Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO181 > Exam 2 Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which enzyme unwraps the double helix?

A

Helicase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The double helix of DNA is wrapped about 1 & 3/4 times around which of these components?

A

Nucleosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

During DNA replication int he lagging strand there is production of this component?

A

Okazaki fragment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

RNA is double stranded

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Draw the sugar in DNA & label the carbons as discussed in the lecture. Then circle the carbon that is different in RNA.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Assume you have a eukaryotic cell with three chromosomes within it. How many 5’ ends would there be?

A

Gap 1= 6, Gap 2= 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

During mRNA maturation what is the name of the part of the mRNA that is removed?

A

Intron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many “stop” codons exist?

A

Three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between an A and its paired nucleotide?

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List one type of post-translational modification

A

Phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

RNA synthesis, also called RNA transcription occurs in three phases. Listen them from beginning to end in order.

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Replication of DNA is semi-conservative

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the ribosome, what is the name of the bond that links one amino acid to the next?

A

Peptide bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Protein synthesis changes from the language of ___ to the language of ____.

A

nucleotides, amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Strands of the backbone of DNA are parallel?

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

There are two types of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. These two types can be distinguished because the polyribosome is either ___ or ____.

A

free, membrane-bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which strand is produced more rapidly?

A

Leading strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

During DNA replication is greatly reduced by enzymes that proof read the newly replicated DNA.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which nucleotide is different in RNA compared to DNA?

A

Uridine replaces Thymidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In DNA, what does the nucleotide labeled as A pair with?

A

T (Thymidine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List the two basic categories of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids.

A

Pyrimidines, Purines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which sugar is present in RNA?

A

ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DNA replication in eukaryotes is sped up by multiple origins of replication.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In the ribosome, what pairs with the codon?

A

Anticodon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The DNA polymerase that replicates the parental strand of DNA reads the parental DNA from 5’ to 3” and makes a new DNA strand from 3’ to 5’.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In the lagging strand, the DNA is read from the parental DNA’s 3’ to 5’ end.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

For DNA Polymerase III to work which of these components has to act first?

A

Primase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Uridine is a nucleotide in DNA.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The genetic code for the conversion of mRNA codons to proteins has redundancy.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In eukaryotic cells the start codon for protein synthesis is _____

A

Methionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which enzyme is used first to permit DNA polymerase III to begin replicating the 3’ strand?

A

Primase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The Calvin-Benson cycle takes in ____ and _____ from the light reaction and also ____ ____ to make carbohydrates.

A

ATP, NADPH+ H+

Carbon Dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

List three items required for photosynthesis to occur.

A

H2O, CO2, light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The antenna system is in the ____ membranes

A

Thylakoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The most abundant protein in the world is called _____.

A

Rubisco

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The light reactions produce ____ and ____ and this process also results in the release of ____.

A

ATP, NADPH+ H+

Oxygen

37
Q

Glycolysis requires the investment of two ___ in order to obtain a gross output of four ___.

A

ATPs, ATPs

38
Q

Specifically where in a cell does the citric acid/Kreb’s cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

39
Q

The cell does not need ATP to survive.

A

False

40
Q

The citric acid/Kreb’s cycle breaks down carbohydrates into CO2.

A

True

41
Q

Specifically in a cell where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

42
Q

Where is carbon dioxide produced?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

43
Q

FADH2 results as one of the products of the citric acid cycle.

A

True

44
Q

Does gravity have a role in some part of the lymphatic fluid flow back to the circulatory system?

A

Yes

45
Q

Any cell can present an antigen on a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein.

A

True

46
Q

There are times when the spleen can be considered to be the primary lymph node.

A

True

47
Q

B and T cells are called lymphocytes.

A

True

48
Q

Lymphatic tissue is composed of the following five components. List them.

A

Bone Marrow, Thymus, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, and Lymphatic Ducts

49
Q

In the lecture we discussed normal flora, this refers to:

A

Bacteria & fungi on the surface of the skin that compete against pathogens.

50
Q

When a B cell is shown an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein it will go through ____ _____ and B cells subsequently can become ______ and/or ______ ______.

A

Blast transformation, Plasma cells, Memory cells.

51
Q

You should have your appendix removed whenever possible.

A

False

52
Q

Having a fever of 100 F can help you fight off infections.

A

True

53
Q

How does lymph fluid return from the legs to the circulatory system?

