Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ex-Ac > Exam 3 - Final Project > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Final Project Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Sustainable Development

A

form of development that meets the needs of today without compromising the needs of tomorrow (future generations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does sustainability emphasize? (3)

A

Efficiency and moderation of:
1) materials
2) Energy
3) Spatial Resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

LEED has how many major areas of development?

A

Nine:
1. Integrative Process
2. Location + Transport
3. Sustainable Sites
4. Water Efficiency
5. Energy and Atmosphere
6. Materials and resources
7. Indoor Environmental Quality
8. Innovation
9. Regional Priority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

This Green Building Standard addresses Life Cycle Performance through construction and use and requires evidence that standards are met?

A

BREEAM: Building Research Environmental Assessment Method (UK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This Green Building Standard addresses Life Cycle Assessment in 7 areas

A

Green Globes
1. project management
2. site
3. energy
4. water
5. materials and resources
6. emissions
7. indoor environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What green building standard has a predictive and actual performance goal?

A

PassivHaus:
less than 120 kWh/m2
0.6 ACH @ 50 Pa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What green building standard considers preservation, net-zero energy, beauty and biophillic design?

A

Living Building Challenge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

are sustainable design and resilient design the same?

A

No, sustainability considers how to reduce energy and increase efficiency, resiliency focuses on providing basic human needs in response to rapid changing effects related to climate change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is strongest bearing capacity? (Gravel, Silts, Clay, Sands?

A

Strongest to weakest: Gravel, Sands, Silts, Clays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is shearing strength of soil?

A

ability to resist displacement when external force is applied (cohesion and friction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Course grained soils are..

A

more permeable
less susceptible to frost action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is an angle of repose?

A

measures a soils confining force for shear resistance: shallow angle: requires confining force or will displace laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can passive solar heating be accomplished? (3)

A
  1. Direct gain
  2. Indirect gain
  3. Isolated gain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Passive solar systems rely on which 3 processes for collection, storage distribution and control of solar energy?

A
  1. conduction
  2. convection
  3. radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is settlement?

A

Loads imposed by a structure by subsidence of a portion of the supporting soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_______ are static loads acting vertically downward on a structure compromising the self weight

A

Dead loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is ground pressure

A

Horizontal force a soil mass exerts on a vertical retaining structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_______ is the hydraulic force ground water exerts on a foundation system.

A

Water pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are thermal stresses?

A

Compressive or tensile stresses developed in a material constrained against thermal expansion or contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

____ Compromises any moving or movable loads on a structure resulting from occupancy, snow, water or moving equipment

A

Live loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are assumed to be applied slowly to a structure until it reaches peak value without fluctuating rapidly in magnitude or position

A

Static loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What kinds of loads are kinetic and short in duration? What are they treated as in building codes?

A

Impact loads. Treat as static loads to compensate for dynamic nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two major types of dynamic loads?

A

Wind and earthquake loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What kinds of buildings require wind tunnel testing and are subject to flutter?

A

Tall slender buildings, structures with unusual or complex shapes, lightweight structures, flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the minimum design value for the total lateral seismic force to act in a horizontal direction

A

Base shear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do lateral loads subject to overturning at the base of a structure require?

A

An overturning moment counterbalanced by 1) an external restoring moment and 2) an internal resisting moment. Usually restoring moment is 50% greater than overturning moment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

This type of load is like a column on a footing

A

Point load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

This type pf load is like a live load on a joist or beam

A

Uniformly distributed load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When does failure on a column happen?

A

When axial load exceeds the compressive strength of the material available in cross section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A compressive load beyond the _____ area will cause tensile stresses to develop in section.

A

Kern area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What happens when sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member is induced by the action of an axial load before the yield stress of the material is reaches? (columns)

A

Buckling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

This is the perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates under transverse loading

A

Deflection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

This is the external moment tending to cause part of a structure to rotate or bend

A

Bending moment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

This is the internal moment equal and opposite to a bending moment

A

Resisting moment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

This is the combination of compressive and compressive and tension stresses developed at a cross section of a structural member

A

Bending stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The imaginary line passing thru the centroid of a cross section of a beam

A

Neutral axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

This occurs when a cross section of a beam or member is subject to bending equal to algebraic sum of transverse forces on one side

A

Transverse shear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

This stress develops to resist transverse shear

A

Vertical shearing stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

This stress is like stacked beams/joists. Develops to prevent slippage along horizontal planes of a beam under transverse loading

A

Horizontal or longitudinal shearing stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

This type of frame uses pin joints to prevent high bending stresses from developing by allowing frame to rotate

A

Hinged frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

This type of frame is more resistant to deflection that a hinged frame but more sensitive to support settlements and thermal expansion

A

Fixed frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

This type of frame is least affected by support settlements and thermal stresses

A

Three hinged frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What can decrease the two way action in plate design?

A

When a plate becomes more rectangular than square.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What must you consider when using a one way or two way system? (3 points)

A
  1. Dimension, scale, proportions of structural bay
  2. Materials
  3. Depth of assembly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the 3 basic mechanisms ensuring lateral stability?

A

Rigid frame, shear wall, brace frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Purpose of seismic / expansion joints?

A

Physically separate adjacent building masses so that free vibratory movement can occur independently of the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

These are viscoelastic devices installed at structural joints to absorb energy generated by wind or earthquakes

A

Damping mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

When does earth need to be braced or shored in foundation construction?

A

When the sides of a deep excavation exceed the angle of repose for the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

This is steel cables or tendons inserted into predrilled holes thru the sheet piling

A

Tie backs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Thos is a concrete wall cast in a trench to serve as sheeting and is often a permanent foundation wall

A

Slurry wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what are 7 ways to make a home energy efficient? (NRC Image)

A
  1. airtight construction
  2. air sealing
  3. high-performance (energy star equipment)
  4. high-perf windows
  5. LED lighting
  6. Energy star appliances
  7. improved insulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Two principle types of deep foundations

A

Pile (friction and end bearing) and caisson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

3 types of span decking (wood construction)

A

Simple, double, continuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Minimum concrete cover around structural members

A

1,5” minimum concrete cover around reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Advantages of cavity walls (2)

A

Enhanced thermal insulation in space.
Air space acts as a barrier against water penetration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Roof underlay should be vapour impermeable. (T/f)

A

False, it should be permeable to not allow moisture to be trapped between underlay and sheathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Vapour retarder at roof should be placed where?

A

At warm side of insulation. Temperature at V.R should be warmer than the dew point to prevent condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What can prevent condensation in a roof?

A

Vented air space above insulation and vapour retarder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Materials for liquid applied membranes (roofs) (4)

A

Silicone, neoprene, butyl rubber, polyurethane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

All of these are what? ( thermoplastics, PVCs, Polymer modified bitumens, thermosetting, EPDM, CSPE, Neoprene)

A

Single-ply roofing types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Three types of EPDM roofing

A

Fully adhered, mechanically fastened, ballasted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is a PER wall

A

pressure equalizer rainscreen

Uses vented cladding and air cavity divided into compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

5 types of insulation

A

Batt, Rigid, foamed in place, loose fill, reflective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Vapour retarder is used for what

A

Prevent vapour from condensing within the layer of insulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Risk with vapour retarder

A

Requires ventilation to mitigate condensat
ion and trapped moisture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Why does exterior cladding need to be permeable

A

To allow trapped moisture to escape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Where is vapour retarder placed over unheated spaces?

