Exam 1

Question 1

In your own multicellular body, cell with different functions have different DNA.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Compared to bacteria which of the cell types below are not responsible for finding food?

Answer 2

Lymphocyte, Macrophage, Fibroblast.

Question 3

A cancer cell will be anchorage-dependent for growth an immortal

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A cell that is anchorage-dependent for growth will also exhibit contact inhibition.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

In your own multicellular body, different cells in your body have a division of labor between them.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

The Paramecium swims by way of using a flagella.

Answer 6

False

Question 7

The contractile vacuole of the paramecium is possibly an evolutionary precursor of the kidney.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What is the major difference between a single-celled Eukaryotic organism and a multicellular organism?

Answer 8

Division of labor

Question 9

A cell that is itself and organism must have a minimum of four factors to survive:

Answer 9

1) Finding food
2) Finding shelter
3) Finding a mate
4) Reproduction

Question 10

A normal cell is anchorage-dependent for growth and mortal.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

A single-celled Eukaryotic organism:

Answer 11

1) Has a limited # of biomolecular machines
2) Has the four needs
3) Escape predators

Question 12

Ribosomes bound to some of the membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Loss of the cell wall is required for the endosymbiotic theory.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

In an extant prokaryotic cell, the outer boundary of life is the capsule.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

The end of the retraction fiber touching the cell culture plate still contains the cell equivalent of super glue.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What limits how big a cell can be?

Answer 16

The surface area to volume ratio.

Question 17

The presumed first step in the transition of the primitive, proto-prokaryotic cell into the primitive, proto-eukaryotic cell was the loss of the cell wall.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

A normal cell is ____ and _____ for growth.

Answer 18

Anchorage-dependent, mortal

Question 19

It is presumed that the peroxisomes evolved in these primitive, proto-eukaryotes to remove oxygen, which was toxic to the primitive cells.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Motility improved the fitness of these early cells because:

Answer 20

it allowed them to move away from predators and towards food.

Question 21

Fluorescent Microscopy is a form of light microscopy.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

TEM provides a thin, two-dimensional section of the object being studied.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

After a cell is pancake shaped in a cell culture dish, the order of events that occurs as a cell walks is:

Answer 23

Filopodia, Lamellipodia, cell muscle, retraction fiber.

FLCR

Question 24

List one limitation of the cell culture technique.

Answer 24

Not all cells grow in culture.

Question 25

The cytoskeleton gave rise to the nuclear envelope.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

When cancer cells are crowded by surrounding cells, the cancer cells become spherical & they can still go through cell division.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

The ancient earth did not contain much oxgyen.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

The cytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Write a few sentences that explain what limits an individual cell from becoming more complex.

Answer 30

An individual cell, meaning that it is a single-celled, is limited from becoming more complex because it has a limited number of biomolecular machines and does not have a division of labor among cells as a result of being single-celled. An individual cell has to do all of the work, with no division of labor, and has limited space within the cell which limits it from becoming more complex.

Question 31

What limits the paramecium from developing more complex functions?

Answer 31

The paramecium is a single-celled organism, meaning that its cells must change/rearrange based on need. The lack of division of labor within the paramecium limits its ability to develop more complex functions. The paramecium is limited by the number of biomolecular machines it can contain within itself as a result of lack of space.

Question 32

The association of ribosomes with ____ invaginations would support the ____ theory.

Answer 32

membrane, endomembrane

Question 33

For a protein to enter the endoplasmic reticulum as part of the endoplasmic reticulum's lumen or part of the endoplasmic reticulum's membrane:

Answer 33

A ribosome binds to the mRNA and a short stretch of protein is synthesized that contains a signal sequence.

Question 34

Amino acids can be largely subdivided into two groups. What are the two groups?

Answer 34

1) Hydrophobic | 2) Hydrophilic

Question 35

It is a simple matter (i.e. thermodynamically favorable) for a vesicle to form the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

The ER is contiguous with the Golgi apparatus.

Answer 36

False

Question 37

What are the two functions of a membrane?

Answer 37

1) To protect the cell, acting as a barrier | 2) To control cell movement

Question 38

We are made up of ___ percent water.

Answer 38

50-70

Question 39

What is the difference between a single-pass transmembrane protein and a 7-pass transmembrane protein?

Answer 39

A single-pass transmembrane protein can only pass through the phospholipid bilayer once, and cannot create an ion channel. A 7-pass transmembrane protein passes through the phospholipid bilayer 7 times, which creates a channel for ions.

Question 40

What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?

Answer 40

A triglyceride has 3 fatty acids, and a phospholipid has only two fatty acids.

Question 41

Explain how vesicles are carried from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane.

Answer 41

Vesicles are passed to filaments from the Golgi apparatus which assist vesicles in fusing into the plasma membrane.

Question 42

Active transport uses ATP to move components in parallel with their concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low concentration.

Answer 42

False

Question 43

The ER is contiguous with the nuclear envelope.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Explain the evolutionary origin of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and vesicles.

Answer 44

Endomembrane theory: loss of the cell wall and infolding occurs.

Question 45

If something is soluble in water and a shell of hydration forms around it, it is termed:

Answer 45

Hydrophilic

Question 46

Cholesterol is ___ to have in biological membranes.

Answer 46

Good

Question 47

The plasma membrane gets new lipids from: - The lumen of the ER - The lumen of the Golgi apparatus - Making new lipids at the plasma membrane - The nucleus - None of the above

Answer 47

None of the above.

Question 48

What are the orphaned organelles orphaned from?

Answer 48

Orphaned organelles: mitochondria and chloroplast. They are orphaned from the endomembrane system.

Question 49

When a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane the contents of the lumen of the vesicles are:

Answer 49

Ligands that are used in cell communication.

Question 50

Facilitated diffusion uses a channel protein to let components move down their concentration gradient.

Answer 50

True

Question 51

A single-pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel.

Answer 51

False

Question 52

Molecular motors use ATP as the energy source to power the molecular motors.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Consider the geography of cells. Actin filaments are present in the cell's ___ and the microtubules are present in the cell's ___.

Answer 53

Cortex, Interior

Question 54

Where is the histone H1 found?

Answer 54

On the outside of the nucleosomal core. Histone H1 acts like a "staple" that holds together the wrapping of DNA around the nucleosomal core.

Question 55

The diameter of an intermediate filament is 25 nm.

Answer 55

False

Question 56

Heterochromatin does not exist in interphase nuclei.

Answer 56

False

Question 57

Chromosomes are made out of Euchromatin.

Answer 57

False

Question 58

Which cytoskeletal filament system lines the inside of the nucleus to protect it?

Answer 58

The Intermediate Filament System

Question 59

Molecular motors run on which two cytoskeletal filament systems?

Answer 59

The Actin Filament System | The Microtubule System

Question 60

To get into the nucleus a component has to have to correct signal sequence and pass through a nuclear pore.

Answer 60

True

Question 61

The actin filament system is present in the nucleus.

Answer 61

False

Question 62

Cilia and microvilli contain a similar number of parallel actin filaments.

Answer 62

False

Question 63

Naked DNA does not exist in Nature but scientists can make naked DNA in a test tube.

Answer 63

True

Question 64

What does the nucleosomal core have in it (i.e., the basket ball like structure on the slides)?

Answer 64

8 histones--two H2A, two H2B, two H3 and two H4.

Question 65

The actin filament system extends outside of the cell.

Answer 65

False

Question 66

There is communication between cells and communication ___ cells.

Answer 66

Within

Question 67

There are two basic forms of cytoplasmic signaling (i.e., signal transduction). One uses ___ and the other uses ____.

Answer 67

Calcium, Protein

Question 68

When insulin binds to a receptor, this signal first uses _____.

Answer 68

kinases

Question 69

MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the ___ ____. If the kinase becomes active during interphase the cell is triggered to progress through the ___ ____.

Answer 69

Cell cycle, Cell cycle.

Question 70

For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a cell and uses the circulatory system to get to the responding cell it is called ____ communication.

Answer 70

Endocrine.

Question 71

The other point where MAPK can become active is ___ of the cell cycle.

Answer 71

m phase

Question 72

Two types of second messengers discussed in lecture can exist downstream of a plasma membrane receptor. These are ___ and ___.

Answer 72

cAMP (cyclic AMP) and MAPK (MAP kinase).

Question 73

There are two basic types of communication within cells. One type is called ___ signaling and it takes days to weeks to occur. The other type is called ____ communication and it takes minutes to hours to act.

Answer 73

Nuclear, Cytoplasmic

Question 74

When a cell "talks to itself" it is called ____ communication.

Answer 74

Autocrine

Question 75

For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a neighboring cell where the ligand diffuses directly from one cell to another is called ___ communication.

Answer 75

Paracrine

Question 76

There are two types of receptors. One type of receptor binds to polar (hydrophilic) ligands and this is the receptor located in the ___ _____.

Answer 76

Plasma membrane

Question 77

At these checkpoints, a cyclin works with a cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e. CDK) to regulate the checkpoint.

Answer 77

True

Question 78

The synthesis/presence of cyclin is what turns on the CDK as the CDK is always present but it is the cyclin that is synthesized and degraded in cycles.

Answer 78

True

Question 79

In the time span of 10 years every cell in your adult body goes through the cell cycle.

Answer 79

False

Question 80

List the three categories of cells in the body with regard to the cell cycle.

Answer 80

1) those cells that never go through the cell cycle after birth (ex: muscles and neurons) 2) those cells that go through the cell cycle by injury (ex: kindney) 3) those cells that constantly go through the cell cycle (ex: skin, blood cell production).

Question 81

After DNA synthesis (i.e. S-phase), an identical copy of the DNA has been made and this is present in the two chromatids when viewed as the chromosome.

Answer 81

True

Question 82

Many chemotherapy drugs act by arresting the cell in M-phase of the cell cycle.

Answer 82

True

Question 83

The ___ begins to be destroyed at the metaphase of the cell cycle causing the chromosomes to begin to ____.

Answer 83

Cyclin B1, decondense

Question 84

Cytoplasmic signal transduction controls the checkpoints of the cell cycle.

Answer 84

True

Question 85

An important checkpoint regulator is at the Gap2/M-phase transition. Here cyclin B and CDK1 activate and form MPF which becomes a ____ ____ and causes the DNA to condense into ____.

Answer 85

histone kinase; chromosomes

Question 86

In your body not all cells go through the cell cycle.

Answer 86

True

Question 87

Gap 1 of the cell cycle represents the time when the cell is doing what it is supposed to do as part of its cell type. In other words, that is when a liver cell is going its function as a liver cell.

Answer 87

True

Question 88

Cancer can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation.

Answer 88

True

Question 89

During mitosis, the cytoplasm of the cell is "settled down."

Answer 89

True

Question 90

The activation of both MPF and MAPK result in ____ ___ of the cytoplasm during M-phase.

Answer 90

settling down

Question 91

Cytokinesis in a plant and animal cell takes two forms. List them here.

Answer 91

In a plant cell: phragmoplast formation | In an animal cell: contractile ring formation