A

The left lymphatic duct drains excess fluid from the legs and uses the body’s muscles to help in pushing the fluid back up through the vessels using a one-way system in the lymphatic duct that prevents backflow of fluid (preventing it from coming back down with gravity).

54
Q

Bone marrow is a site where mature immune cells are found.

A

False

55
Q

Red blood cells originate from the bone marrow.

A

True

56
Q

When immune cells mature and can recognize trans-membrane proteins indicating “self,” this is called _____.

A

Tolerance

57
Q

Red blood cells are a part of the immune system.

A

False

58
Q

Natural killer cells are part of the specific immune system.

A

False

59
Q

Lymph nodes are a place where cells of the immune system accumulate and share information.

A

True

60
Q

In 1 mL of blood, there are 1.5 million white blood cells.

A

False

61
Q

Memory cells “remember: the antigen and make a faster and greater response the next time the antigen is encountered.

A

true

62
Q

If a macrophage endocytoses (eats) an antigen it can digest it and present it on a ____ Major histocompatibility complex protein to a _____.

A

Class II, Helper T cell

63
Q

A bacterium coated by antibodies is a signal that a macrophage should endocytose (eat) it.

A

True

64
Q

Inflammation is caused by an increase in blood supply due to _____ released by some cells of the immune system.

A

Histamine

65
Q

Any cell can present an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein.

A

False

66
Q

The humoral immune system involves cells in the immune system.

A

True

67
Q

Memory cells :remember: the antigen and make a faster and greater response the next time the antigen is encountered.

A

True

68
Q

A bacterium coated by antibodies is a signal that a macrophage should endocytose (eat) it.

A

True

69
Q

Mast cells release histamine.

A

True

70
Q

Adhering junctions are based on two different types of cytoskeleton filament systems. Name those systems.

A

The actin filament system & the Intermediate filament system.

71
Q

The molecular seal that serves as the barrier is called a ____ _____. While this is a good barrier, such barriers are not very strong and must be underlined by ____ ______.

A

Tight junction, Adhering junctions.

72
Q

Epithelial cells serve as a barrier to prevent non-specific movement of chemicals from one side of the epithelium to the other side.

A

True

73
Q

90% of absorption in the intestine occurs where?

A

The jejunum and the ileum

74
Q

Write a few sentences to distinguish between digestion and absorption.

A

Digestion is the breaking down of food into smaller “chunks,” and does not involve nutrient absorption. Absorption is the actual taking in of nutrients into the body.

75
Q

If something is called a vitamin, it cannot be made by the organism and must be taken in as part of diet.

A

True

76
Q

Name the main enzyme in the stomach

A

pepsin

77
Q

When glucose is taken in by the digestive track and enters your blood, cells are triggered to take in the glucose by what mechanism?

A

The release of insulin from the pancreas

78
Q

Think about feedback loops. What triggers the gall bladder to secrete bile?

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

79
Q

When amino acids are acquired by food because your body can’t make them they are called ____ _____ ______

A

Essential amino acids

80
Q

List the order in which storage compounds are utilized if there is no intake of food

A

glycogen, fat, protein

81
Q

The esophagus has two distinct muscles that close off the tube. What are these called?

A

Circular muscles and longitudinal muscles.

82
Q

What is bile made from? And how does oatmeal reduce cholesterol levels?

A

Cholesterol. Oatmeal binds to bile and lowers cholesterol by decreasing its absorption in the ileum.

83
Q

Name the sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine

A

The Pyloric Sphincter

84
Q

How does the pancreas neutralize the pH of the chyme that comes from the stomach?

A

The pancreas produces a secretion rich in bicarbonate ions which help the neutralize the pH of the chyme in the stomach.

85
Q

Draw concentric circles and label the four layers of the gut. Also label the hole at the innermost circle. List what is in these four layers.

A
86
Q

In what way is the making of a primary lysosome similar to the enzymes delivered by the pancreas?

A

They both break down sugars, fatty acids, nucleic acids & proteins.

87
Q

Vitamin K cannot be made by the cells of your body. Where is it made?

A

In the colon (large intestine), made by bacteria.

88
Q

List the layers of the digestive track covered by a thick layer of mucous.

A

mucosa layer, submucosa layer

89
Q

The digestive track begins with the ______ and the first enzyme added is _____.

A

Mouth, amylase

BIO181 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions