains into the ____ and this enters the ____ _____.

A

Ureter, urinary bladder

89
Q

The medulla of the kidney secretes epinephrine

A

False

90
Q

In the proximal convoluted tubule useful molecules are collected and brought back into the circulatory system such as glucose and amino acids, but no the toxic materials.

A

True

91
Q

Blood pressure drives red blood cells and plasma proteins out of the glomerulus.

A

False

92
Q

The Bowman’s capsule is the beginning of the nephron.

A

True

93
Q

Toxins including urea (in mammals) is driven out of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule.

A

True

94
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.

A

True

95
Q

What happens to the nephron if the blood pressure drops significantly?

A

Kidney failure

96
Q

Efferent arterioles enter the Bowman’s capsule and afferent arterioles leave the Bowman’s capsule.

A

False

97
Q

Urine leaves our bodies through the urethra.

A

True

98
Q

The kidney gets rid of toxic compunds.

A

True

99
Q

The kidney filters about 180 liters of blood per day.

A

True

100
Q

The Bowman’s capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule are in the cortex of the kidney.

A

True

BIO181 (3 decks)

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