A

On the warm side of the floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

This exchanges heat from exhaust stream to pre-filtered fresh air in winter and opposite in summer

A

Heat recovery ventilators (HRV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

This heat exchanger transfers heat and moisture cooling and dehumidifying the incoming fresh air in summer and opposing in winter

A

Energy recovery ventilators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

3 types of movement joints

A

Expansion (structure) control (at points of weakness) isolation (sectional movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What materials are compatible with aluminum to mitigate galvanic action?

A

Stainless steel, galvanized steel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is required between concrete slabs and wood flooring?

A

Wood subfloor (plywood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Can laminate be installed on concrete topping?

A

Yes, can be used as a smooth level surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Types of resilient flooring

A

Cork tile, vinyl, linoleum, rubber tile,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

4 types of energy transfer (thermal comfort)

A

Conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Factors affecting human comfort (7)

A

Air temperature, relative humidity, radiant temperature, air motion, air purity, sound vibration, light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

MRT?

A

Mean radiant temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what does V stand for in mechanical systems?

A

air motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is a dew point?

A

Point at which air becomes saturated with water vapour (psychometric charts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Negatives of biomass

A

Sometimes more energy is spent producing it than what it can make

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Good design for heat loss may include

A

Solar orientation, thermal resistance of assemblies, using thermal masses and thermal insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is heating load

A

Hourly rate of net heat loss in an enclosed space (BTU per hour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is a BTU

A

British Thermal Unit: quantity if heat required to raise temp of 1lb of water to 1 degree F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is a heating load/cooling lod

A

Hourly rate of net heat loss/gain in an enclosed space in BTU/H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is a two pipe hydronic heating system

A

Supply hot water and returns water with a second pipe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Downside of electric heating (vs forced air)

A

Cannot control humidity or air quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What is radiant heating

A

Heat source carrying electric resistance heating cables or hot water within the ceiling, floor or wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

How does liquid radiant heating systems adjust temperature?

A

Control valve adjusts supply water by mixing it with circulating water from pipe loops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What is a heat transfer medium

A

Air, water, other liquid carrying the collected heat energy from source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What is compressive refrigeration

A

Cooling effect by the vaporization and expansion of a liquid refrigerant. Condenser reduces a vapor or gas to liquid form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

This is a structure where heat is extracted from water that has been used for cooling

A

Cooling tower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

This mechanical system blends warm and cool air to the desired temperature before distributing the air

A

Dual duct HVAC system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

CAV system definition

A

Constant Air Volume : delivers air at a constant temperature thru a low velocity duct system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

This HVAC system uses dampers to control the flow of conditioned air

A

Single duct VAV (Variable Air Volume) system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Water supply pipe materials

A

Copper, plastic or galvanized steel.

Must be corrosion resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

When is a sump pump required?

A

For fixtures below the street sewer: remove accumulated liquids from sump pit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Three types of artificial light

A

Incandescent (heat of electricity produces light; fluorescent (contains mercury, fluorescent phosphors) and high intensity discharge (HID) (light produced by discharges thru metallic vapour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Two types of concrete tests

A

Slump & Compression tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What are the three performance metrics for energy efficiency

A

Thermal Energy Demand Intensity (TEDI)
Total Energy Use Intensity (TEUI)
Airtightness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

strategies for achieving TEDI targets (energy demand)

A

Minimize heat loss
Consider density
Optimize fenestration
Increase r-value
Reduce thermal bridging
Increase air tightness
Recover heat in ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Strategies for TEUI (Use intensity) targets

A

Occupant and unit density
Optimize fenestration
Increase air tightness
Recover heat in ventilation
separate heating and cooling from ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Strategies for achieving air tightness

A

Compact massing (reduces corners)
Limit penetrations in envelope
Careful detailing at interfaces
Strict adherence to construction practices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Steps of BC Energy Step Code

A
  1. Code compliance
  2. Improve air tightness and use additional measures (lower window-wall ratio, higher r values, improve window performance, improve heat recovery
  3. Integrated approach to improve air tightness and reduce thermal bridging
  4. Consider multiple systems and practices (high heat recovery, triple glazed windows, eliminate all thermal bridges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Simple design moves to minimize heat loss

A

Simple form
Lower vertical area to floor area ratio
Large floor plates
Take advantage of natural light
Maximize solar gains
Avoid overhearing by providing shading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

What are some trade offs for energy efficiency

A

Unit density: demand harder with increasing density, use can be consolidated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Lower the u value

A

Better the window’s performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

What is a good design strategy for air tightness

A

Compartmentalization : individually vented zones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Two sustainable ventilation strategies for MURBs

A

centralized system with heat recovery
Decentralized systems (hear recovery is most efficient)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Two mechanical objectives for TEUI and TEDI

A

Use heat recovery
Separate heating and cooling from ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Fenestration design considerations for energy efficiency

A

North: reduce WWR to reduce winter heatloss
west: shade to prevent solar gain in summer
East facing: increase WWR, shading has minimal impact
South: externally shade for gains in summer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Three strategies for window efficiency

A

Select efficient glass (double/triple pane)
Align windows with insulation line
Reduce framing elements by having fewer lrger windows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

A resilient building

A

Maintains critical operations in face of an event and can return to normal operations efficiently, maintaining livability

Improves overall health and well being of its occupants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Passive cooling strategies

A

Building shape, orientation, thermal mass, window design,cool roofs, shading, vegetation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Shading strategies

A

External fixed shades, manual shades, automated shades., vegetation, solar heat gain coefficient selection, window coatings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Most effectivte strategy for mechanical systems to optimize energy efficiency

A

Separate ventilation and cooling systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Unit of measurement for air tightness

A

ACH (air change hour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Measurmement for TEDI (thermal energy demand intensity)

A

kWh/m2 per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

4 general characteristics of high performance buildings

A

Low thermal transmittance
Low air leakage control
Solar control
Low energy use and cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Name components of this wall

A

Water shedding surface
Water resistive barrier
Air barrier
Thermal insulation
Vapour retarder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

4 factors that reduce thermal comfort

A

Overheating
Thermal bridging
Condensation
Relative humidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

Calculate R value using parallel paths method

A

100 / [23/6.8] + [77/19]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

Requirements of an Air Barrier

A

Air impermeable
Continuity
Durability
Strength and stiffness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

Vabour barrier on exterior sheathing (sheathing membrane) is to do what?

A

Allow vapour that has migrated from the conditioned space to dissipate to the exterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Sheathing membrane types

A

Asphalt impregnated paper, spun bonded polyolefin (house wrap) and self adhering or liquid waterproof membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

Rainscreens are good for

A

Wet climates: to allow water that gets past cladding to drain to the exterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Air barriers to be installed around entire surface where condition space and unconditioned space are separated. Most typical airbarrier in residential construction is

A

6mm polyethylene on warm side with all joints and penetrations taped and sealed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

All assemblies seperating conditioned and unconditioned spaces need to ve

A

Insulated and have an air barrier (vapour permeable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

5 principals of sustainable housing

A

Healthy indoor environment
Energy efficiency
Resource efficiency
Environmental responsibility
Affordability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

This can improve concrete workability and reduce the amount of cement and aggregate needed

A

High fly-ash content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Concrete curing must maintain

A

Moist conditions,
Temperatures 10-25 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

What is the grade stamp on lumber

A

NLGA (National Lumber Grades Authority)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

What grade mark of lumber should be used

A

S-DRY : lumber surfaced at moisture content less than 19%
Best way to limit moisture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

SLC LVL PSL LSL AND OSL

A

Engineered wood products:
Structural Composite Lumber
laminated Veneer Lumber
Parallel Strand Lumber
Laminated Strand
Oriented Strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

What is a capillary break

A

Air space that allows precipitation to drain on the backside of the cladding or on sheathing membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

Vapour barriers are to be located

A

On warm side of insulating materials. Does not need to be sealed but does need to be continuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

Most common vapour retarders

A

Polyethylene film, metal foil, polystyrene insul, spray foam, polyiso insulation l, metal , glass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

What is required STC rating mining

A

50 STC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

What is required STC rating min

A

50 STC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

6 strategies to improve STC

A

Increase material mass
Increase cavity sept
Increase sound absorbing material
Increase space btwn studs
Use resilient channels to direct sound
Stagger your gypsum board attachments
Use double studs!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

Intention of an air barrier

A

Reduce air pressure differential across an envlope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

What 3 things influence the drying rate of an assembly

A

Air temp
Relative humidity
Solar heating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

How to reduce moisture load of an envelope

A

Overhangs
Eaves trough
Impermeable surfaces
Integrating sills with drip edges
Plan for vertical projections acting as dams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

Permeable materials absorb through_____

A

Capillary action/flow. Consider how the material will dry/drain or be vented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Using gravity to your advantage in mitigating water

A

Overlap joints by 100mm
Provide drainage holes
Provide 2% min slop at horizontal surface (8% for wood)
Use gaskets and sealant at vertical joints
Shield open joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

How to mitigate capillary action

A

Lap horizontal joints by 25mm
Use 10mm drainage and venting holes
choose non absorbing materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

What mech to use if you want to minimize noise

A

All air VAV except induction types
Hydronic convectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

What mech system to use if intent is to minimize floor space

A

Thru wall terminal
Induction
Hydronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

What mech to install if intent is to control air quality and velocity

A

VAV
dual duct VAV
multizone
Single duct CAV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

What mech system to use if to minimize operational costs

A

VAV
single duct VAV
hydronic convector
Closed loop heat pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

What mech systems control indicators zones/rooms

A

VAV
air water induction
Fancoil
Terminal units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

General advantages of Central systems

A

Quieter
Less maintenance
Better air quality
Occupies less space

152
Q

Disadvantages of VAV

A

Cannot cool and heat different areas at same time

153
Q

Adv/Disadvantages of dual duct system

A

Good temperature control
Space consuming
Not energy efficient

154
Q

Adv/disadv of central air system

A

Good air quality
Easy to maintain
No individual temp control

155
Q

Adv of fan coil units

A

Continues to circulate air even when heat is turned off

156
Q

Adv/disadv of fan coil units

A

+ No fan rooms
+ Individually controlled rooms
Cannot control humidity

157
Q

Adv/disadv of local systems (terminal & thru wall systems)

A

+ low cost, retrofits
+ readily avail
+ control temp of individual rooms
+ no ducts/pipes
+ low cost if not all rooms are heated
- noisy
- high maintenance costs
-ugly

158
Q

What structural system to use if u want thin slabs (4)

A

Prestressed concrete slabs
2-way flat plate
Precasr prestressed hollow core
Post tensioned one way solid slab

159
Q

what structural system to use if u want exposed structure with high FRR

A

avoid steel
all concrete is good
heavy timber frame
mill construction

160
Q

what structural system to use if u want irregular form

A

site-cast concrete
light-guage steel
platform frame
masonry with concrete slab, wood or light steel framing

161
Q

what structural system if you want a column to deviate from the grid

A

use systems that do not use beams or joists
such as site cast, two way concrete
space frame

162
Q

Longspan structural systems

A

heavy wood truss
glulam beams
glulam arches
conventional steel frame
open-web steel joists
steel frame
steel truss
site-cast waffle
precast concrete ‘t’ (single or double)
suspended
arches
vaults

163
Q

What structural system to choose if construction site is under adverse weather?

A

Do not choose site-cast concrete that requires a specific temperatures
Any steel
any wood
precast

164
Q

What structural system to choose to minimize site construction time (minimize off site time would be opposite)

A

precast concrete
conventional wood
conventional steel
heavy timber frame

165
Q

Structural system If you wish to minimize constructiontime for a 4- to 20-story building

A

Precast concrete
Conventional steel frame
Once the structural components for either of the above systems are prefabricated, on-site erection proceeds quickly.
Any sitecast concrete system
The absence of lead time for the prefabrication of components in these systems allows construction of the building to begin on-site at the earliest time.

166
Q

structural system if you wish to minimize the need for diagonal bracing or shear walls:

A

Choose a system that is capable of forming rigid joints, such as
+ Any sitecast concrete system, particularly those with beams or deepened slabs around the columns
+ Steel frame with welded rigid connections
+ Single-story rigid steel frame

When depending on a rigid frame for lateral stiffness, the sizes of the framing members often must be increased to resist the added bending
stresses produced in such systems

167
Q

If you wish to minimize the dead load on the building foundation which structural system to choose?

A

Consider lightweight or short span systems, such as
Any steel system
Any wood system

168
Q

If you wish to minimize structural
distress due to unstable foundation
conditions which structural system to choose

A

Frame systems without rigid joints are recommended, such as Steel frame, with bolted connections
Heavy timber frame
Precast concrete systems
Platform framing

AVOID Welded steel frame, masonry bearing wall, and sitecast concrete frame

169
Q

What structural system to choose if you wish to provide concealed spaces within the structure itself for ducts, pipes, wires, and other building mechanical systems

A

Consider systems that naturally provide convenient hollow spaces, such as:
+Truss and open-web joist systems
+Light gauge steel framing
+Platform frame
+Light gauge steel framing and platform frame construction are often applied as finish or infill systems in combination with other types of
building structure to provide such spaces. For more information on the integration of building services and the structural system

170
Q

What are three purposes of walls?

A

May be load bearing and act as shear walls
Concrete good for shear and fire ratings
Used best in compression

171
Q

what three factors affect thermal comfort that mech/elect can control?

A
  1. Air temperature and mean radiant temperature – temperature of things in the room
    -Higher the mean radiant temperature the lowerthe temperature should be
  2. Air temperature and relative humidity
    -The higher the relative humidity the lower the air temperature should be
  3. Air temperature and air motion
    -The cooler the moving air stream is, the less velocity it should have
172
Q

What are the three main fossil fuel types?

A
  1. Natural Gas
    +Burns cleanly
    + Does not require onsite storage or delivery
  2. Propane
    + Burns cleanly
    - Slightly more expensive than natural gas
    + Requires no on site storage and delivery
  3. Oil
    + Efficient
    - Requires onsite storage and delivery
173
Q

What to consider when increasing electrical loads

A

if the electricity is dervived from a Clean energy source (typically)
Good for sites that requires no combustion or storage
Compact, relatively small and quiet system
Can be very expensive if the local economy isn’t electric focused (EX. Calgary)

174
Q

Impacts of using wood as a heating source

A

+ Renewable resource
- Burning can create air pollution/bad indoor air quality

175
Q

Positives/negatives of using Forced Air systems

A

+ Filtering, humidification, and dehumidifying can be incorporated into the system
+Can be placed in basements or in low attic spaces
+The most typical way heating is done, as well as the most versatile in small buildings
-Requires combustion air and vents
-Requires a network of ducts to distribute air, can affect ceiling heights
-Depending on the occupancy type very large ducts may be required, therefore you would need a thick floor space

176
Q

Describe hot water heating in 4 points

A
  1. Circulating hot water or steam through pipes and heat through radiators
  2. Requires a boiler
  3. Heats through radiation or convection, not much air movement
  4. Is unable to control humidity or air pollutants
177
Q

Describe electric heat in 4 points

A

1.Can be put in ducts or can use hot water system
2.Direct means in space heating units
3.Baseboard convection units, wall unit heaters, floor unit heaters, radiant heating in floors, ceilings, walls,
4.Does not control humidity or pollutants unless using a forced air system

178
Q

Describe solar heating

A

1.Needs lots of sun at the right angle
2.Need a heat transfer medium for direct and storage for days when it is cold (trombe wall)
3.To be efficient the building itself must also be thermally efficient

179
Q

Describe cooling in 3 points

A
  1. Compressive refrigeration
  2. Heat pumps (most efficient in moderate climates)
  3. Absorption refrigeration
180
Q

Describe HVAC in 4 points

A
  1. Can be Air systems/packaged systems OR air/water systems
  2. Requires duct space and take up room in ceiling or floors
  3. Water systems require much less space and can deliver warm and cool air
  4. Ventilation provided through openings in walls or floors
181
Q

Describe a water-supply heating system

A

-Upfeed system – forces water pressure up with pressure from compressed air
-Downfeed system – water is pumped to a collection tank and gravity is used to supply pressure
-On demand water heating systems are energy efficient, require no storage tank but they do need an exhaust vent for natural gas heater

182
Q

What are water supply lines made of?

A
  • Copper (corrosion resistant, strong, low friction loss, easily joined, small diameter)
  • Galvanized Steel
  • Plastic (light weight, easily joined, low friction, not all OK for potable water, not all good with hot water)
183
Q

Types of fire protection systems

A
  1. Wet pipe system – contains water at sufficient pressure to provide immediate discharge
  2. Dry Pipe System – contains pressurized air that is release when a sprinkler head opens allowing water to flow through the piping, good for places where water may be subject to freezing
  3. Preaction System – dry pipe sprinkler through which water flow is controlled by a valve operated by fire detection devices more sensitive than sprinkler heads, but could damage your stuff
  4. Deluge System sprinkler heads are open all the time, water flow is controlled by a valve operated by a heat, smoke, or flame sensitive device
  5. Standpipes – wet, contain water under pressure, fitted with fire hoses for emergency use by building occupants, Dry, no water, but connection allows firefighters fire hose to a hydrant or pump truck
184
Q

What heating/cooling system to choose if you wish to minimize the visual obtrusiveness

A

Choose a system that has minimal hardware in the occupied spaces of the building, such as
Any all-air system

185
Q

What heating/cooling system to choose if you wish to minimize the floor space used for the mechanical system, or the floor-to-floor height of
the building:

A

Choose a local system that has no ductwork or piping, such as:
- Through-the-wall and packaged terminal units
or a system that minimizes the size of the ductwork or piping, such as:
- Induction systems
- Hydronic convectors

186
Q

What heating/cooling system to choose if you wish to minimize maintenance requirements of the heating and cooling system

A

Choose systems that are very simple and have few moving parts in the occupied spaces of the building:
+ Variable air volume
+ Single duct, constant air volume
+ Hydronic convectors

187
Q

What heating/cooling system to choose if you wish to avoid having a chimney in the building

A

Choose systems that are electrically powered:
+ Electric boilers
+ Through-the-wall and packaged terminal units
+ Closed-loop heat pumps

188
Q

What heating/cooling system to choose if you wish to maximize the speed of construction

A

Choose systems that can be installed by a single trade, such as:
-Through-the-wall and packaged terminal units

189
Q

Cheapest initial cost mechanical system

A

Single ducts air system
packaged thru wall system

190
Q

which heating/cooling system to mitigate operating costs

A

VAV system
Single duct CAV
closed-loop heat pumps (circulates anti-freeze)
hydronic convectors (uses hot water to heat air)

191
Q

best systems to control air velocity and quality

A

VAV
Single-duct CAVs

192
Q

which heating system to use to minimize noise

A

VAV
fan coil
closed loop heat pumps
packaged units thru-wall

193
Q

which heating system to minimize maintenance

A

VAV
CAV
hydronic convectors

194
Q

which heating system to use to minimize floor area taken up by systems

A

fan coils
hydronic convectors
closed loop heat pumps
thru-wall packed units

195
Q

What is a chilled water plant

A

The chilled water plant produces cold water that is used for cooling the building. The chillers are fueled by electricity, gas, or steam.

The chillers give off heat, noise, and vibration, and should not be located near spaces they will adversely affect.

They may be placed anywhere in the building from basement to roof, but they are heavy and require deeper-than-normal structural members for support

196
Q

what is a cooling tower

A

Cooling towers extract heat from the water that is used to cool the condenser coils of the chilled
water plant. In effect, the cooling towers are the mechanism by which the heat removed from a
building by the air conditioning system is dissipated into the atmosphere.

197
Q

what is a transformer used for?

A

For reasons of efficiency, electric utilities transmit electricity at high voltages. Transformers reduce this to lower voltages that can be utilized directly in the building — typically 120/208 volts or 115/230 volts in wall and floor receptacles, and up to 480/277 volts in some types of machinery and lighting fixtures.

198
Q

why is an exterior transformer (on concrete pad) preferred?

A

because it is less expensive,
cools better, is easier to service,
transmits less noise to the building,
is safer against fire

199
Q

requirements if an oil transformer must be placed inside a building?

A

Oil-filled transformers of the type the utility company provides for large buildings must be
placed in a transformer vault, which is a fire-rated enclosure with two exits.

requires an access panel for servicing and well ventilated (gives off lots of heat)

200
Q

requirements for DRY type transformers inside buildings

A

Dry-type transformers (small and medium-sized buildings) do not need a vault;
They may be placed in the main electric room.
The transformer vault or main electric room is often placed in the basement or on the ground floor but are heavy and require floor reinforcement

201
Q

What is the transformer switch gear comprised of?

A

disconnect switches,
secondary switches,
fuses
circuit breakers

Dry: can be in same elect room
Wet/oil: in room adjacent to the transformer vault

202
Q

Main characteristics of emergency generators

A

The emergency generator is driven by an engine fueled with propane gas or diesel oil.
Engine needs large quantities of air for combustion and cooling, and it gives off exhaust gases, noise, and vibration.
The best location for the emergency power supply is on the ground outside the building, near the switchgear room.
Period up to 10s for the generator to kick-in

203
Q

What is a sewer ejector pit?

A

If the lowest level of a building lies below the level of the sewer or septic tank, sewage is collected in
an underfloor pit and pumped up to the sewer.

204
Q

Describe a telecommunications room

A

A central room for telephone and data systems should be located in the basement or on the ground floor as close to the telecommunications

205
Q

What is a water pump

A

Where the water service enters the building, a room is required to house the water meter and the
sprinkler and standpipe valves.

206
Q

Requirements for electrical closets and telecom rooms

A

Electrical and telecommunications closets must be: accessible from public areas of the floor,
must each be stacked above one another
must include wiring shafts
must be kept free of plumbing, steam, and other types of wiring

207
Q

minimum wall thicknesses for plumbing stacks

A

300mm for single side fixtures
400 for double

208
Q

All outlets in wet locations (washroom, kitchen, etc) require what?

A

Ground Fault Interrupter (GFI)

209
Q

two classes of soils

A

fine grained
coarse grained

210
Q

What are the 4 soil classification types, according to the ASTM Unified Soil Classification System?

A

Gravels, Sands, Silts, and Clays. * Organic material is a soil type, but is a really bad idea to use underneath a building.

211
Q

Which soils are most susceptible to frost action?

A

Silts and clays are the most susceptible to frost action, while sands and gravels are the least - the same is true about permeability - low permeable soils retain water, which expands when frozen.

212
Q

What are the two types of loads, and provide examples?

A
  1. Static Loads
    Live loads
    Occupancy loads
    Snow loads
    Rain loads
    Settlement loads
    Ground pressure
    Water pressure
    Thermal stresses impact loads (car)
    Dead loads
  2. Dynamic Loads
    Earthquake
    Wind
213
Q

When wind is applied to a building in a lateral direction what are the three scenarios the building is resisting?

A

Sliding
Overturning
Uplift

214
Q

Short thick columns vs long slender columns are subject to what type of failure typically?

A

Short and thick - Crushing
Long and Slender - Buckling

215
Q

If you have a rectangular slab is it preferable for it to be a one-way or two-way slab?

A

A one-way slab, two-way slabs perform better when the slab is square

216
Q

Basic frame types for resisting lateral loads?

A

Rigid frame, shear wall, braced frame

217
Q

Two types of foundations and provide examples for each?

A
  1. Shallow foundations
    Spread footings
  2. Deep foundations
    Piles
    Caissons
218
Q

What is underpinning?

A

The process of rebuilding or strengthening an existing foundation of an existing building, or extending it with a new excavation. The process provides temporary support while an existing foundation is repaired.

219
Q

What is sheet piling and what are tie backs?

A

Sheet Piling consists of timber, steel, or precast concrete planks driven into the ground vertically to retain the earth and prevent water from seeping in during the excavation
Tiebacks are secure to rock or soil and are provided to secure sheet piling (if cross bracing within the excavation itself would interfere with the operations)

220
Q

Types of piles? (in material and design)

A

End bearing piles
Friction piles
Timber Piles
Composite piles (such as concrete at upper section to prevent water table corrosion)
Pipe piles
Precast concrete piles
H-Piles

221
Q

Difference between pretensioning and posttensioning?

A

Pre - is when you stretch the reinforcing tendons in a concrete member before the concrete is cast
Post - After the concrete member is cast

222
Q

What is convection?

A

Transfer of heat through liquid or gas (your body gives off heat to the surrounding air)

223
Q

What is conduction?

A

Direct contact (give off heat touching tips)

224
Q

What is radiation?

A

Giving off heat through electromagnetic waves

225
Q

What are the three types of heating systems?

A

Electric
Water
Air

226
Q

what are 4 advantages of electric heating systems?

A
  1. most compact
  2. quick response to temperature changes
  3. easily zoned
  4. low initial cost
227
Q

what are 3 advantages of water heating distribution systems?

A
  1. compact, easily hidden
  2. can be combined with domestic hot water systems
  3. good for radiant floor heating.
228
Q

What are three advantages of air heat distribution?

A

1.quick response
2.can also perform ventilation, cooling, humidity control and filtering.
3. no equipment in rooms

229
Q

Provide examples of clean energy for heating?

A

Solar energy
Window power
Biomass energy
Hydrogen
Hydropower
Ocean energy
Geothermal

230
Q

What is heating load and cooling load?

A

Heating load is hourly rate of net heat loss in an enclosed space
Cooling load is hourly rate of heat gain in an enclosed space

231
Q

What is forced air heating?

A

Air is heating in a gas, oil, or electric furnace and distributed through the space with ducts

232
Q

What is hot water heating?

A

Water is heating in a boiler and circulated by a pump through pipes to radiators or convectors.

Brett Shaw Fun fact, steam heating is similar, using steam generated in a boiler and circulating it through piping to radiators

233
Q

What is electric heating?

A

Electric energy is converted into heat and distributed through the space through baseboard convection

234
Q

What is radiant heating?

A

Uses heated ceiling, floors, and sometimes walls as radiating surfaces. The heat source may be pipes or tubing carrying hot water or electric resistance heating cables imbedded into the surfaces

235
Q

For water supply when do you need a gravity downfeed system (pumped up to a tank and gravity fed for building water supply)?

A

If the water supply is 50 psi, upfeed is reasonable for low rise buildings up to six storeys, above that you must have downfeed

236
Q

Sound Transmission mitigation main principles:

A

Increase mass (# layers)
Increase depth of cavity
Fill cavity with insulation
Space studs @ 600 o.c.
Space resilient channels @ 600 o.c.

237
Q

Portland Cement Types:

A

Type I: General construction (normal Portland cement)
Type II: resistant to moderate sulfate action (moderate Portland cement)
Type III: Cures faster & gains strength earlier (high early strength Portland cement)
Type IV: Generates less heat (Low-heat Portland cement)
Type V: Resistant to severe sulfate action (sulfate resistant Portland cement)

238
Q

What is the typical water to cement ration?

A

Typical water to cement ratio = 0.45-0.6

239
Q

What is galvanic action?

A

One metal corrodes while plating the other
Occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact and enough moisture is present for electric current to flow

240
Q

Two wood types

A

Softwoods – predominantly evergreens (pine, fir, hemlock, spruce, etc.)
Hardwoods – Broad leaved flowering trees (cherry, maple, oak, etc.)

241
Q

What is efflorescence?

A

The migration of a salt to the surface of a porous material, where it forms a coating. (sulfate attack)

242
Q

Three Brick grades

A

SW: suitable for severe weathering
MW: suitable for moderate weathering
NW: suitable for negligible weathering

243
Q

List wood panel products

A

Plywood
High-Density Overlay (OSB)
Medium Density overlay (MDO)
Particleboard
Oriented strandboard (OSB)
Waferboard

244
Q

Three types of green roof systems

A

Intensive vegetated roof systems (min 1ft depth for planting)
Extensive vegetated roof systems (lower maintenance, 4”-6”)
Modular block systems (3”-4” of engineered soil)

245
Q

What is a life-cycle analysis?

A

In an LCA of a building, all of the material and process quantities are gathered into a body of information known as the inventory and multiplied with the appropriate impacts for each material or process. The overall results are summed to obtain the overall environmental impacts of a building.

246
Q

What are the two main PassivHaus targets (energy + infiltration rate)

A

Max energy demand of 120kwh/m2
Infiltration rate no greater than 0.6 air exchange/h @ 50 pascals

247
Q

Explain R value and U value

A

Higher U value = Worse performance
Higher R value = better performance

248
Q

list different insulating materials

A

Batt Insulation (glass or mineral wool)
Rigid foam insulation (Extruded polystyrene, Cellulose glass board)
Foamed in Place (sprayed)
Loose fill insulation (often blown cellulose
Cast (insulating concrete)

249
Q

two types of CMU grades

A

Grade N = Loadbearing concrete masonry (above and below grade)
Grade S = Loadbearing concrete Masonry (only above grade)

250
Q

What is an underlayment?

A

protects roof sheathing from moisture until shingles are applied

251
Q

Mortar types and classifications

A

Type M: High strength
Type S: Medium high strength
Type N: Medium-strength
Type O: Low-strength
Type K: Very-low strength

252
Q

typical flat roof assembly (top to bottom)

A

Wear course
Roofing membrane
Rigid Foam or lightweight concrete insulation
Vapour retarder
Smooth troweled finish
Reinforced concrete roof slab

253
Q

Typical basement floor assembly (slab on grade)

A

4” poured concrete (hydronic loop)
6mil poly vapour barrier
2” rigid insulation (R-10)
8” granular A
Native soil or stable bedrock or engineered fill compacted

254
Q

Typical foundation wall assembly

A

Drainage membrane
Bituminous damproofing
Poured concrete wall
2” continuous R-10 rigid XPS insulation (tape all joints)
2x4 wood studs
R-12 Roxul comfortbatt insulation within stud cavity
½ gypsum board

255
Q

what kind of truss is this?

A

Pratt truss: Vertical members in Compression, Diagonal in tension

256
Q

what kind of truss is this?

A

Howe Truss = Vertical members in tension, diagonal in compression

257
Q

Primary structural elements (7)

A

foundation, columns, beams, girders, joists, slabs, walls

258
Q

What loads should the structure reflect against

A

Wind, dead load, live load, earthquake, hydrostatic

259
Q

The greater the span required, the _________ the joists, beams may become

A

Deeper. This is necessary because the floors require a certain amount of rigidity to prevent excessive deflection under the loads. It may also need to be specific rigidity if vibration is a concern.

260
Q

What is the purpose of heating?

A

To provide a constant and comfortable room temperature throughout the heating period. Heating technology generates hot water for space heating, and, in most plants, also for domestic use.

261
Q

What are the three concepts involved in heating? (every system does this)

A

Heat generation, heat distribution, and heat emission. The generation of heat is a highly complex aspect of heating technology.

262
Q

what are the three primary parts of a mechanical system

A

Heating, Cooling and Humidity

263
Q

What critical factors impact soil stability?

A

Stratification (layering)
Composition
Density of the soil bed
Variations in particle size
Presence/absence of groundwater

264
Q

Integrity of a building structure ultimately depends on the __________ and _______ of the soils under its loading

A

stability and strength

265
Q

What is allowable bearing capacity of soil?

A

the maximum unit pressure a foundation is permitted to impose vertically or laterally on the soil mass

266
Q

What is shearing strength of soil?

A

a measure of its ability to resist displacement when an external force is applied, due largely to the combined effects of cohesion and internal friction

267
Q

primary concerns with foundation design

A

Settlement and bearing capacity.

When considering settlement, total settlement and differential settlement is normally considered. Differential settlement is when one part of a foundation settles more than another part. This can cause problems to the structure the foundation is supporting.

268
Q

What is the definition of a building envelope

A

The exterior surface of a building that separates indoor conditioned space form the outdoor space. Includes all external additions (ie chimney, bay window)

269
Q

three categories of a building envelope

A
  1. Support (to resist and transfer mechanical loads)
  2. Control (the flow of matter and energy of all types)
  3. Finish (to meet human desires on the inside and outside)
270
Q

Name the requirements for air control, vapour control, heat control and rain control in order of importance

A

rain control, air control, heat control, and vapor control.

271
Q

Why is air control important

A

ensure indoor air quality,
control energy consumption,
avoid condensation (and thus help ensure durability),
and to provide comfort.

272
Q

What factors determine the effectiveness and durability of the building enclosure system?

A

dimensions, performance and compatibility of materials, fabrication process and details, their connections and interactions

273
Q

What is: Design wind load

A

Calculation of static pressure on the exterior surfaces from critical wind velocity

The value takes into consideration coefficients for: exposure conditions, building height, wind gusts, geometry/orientation

274
Q

Why are horizontal forces more critical than vertical ones in seismic design?

A

Because structures usually have considerable reserve for dealing with additional vertical loads

275
Q

Define: Base shear

A

Minimum value for the total lateral seismic force (assumed to act in any horizontal direction)

276
Q

Define the following: Collinear forces, concurrent forces, nonconcurrent forces

A

Collinear forces: occur along straight line. Vector sum = sum of magnitude of forces acting along same line of action
Concurrent forces: lines of action intersecting at a common point. Vector sum = equivalent to, and produces same effect on rigid body as the application of the vectors of several forces
Nonconcurrent forces: lines of action that do not intersect at common point. Vector sum = single force that would cause the same translation and rotation of a body as the set of original forces.

277
Q

What is a moment (structural forces)?

A

The tendency of a force to produce rotation of a body about a point or line

278
Q

What is a couple (structural forces)?

A

Force system of 2 equal parallel forces acting in opposite directions tending to produce rotation but not translation

279
Q

What are beams designed to do?

A

carry and transfer transverse loads to supporting elements

280
Q

Define: Deflection

A

Perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from true course under transverse loading

281
Q

What is the difference between a simple beam and a fixed-end beam?

A

Simple beam: rests on supports at both ends - no moment resistance (ends free to rotate)

Fixed-end beam: both ends fixed against translation and rotation (reduced max deflection, transferred bending stresses, increased rigidity)

282
Q

Distinguish between the following three frame types: Fixed, hinged, three hinged

A

Fixed: rigid frame connected to supports with fixed joints (more resistant to deflection than hinged, but also more sensitive to settlements and thermal expansion/contraction)
Hinged: rigid frame connected to its joints with pinned connections (pinned connections prevent high bending stresses by allowing rotation)
Three hinge: structural assembly of 2 rigid sections connected to each other and to its supports with pin joints (more sensitive to deflection than fixed or hinged. 3 hinged system is least affected by support settlements and thermal stresses, can also be analyzed as a statically determinate structure)

283
Q

Name 1 kind of beam for each wood, steel, and concrete, that can span >60’ (18m)

A

Wood: laminated beams (timber), trusses (timber)

Steel: OWSJ

Concrete: Precast Tees

284
Q

What is least effective way to achieve lateral stability?

A

Rigid frame (only appropriate in low-mid rise)

285
Q

What do vents and traps do in relation to plumbing design?

A

Vents - permit septic gas to escape and prevent siphonage and backpressure

Traps - seal sewer gases from escaping the fixture

286
Q

What is the difference between a soil stack and a waste stack?

A

Soil stack - toilet stuff

Waste stack - non toilet stuff (shower, sink)

287
Q

What things should be considered when selecting an HVAC system?

A

Performance
Efficiency
Cost
fuel/power source
Flexibility to meet bldg demands
Noise and vibration
Space consumption
Bldg size and configuration

288
Q

What is the intent of Fire Protection Systems?

A

To protect building from fire and contain fire long enough for safe evacuation and firefighter response

289
Q

4 reasons Wet-Pipe sprinklers are most common

A

Easy to design
Easy to install
Easy to maintain
Cost less due to simplicity and design mechanics

290
Q

Describe the 2 common types of elevators

A

Electric - car mounted on side guide rails, lifted with hoisting cables, driven by electric hoisting machinery in PH. geared and gearless traction
Hydraulic - supported by piston that is moved against a fluid under pressure. Machine room located at bottom. Max 6 storeys

291
Q

What is the most reliable type of boring test?

A

Core borings

Can penetrate through all materials to great depths

Expensive but reliable

292
Q

List ways to improve bearing capacity of soil

A

Deepen or increasing bearing area of footing
Improved drainage
Replace unsuitable soil with compact granular/enginnered fill
Compaction

293
Q

What is finish grading and how accurate is it?

A

Final distribution of earth at end of construction
Accurate within 1”

294
Q

What are cohesive and non-cohesive soils?

A

Cohesive soils (clay, silt) retain strength when unconfined

Granular soils (gravel, sand) fall apart when not confined

295
Q

When are shallow foundations used? When are deep foundations used?

A

Shallow - used when table soils of adequate bearing capacity is present at ground or relatively near to ground

Deep - used when underlying soils have poor bearing capacity. Foundations extend through unstable soil to a more stable medium

296
Q

Outline some primary and secondary factors to consider when designing foundations

A

Primary - soil/groundwater conditions, structural requirements

Secondary - construction method (access/space), environmental factors, codes/regulations, adjacent property issues, time, risks

297
Q

Functions of the foundation system

A

Transfer building loads to ground
Anchor building against wind/seismic loads
Isolate building from frost heaving
Isolate building from expansive soils
Holds up bldg from moisture
Foundations can be used as storage/living space/mech/parking

298
Q

How is condensation minimized in regards to building envelope?

A

Correct placement of thermal insulation and vapour retarders
Proper ventilation of concealed spaces (attics, walls, crawl spaces, etc)

299
Q

What are the 4 D’s when it comes to liquid water resistance?

A

Deflection
Drainage
Drying
Durability

300
Q

Explain a concealed barrier/drainage cavity cladding system in regards to moisture control

A

Concealed barrier (drainage cavity systems) shed most water at cladding face, with a membrane behind to let water run down and out (not pressure equalized)

301
Q

Explain a rainscreen cladding system in regards to moisture control

A

Similar to concealed barrier but with larger gap

302
Q

Explain a pressure moderated rainscreen cladding system in regards to moisture control

A

Cladding is vented to promote air to pass through

303
Q

What 3 factors help increase sound transmission loss?

A

Assembly - staggered stud, resilient mounting, air spaces, seal penetrations
Mass - heavier and denser means less TL
Absorption - the absorption coefficient determines how much sound energy is absorbed by a material

304
Q

List 4 ways to help reduce sound transmission of equipment

A

Block flanking paths that transmit sound through plenum spaces (ductwork, piping) vibration sound dampers in ducts
Use resilient mounting to isolate vibrations from bldg struct
Inertia block - heavy concrete base to decreate vibration
Select quieter equipment

305
Q

List the 2 main types of sound sources in regards to transfer, and how they are mitigated

A

Airborne - mitigated with mass/insulation/isolation

Impact - mitigated with discontinuity of bldg materials

306
Q

What is apparent sound transmission? Provide examples for each of the 2 contributing factors

A

Direct transmission - sound through through wall (STC ratings). Factors in direct transmission: insulation, mass

Flanking - sound going around a wall (i.e. though floor/wall connection) Factors - joist direction, floor topping, continuity of sub-floor

307
Q

What percent of concrete volume is aggregate? What properties of aggregate are important in final product

A

60-80%

Strength, weight, fire resistance

308
Q

What do air-entraining agents do?

A

Disperse microscopic, spherical air bubbles in a concrete mix to increase workability and resistance

309
Q

What do accelerators do?

A

Speed up setting/strength development of a mix

310
Q

What do water reducing agents do?

A

Reduce water to increase strength

311
Q

why is steel reinforcement required in concrete?

A

1 - absorb tensile/shearing/compressive stresses
2 - tie vertical and horizontal elements
3 - reinforce edges around openings
4 - minimize shrinkage cracking
5 - control thermal expansion/contraction

312
Q

What does an increase in the carbon content of steel cause?

A

Increase in carbon content increases the strength and hardness

Reduces ductility and weldability

313
Q

What is a non ferrous metal?

A

contains no iron (copper, aluminum, lead)

314
Q

Are tensile and compressive forces handled best against or parallel to the wood grain?

A

parallel

315
Q

Describe the difference between plain-sawing and quarter-sawing

A

Plainsawing - squared log into boards with evenly spaced cuts results in flat grain lumber. Variety of grain patterns, tends to twist and cup, wears unevenly, tends to have raised grain, shrinks and swells less in thickness more in width
Quartersawing - logs approximately at right angles to the annual rings results in edge or vertical grain lumber that has more grain patterns, wears more evenly with less warping, shrinks and swells less in width more in thickness, less affected by surface checks, moore waste and more expensive

316
Q

What % of moisture must wood be at to be decay-resistant

A

< 20%

317
Q

List 4 important factors related to Air Barriers

A

Impermeable to air flow
Continuous over entire bldg envelope
Able to withstand forces acting on them during and after construction
Durable over expected bldg lifespan

318
Q

What is a vapour barrier? Where is it installed?

A

Material of low vapour permeance installed as close as possible to the warm side of an insulated assembly.
Prevents moisture from entering a bldg where it could condense into a liquid

319
Q

what is a mat/raft foundation

A

A raft or mat foundation is a massive concrete slab covering the entire footprint of a structure, distributing its load evenly across the soil beneath. It serves as a unified base for buildings, transferring the imposed loads effectively to the ground.

320
Q

What is a firestop

A

A system consisting of a material, component, and means of support used to fill gaps between fire separations or between fire separations and other assemblies, or used around items that wholly or partially penetrate a fire separation

321
Q

what is a fire block?

A

A material, component, or system that restricts the spread of fire within a concealed space or from a concealed space to an adjacent space

322
Q

Firestopping components/materials

A

Intumescents (swell when exposed to heat)
Mineral fibres
Silicone
Rubber
Cementitious mortar

323
Q

What is the next best insulator besides a vacuum?

A

air

324
Q

What are insulating pockets in a material designed to create a balance between?

A

Most insulation is designed to create air pockets that are large enough to prevent conduction and small enough to prevent convection

325
Q

List 4 things that can improve the thermal performance of a window assembly

A

Multiple panes
Low-e coatings
Gas filled
Continuity of assembly

326
Q

What is the main cause of water infiltration into a wall assembly?

A

Pressure difference across the wall assembly

327
Q

When using spray foam insulation at foundation walls, what type of damp proofing is required?

A

Damp proofing is NOT required when using spray foam because it already does a good job keeping moisture out (adheres to the concrete)

328
Q

Where is the air barrier typically located in an assembly?

A

Air barriers can be located anywhere in an assembly
Sometimes AB can also be VB (poly sheet)
Sometimes AB can also be VB and MB (blueskin)
Sometimes AB are finishing materials

329
Q

What should the perm rates for vapour barriers be?

A

Vapour barrier should have flow of 1 perm or less and be sealed at all joints

330
Q

What are some dampproofing materials?

A

Admixtures
Bituminous coatings applied to exterior of foundation wall
Cementitious coatings on conc or masonry walls
Plastics (silicone or polyurethane) used for above ground
Membranes

331
Q

What 2 moisture movement mechanisms do vapour barriers deal with?

A

Vapour pressure
Air movement

332
Q

What does an air barrier help to reduce in terms of envelope performance?

A

Likelihood of condensation due to air leakage
Discomfort from drafts
Infiltration of dust/pollutants
Interference in the performance of bldg services (HVAC)

333
Q

What kind of ventilation is required in air-tight construction?

A

forced air system

334
Q

Three methods for presenting specifications (3Ps)

A

1.Proprietary - describes specific products and systems by trade name
2.Prescriptive - describes exact means and methods, does not use product name
3.Performance - describes desired end result, reference to material standards (appearance, strength, etc

335
Q

What are the 3 components of a spec?

A

Part 1 - general: general descritpion, references and standards, defines admin and technical requirements
Part 2 - Products: acceptable equipment, materials, etc. products to be incorporated into the work
Part 3 - execution: describes the manner in which part 2 is applied to project

336
Q

Identify 7 components of the construction documents

A

Bidding documents
Contract forms
Contract conditions
Specifications
Drawings
Addendum
Contract modifications

337
Q

6 Divisions of NMS (National Master Spec) Performance Based Specs

A

Division A - Substructure
Division B - Shell
Division C - Interiors
Division D - Services
Division E - Equipment and Furnishing
Division F - Site Work

338
Q

How do you damp proof/water proof foundations

A

Waterproofing membrane applied in combination with drainage board to direct water downward toward drainage tile at footing of foundation

339
Q

Design considerations to limit moisture load

A

Overhangs, lower stories designed to handle more water, drip edges, vertical projections act as dams in windy conditions
Minimize # and size of holes in cladding

340
Q

4 exterior wall systems and how they deal with water (mass wall, barrier wall, drainage wall, rainscreen)

A

Mass wall (conc, masonry) - sheds most, absorbs and dries remaining
Barrier wall (EIFS) - relies on continuous seal, maintenance
Drainage wall (stucco, siding) drainage plane w/ moisture barrier
Rainscreen - air cavity as drainage plane on rigid water resistant airtight wall

341
Q

5 forms of water infiltration

A
  1. Kinetic energy of rain
  2. Gravity flow
  3. Surface tension
  4. Capillary action
  5. Pressure differential
342
Q

What is an interior air barrier?

A

Gypsum board - sealed at all locations incl top and bottom of stud, where it abuts an interior stud, around windows and doors, top plate of partition wall where adjacent to unconditioned space

343
Q

3 ways to prevent ice daming

A

Seal ceiling from b/w interior and attic
Vent attic
Proper eave flashing

344
Q

Window components

A

Rails (horizontal ie top rail)
Sash - fixed or movable framework which panes of glass are set
Muntin - vertical within sash
Panel - glazing in sash
Stile - vertical
Casing trim
sill

345
Q

two types of metal windows

A

Aluminum - requires thermal breaks
Steel - no thermal breaks

346
Q

List different glass types

A

Annealed (common, cooled slowly
Heat strengthened reheat/sudden cool
Tempered - annealed reheat to soft, cooled
Laminated - 2 or more bonded under heat w resin
Wired
Patterned
Obscure
spandrel

347
Q

Flat roofing types

A

Built up roofing (multiple layers, ie tar)
Single ply (1 layer ie SBS or EPDM)

348
Q

What is typically in Specs 00 - Procurement?

A

Available info
forms/supplements
Conditions of contract
revisions/mods

349
Q

What is typically in spec 01- General requirements

A

price/payment procedure
Admin requirements / submittals
Quality requirements
Product requirements
Execution / close out
Life cycle / commissioning

350
Q

Disadvantages of wood construction

A

Deep floor assembly
Limited spans
Can decay, insects
Sound transmission
Bracing required

351
Q

Advantages of masonry construction

A

High compressive strength
Passive solar
Modular
Easy to make curves /shapes
fire/prest resistant
Good for sound transmission
1-2 storeys

352
Q

Disadvantages of masonry construction

A

Limited to bearing walls
Weak in tension/bending
Thick walls / short spans
Details
Skilled trades reqd
Bad thermal performance

353
Q

two ways to minimize stresses on soils

A

Mat slab
Symmetrical grid

354
Q

List some materials with the highest embodied energy

A

Gypsum board - 1830
Brickwork - 2200
Cement - 4100
Glass - 11000
Plastic - 18500
Steel - 19200
Lead - 25,900
Copper - 29600
Aluminum - 103500

355
Q

Identify 4 impacts materials can have on health and environment

A

Off-gasing
Recyclability
Carpets
Processes

356
Q

Material cost considerations

A

wood frame and light gauge steel least expensive though also have limitations in fire rating,
heavy steel is more expensive but and spans further
the heavier the material the more expensive it is

357
Q

Material considerations for faster construction

A

Steel and precast concrete is fast to put up, as long as everything is prepared properly
Wood and light gauge steel is also fairly quick because it is easy to construct
Poured in place concrete is very slow because it needs to set
Delivery method will affect timing
Concrete block is faster than bricks because its bigger

358
Q

Material considerations for durability

A

Materials such as brick, stone and concrete are very durable
Glass can also be very durable
Stucco depends on its substrate
You must look at the conditions that the cladding or finish will be subject to.

359
Q

Material considerations for aesthetics

A

Very dependent on the owner or city
Modern building – glass metal precast concrete streamlined and simple
Other buildings – use brick or wood or traditional materials
Exposed structure

360
Q

Material considerations for performance

A

Systems,
sustainability,
operations,
maintenance

361
Q

material considerations for the environment

A

Need to look at overall process of making, constructing, acquiring materials (embodied energy)
How will materials act in different seasons

362
Q

how many levels of protection should an assembly have for moisture protection?

A

at least two

363
Q

Are specs or drawings contractually binding?

A

Both part of contract, specs trump drawings, smaller scale trumps larger scale

364
Q

Good practice for good spec writing

A

Use simple, imperative style (no shall be, will be, should be)
Make direct positive statements with the materials and methods as the main subject
Avoid vague or escape phrases, such as “as shown on drawings, specified elsewhere, or to the satisfaction of the architect”
Avoid weasel paragraphs “the contractor shall furnish and include everything necessary for the full and complete construction of the building whether shown or specified or not shown or specified”
Avoid superfluous words such as all, any, which, same, and/or
Avoid the phrases “workmanlike, high class, first class job” – describe the end result in known, precise terms. Avoid “Carefully or Neatly”
Use numbers for numeric quantities
Use abbreviations and acronyms if they are well known (or include glossary)
Avoid “equal” “approved as equal” “equal to” “Just as good”
Avoid repetition, say it once in the appropriate place
Avoid writing “Scope of work” paragraphs – remember the express mention of one thing implies the exclusion of another
Ensure consistency in style and the use of terms
Not necessary to use complete sentences.

365
Q

What are the levels of development for BIM?

A

100 - generic representation
200 - rough idea of size, location, facility
300 - specific geometric size, orientation, location, quantity of components
350 - plus how component is attached to nearby elements
400 - enough to info to fabricate
500 - fully developed design, manufacture details, dates, model numbers etc.

366
Q

Strong Wood types (3) from Studio Companion

A

Douglas Fir
Southern Pine
Oak

367
Q

Azimuth?

A

Horizontal deviation, clockwise from south

368
Q

2 types of site drainage

A

Subsurface - underground piping
Suraface - grading of site to naturally drain

369
Q

Pole Foundations?

A

Elevate timber structure above grade when site is unideal

370
Q

Pole Foundations?

A

Elevate timber structure above grade when site is unideal

371
Q

Exterior wall construction should control/moderate what?

A

Passage of heat, air infiltration, sound, moisture and water vapour

372
Q

What is a whythe?

A

Wall section (vertical) of 1 masonry unit thickness

373
Q

Ensure differential movement between curtain wall and frame? T/F

A

True

374
Q

What is a column splice and when is it required?

A

A welded plate supporting 2 connecting columns that change in size.

375
Q

What is a compound column?

A

Structural steel column, encased in concrete (often w vertical + spiral rebar)

Ex-Ac (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions