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PSYC 100 > Exam 3 (Final) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Final) Flashcards

1
Q

what is sensation?

A

elementary components (building blocks) of an experience

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2
Q

what is perception?

A

collection of processes used to make meaningful interpretation of sensations

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3
Q

what are the 3 steps of creating internal interpretation of external world?

A
  1. translate
  2. identify
  3. interpret
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4
Q

what happens in each step of internally interpretating external world?

A
  1. translate - stimuli comes in many forms and brain translates and communicates with electrochemicals
  2. identify - components of translated neural messages are extracted and sent to processing stations
  3. interpret - principles of organization + existing knowledge are used to reconstruct world
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5
Q

what is light?

A

form of electromagnetic energy processed by visual system

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6
Q

what are wavelengths (light)?

A

physical distances between one energy cycle to next

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7
Q

what are hues (light)?

A

dimension of light that produces color

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8
Q

what is intensity/amplitude (light)?

A
  • amount of light falling on an object
  • brightness - changes in intensity
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9
Q

what is purity?

A
  • determined by mix of wavelengths present
  • influences saturation (richness of perceived color)
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10
Q

how do wavelengths influence the light we see?

A
  • light we see is the combination of the wavelengths reflected by a material
  • which wavelengths are absorbed/reflected determines color
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11
Q

what is the function of the cornea and lens?

A

help focus light to back of eye

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12
Q

what is the function of the pupil?

A

hole in eye that allows light to enter

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13
Q

what is the function of the iris?

A
  • colored part of eye
  • muscles around iris change pupil size to control amount of light that enters eye
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14
Q

what happens to the pupil in dim and bright light?

A
  • dim light = large pupil
  • bright light = small pupil
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15
Q

what is accomodation (in visual processing)?

A

process where lens changes shape to temporarily help focus light on retina

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16
Q

what is the retina?

A
  • thin layer on back of eye that contains sensory receptors
  • area of translation
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17
Q

what are rods?

A
  • receptors located on sides of retina
  • useful at night because more sensitive to light
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18
Q

what are cones?

A
  • receptors located in fovea (middle of retina)
  • process color/fine details (visual acuity)
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19
Q

how do visual signals enter brain?

A

rods/cones collect info then send to brain via optic nerve

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20
Q

how are left and right visual fields processed?

A
  • left visual field → right side of eyes → optic nerve →optic chiasm → right hemisphere
  • right visual field → left side of eyes → optic nerve →optic chiasm → left hemisphere
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21
Q

where is the visual cortex located?

A

occipital lobe

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22
Q

what are feature detectors?

A

cells that detect specific visual events

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23
Q

what is prosopagnosia?

A

inability to recognize faces due to brain injury

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24
Q

what are the 2 theories of color vision?

A
  1. trichromatic theory
  2. opponent processes
    * there’s evidence for both!
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25
Q

what is trichromatic theory of color vision?

A
  • color info extracted by comparing activation of 3 different types of cone receptors
  • all colors are a mixture of primary colors: red, green, blue
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26
Q

what is color blindness?

A

lack of color-associated cones → inability to distinguish specific colors

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27
Q

what is the opponent process theory of color vision?

A
  • cells in visual pathway increase activation levels to one color and decrease activation to another color
  • ex: viewing red = increased activation for red and decreased activation for green
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28
Q

what is Gestalt psychologists’ argument about innate organizing patterns?

A
  • we are born with organizing patterns of perception → we divide any visual scene into figure + ground
  • figure = object of focus
  • ground = background
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29
Q

What are the 5 Principles of Organization (Gestalt)?

A
  1. Law of Proximity
  2. Law of Similarity
  3. Law of Closure
  4. Law of Good Continuation
  5. Law of Common Fate
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30
Q

what is the law of proximity (Gestalt)?

A

objects located near each other are grouped together

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31
Q

what is the law of similarity (Gestalt)?

A

items that share physical properties are grouped together

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32
Q

what is the law of closure (Gestalt)?

A

if there is a gap, people tend to perceive object as a whole

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33
Q

what is the law of good continuation (Gestalt)?

A

if lines cross/get interrupted, people still tend to see continuously flowing lines

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34
Q

what is the law of common fate (Gestalt)?

A

things moving in same direction are grouped together

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35
Q

what is bottom-up processing?

A

processing controlled by physical messages delivered to senses

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36
Q

what is top-down processing?

A

processing controlled by beliefs/expectations about how world is organized

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37
Q

what contributes to our general perception of movement?

A
  • changes in retinal image
  • changes in motion of eyes
  • changes in relative position of objects
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38
Q

what is the difference between monocular and binocular depth perception?

A
  • monocular: require input from only one eye
  • binocular: require input from both eyes
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39
Q

what is sound?

A

physical message of auditory system that travels as a wave through air/water

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40
Q

what is frequency (Hertz)?

A
  • number of times pressure wave moves from peak to peak per second
  • people can hear 20-20,000 Hz
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41
Q

what is pitch?

A

processing of certain frequencies

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42
Q

what is pressure amplitude?

A
  • loudness
  • change in sound intensity
  • measured in decibels
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43
Q

how is sound processed and translated to neuron firing?

A

sounds enters ear → travels to eardrum → eardrum vibrates → vibrations processed and intensified and enter cochlea → sound processor turns vibrations into neural impulses

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44
Q

how are auditory messages transmitted to brain?

A
  • auditory nerve transmits messages to brain
  • left ear → right hemisphere
  • right ear → left hemisphere
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45
Q

what is the auditory cortex located?

A
  • temporal lobe (behind ear)
  • certain areas specialized for low/high frequencies
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46
Q

how does auditory perception occur?

A
  • brain uses incoming info + past knowledge to create auditory perception
  • info separated into figure + ground
  • auditory info grouped if similar / occuring close in time
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47
Q

what are the 3 types of skin senses?

A
  1. touch
  2. temperature
  3. pain
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48
Q

what is touch (pressure)?

A
  • mechanical/physical pressure delivered to body disrupts receptor cells in skin
  • pressure → neural impulse → spinal cord → brain
  • used to identify properties of objects/locations
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49
Q

what is temperature?

A
  • processed by thermoreceptors in skin
  • cold fibers - neurons that respond when temp. of skin reduces
  • warm fibers - neurons that respond when temp. of skin increases
  • body responds to temp. indirectly (based on temp. of body not environment)
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50
Q

what is pain?

A
  • adaptive reaction generated in response to events that cause tissue damage
  • skin pain receptors (nociceptors) activated by external and internal pain
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51
Q

what is the gate-control theory?

A
  • neural impulses generated by pain receptors can be blocked (gated) in spinal cord by signals from brain
  • adaptive - allows someone to be effective despite injury
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52
Q

what opens and closes pain gates (gate-control theory)?

A
  • closes: rubbing injury, placing ice near injury, drug treatments, cognitive states
  • opens: mental processes like worrying/focusing on painful stimulus
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53
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

receptor cells that react to invisible molecules scattered in air/dissolved in liquids → taste + smell

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54
Q

what differentiates the senses?

A
  • light/sound = waves
  • touch = pressure
  • taste/smell = chemical
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55
Q

what is olfaction?

A
  • sense of smell
  • airborne molecules enter nose/back of throat → interact with receptor cells → neural response generated and travels to olfactory bulb → sent to various brain locations
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56
Q

what are the 3 brain locations involved in smell?

A
  1. amygdala (emotional processing)
  2. hypothalamus (relay center)
  3. hippocampus (memories)
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57
Q

what is gustation?

A

sense of taste

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58
Q

what is the difference between taste and flavor?

A
  • taste = neural activity
  • flavor = perceptional experience
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59
Q

what are taste buds?

A
  • receptor cell on tongue
  • sensitive to different types of taste
  • send neural signals to brain
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60
Q

what is consciousness?

A

awareness of one’s internal + external states resulting from brain activity

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61
Q

what is attention?

A

internal processes used to set priorities for mental functioning (focus on selective parts of environment and ignore others)

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62
Q

what are the findings of the Dichotic Listening studies?

A
  • different auditory messages were delivered simultaneously to each ear
  • focusing on one message → poor processing of other message
  • humans monitor environment without conscious awareness
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63
Q

what is the Cocktail Party Effect?

A

ability to focus on one auditory message and ignore others

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64
Q

what is automaticity?

A
  • fast/effortless processing requiring little or no focused attention
  • created through practice
  • attention used to process new info while brain still performs automatic tasks
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65
Q

what is visual neglect?

A
  • tendency to ignore things that occur on one side of body
  • caused by right parietal lobe damage
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66
Q

what is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A
  • psychological disorder marked by difficulties in concentrating and sustaining attention for extended time periods
  • subtypes: hyperactive-implusive, inattentive, combined
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67
Q

what is sleep?

A

altered state of consciousness

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68
Q

what are Circadian rhythms?

A
  • biological activities that rise and fall in accordance with 24-hour day
  • regulated by hypothalamus
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69
Q

what are the stages/waves of sleep?

A
  • relaxed brain = alpha waves (slow, high amplitude)
  • Stage N1 = drifting thought and theta waves (lower in amplitude, more irregular)
  • Stage N2 = theta waves interrupted by sleep spindles (various brain functions) and K complexes (triggered by external stimuli)
  • Stage N3 = deep sleep and delta activity (synchronized, slow wave)
  • REM (rapid eye movement) = body activated but fully asleep/muscles relaxed and dreaming
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70
Q

what are the 2 theories of sleep?

A
  • restorative: sleep allows body to rest and repair itself
  • Circadian Rhythm: decreased activity in dark reduces vulnerability/exposure to predators
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71
Q

what are dreams?

A

products of altered state of consciousness in which images/fantasies are confused with reality

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72
Q

what are the 2 types of sleep disorders?

A
  1. dyssomnias
  2. parasomnias
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73
Q

what are the 3 dyssomnias?

A
  1. insomnia - difficulty falling/maintaining sleep
  2. hypersomnia - excessive sleepiness
  3. narcolepsy - extreme sleepiness
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74
Q

what are the 3 parasomnias?

A
  1. nightmares - frightening/anxiety-arousing dreams during REM sleep
  2. night terrors - terrifying experience in which person awakes in a panic
  3. sleepwalking - person wanders while sleeping
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75
Q

what is substance use disorder?

A

drug use that remains compulsive despite negative consequences

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76
Q

what are psychoactive drugs?

A

drugs that affect behavior and mental processes through alterations of conscious awareness

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77
Q

what is drug tolerance?

A

increasing amounts of drug needed to produce same physical/behavioral effects

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78
Q

what is drug dependence?

A
  • condition in which one experiences physical/psychological need for continued use of a drug
  • can result in death
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79
Q

what is withdrawal?

A
  • physical reactions one experiences when drug use is discontinued
  • sweating, headache, tremors, vomiting
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80
Q

what are the 5 types of psychoactive drugs?

A
  1. stimulants
  2. depressants
  3. opioids
  4. hallucinogens/psychedelics
  5. combination
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81
Q

what are stimulants?

A
  • increase behavioral/mental activity
  • ex: amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine
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82
Q

what are depressants?

A
  • decrease behavioral/mental activity
  • ex: anti-anxiety drugs and alcohol
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83
Q

what are opioids?

A
  • reduce pain/bring pleasure
  • ex: heroin, morphine, codeine
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84
Q

what are hallucinogens/psychedelics?

A
  • alter thoughts/perceptions
  • ex: LSD, PCP, peyote, psilocybin, mushrooms
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85
Q

what are combination psychoactive drugs?

A
  • mixed effects
  • ex: marijuana and MDMA
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86
Q

what is the reward circuit?

A
  • mesolimbic dopamine pathway
  • reward → dopamine pathways
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87
Q

what is memory?

A

capacity to preserve/recover info

88
Q

what is encoding (memory)?

A

processes that determine/control how memories are formed

89
Q

what is storage (memory)?

A

processes that determine/control how memories are stored/kept over time

90
Q

what is retrieval (memory)?

A

processes that determine/control how memories are recovered and translated into performance

91
Q

what is sensory memory?

A

exact replica of environmental message that lasts for seconds or less

92
Q

what is icon memory?

A

system that produces and stores visual sensory memories (snapshot of an image)

93
Q

what is echoic memory?

A

system that produces and stores auditory sensory memories (ex: sound of someone’s voice)

94
Q

what is short-term memory?

A
  • limited-capacity system that we use to hold info after it has been analyzed for periods lasting less than 1-2 minutes
  • holding space while brain decides whether info is remembered or forgotten
  • used to store, think about, and reason with info (working memory)
95
Q

what is decay (memory)?

A
  • process in which short-term memories are lost spontaneously over time
  • caused by interference of new info
96
Q

what is limited memory span?

A

number of items a person can recall in the exact order of presentation (7±2)

97
Q

what is chunking (memory)?

A

arranging incoming info into meaningful/familiar patterns

98
Q

what is long-term memory?

A
  • system used to maintain info for extended periods
  • info must be encoded for retrieval
99
Q

what are episodic memories?

A

memories of a particular event/episode that happened to you personally

100
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

knowledge about world stored as facts that are not related to personal experience

101
Q

what is procedural memory?

A

knowledge about how to do things

102
Q

what is elaboration (memory)?

A

actively relating new info to already-stored content of long-term memory

103
Q

what is relational processing (memory)?

A

encoding similarities between new pieces of info

103
Q

what is distributed practice (memory)?

A

repetitions of new material

104
Q

what is a retrieval cue?

A

anything that helps a person recall a memory

105
Q

what is free recall?

A

testing condition in which someone is asked to recall info without explicit retrieval cues

106
Q

what is cued recall?

A

testing condition in which someone is asked to recall information after receiving a retrieval cue

107
Q

what are schemas?

A

cognitive structures in long-term memory that help us perceive, organize, process, and use info

108
Q

what is explicit (declarative) memory?

A

conscious, willful remembering

109
Q

what is implicit memory?

A

remembering that occurs without conscious awareness or willfull intent

110
Q

what is forgetting?

A
  • inability to retrieve a memory from long-term storage
  • occurs rapidly over the first few days then levels off
111
Q

what is the decay theory of forgetting?

A

memories fade due to passage of time

112
Q

what is retroactive interference?

A

formation of new memories reduces recovery of old memories

113
Q

what is proactive interference?

A

old memories interfere with recovery of new memories

114
Q

what is amnesia?

A

forgetting caused by physical problems in brain (injury/disease)

115
Q

what is retrograde amnesia?

A
  • memory loss for events that occured prior to injury
  • can form new memories
116
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A
  • memory loss for events that occur after the point of the physical injury (implicit memory still intact)
  • cannot form new memories
117
Q

where are memories stored?

A
  • hippocampus
  • different brain areas dependent on sensory associations
118
Q

what is thinking?

A
  • processes that underlie mental manipulation of knowledge
  • used to: reach goals, solve problems, understand/communicate with others
119
Q

what is cognition?

A

all activities that underlie all forms of thought

120
Q

what is language?

A

gives us the ability to communicate our thoughts, feelings, and needs to others

121
Q

what is the Linguistic Relativity hypothesis?

A

language not only shapes how we think but also influences how we perceive the world

122
Q

what is grammar?

A

rules of language that enable the communicator to combine symbols to convey meaning

123
Q

what is phonology?

A

rules of combining sounds to make words

124
Q

what is syntax?

A

rules of combining words to make sentences

125
Q

what are semantics?

A

rules used to communicate meaning

126
Q

what are morphemes?

A

smallest language units that have meaning

127
Q

what are phonemes?

A

basic sounds of speech (building blocks of language)

128
Q

what is surface structure?

A

literal ordering of words in a sentence

129
Q

what is deep structure?

A

underlying meaning of the sentence

130
Q

what is language comprehension?

A

ability to derive meaning from written/oral language

131
Q

what is pragmatics?

A

practical knowledge used to comprehend the intentions of a speaker and produce an appropriate response

132
Q

how does language develop?

A

cooing (vowel sounds) → babbling (vowel/consonant combos) → vocalizations → increase in vocab → ability to produce/comprehend sentences

133
Q

what is a category?

A
  • a class of objects (people, places, things) that most people agree belong together
  • allow us to infer invisible properties about objects
  • allow you to make predictions about the future
134
Q

what are defining features?

A
  • set of features necessary to make objects acceptable members of a category
  • object must have ALL defining features
135
Q

what is family resemblance?

A
  • core feature that category members share
  • member of a category must have some but not all
136
Q

what is a prototype?

A

best/most representative member of a category (ex: fruit → apple)

137
Q

what are category exemplars?

A

specific examples of category members that are stored in long-term memory

138
Q

basic-level categories

A

category level of the hierarchy that offers the most useful info

139
Q

what is a well-defined problem?

A
  • well-stated goal
  • clear starting point
  • easy to tell when solution is reached
140
Q

what is an ill-defined problem?

A
  • no well-stated goal
  • no clear starting point
  • no mechanism to evaluate progress
141
Q

what is problem representation?

A

understanding info we have and how it can be used

142
Q

what is functional fixedness?

A

tendency to see objects (and their functions) in certain fixed ways

143
Q

what are algorithms?

A

step-by-step rules/procedures that guarantee a solution if applied correctly

144
Q

what are heuristics?

A

rules of thumb to solve problems but don’t offer guaranteed solution

145
Q

what are the 3 types of heuristics?

A
  1. means-end analysis
  2. working backwards
  3. searching for analogies
146
Q

what is means-end analysis (heuristics)?

A

devising means/actions to lessen distance between starting point and end goal

147
Q

what is working backwards (heuristics)?

A

starting at goal and trying to move backwards towards the starting point

148
Q

what is searching for analogies (heuristics)?

A

working to find a connection between current problem and previously solved task

149
Q

what is insight?

A

moment when a problem solution pops into one’s mind

150
Q

what is decision making?

A

thought process involved in evaluating and choosing from among a set of alternatives

151
Q

what is framing?

A

how the alternatives in a decision making situation are presented

152
Q

what is intelligence?

A
  • internal capacity or ability that accounts for individual differences in mental performance
  • ability that enables us to adapt successfully to changing environments
153
Q

who is the scientist behind the psychometric approach to intelligence?

154
Q

what is the psychometric approach to intelligence?

A

measure of intelligence based on performance on standardized psychological tests

155
Q

what is Spearman’s G?

A
  • general intelligence
  • part of psychometric approach to intelligence
  • overarching measure of intelligence
  • doesn’t account for all variability - S (specific intelligence) must also be considered
156
Q

who is the scientist behind the hierarchical models of intelligence?

157
Q

what are the hierarchical models of intelligence?

A
  • 7 primary mental abilities
    1. verbal comprehension
    2. verbal fluency
    3. numerical ability
    4. spatial ability
    5. memory
    6. perceptual speed
    7. reasoning
157
Q

who are the scientists behind fluid vs. crystalized intelligence?

A

Cattell and Horn

157
Q

what is fluid intelligence?

A
  • natural (innate) ability to reason, solve problems, remember
  • based on genetics (neuron processing speed)
  • linked to executive functions
  • declines more with age
157
Q

what is the fluid vs. crystalized model of intelligence?

A

general intelligence (G) is comprised of fluid and crystalized intelligence

157
Q

what is crystalized intelligence?

A

knowledge and abilities acquired as a result of experience

157
Q

who is the scientist behind the theory of multiple intelligences?

158
Q

what is the theory of multiple intelligences?

A
  • people possess set of separate/independent intelligences
    1. musical
    2. bodily-kinesthetic
    3. logical-mathematical
    4. linguistic
    5. spatial
    6. interpersonal (other people)
    7. intrapersonal (self)
    8. naturalistic
159
Q

who is the scientist behind the triarchic theory of multiple intelligences?

160
Q

what is the triarchic theory of multiple intelligences?

A
  • 3 types of intelligence
    1. analytical - conventional tests
    2. creative - create/invent/discover
    3. practical - street smarts
161
Q

what are achievement tests?

A

psychological tests that measure current level of knowledge or competence on a specific subject (ex: taking a test after learning a new chapter in psych)

162
Q

what are aptitude tests?

A

psychological tests that measure ability to learn/acquire knowledge on a particular subject (ex: SAT/ACT)

163
Q

what is the intelligence quotient (IQ)?

A
  • developed to determine one’s mental age
  • intelligence quotient = (mental age/chronological age) x 100
  • average = 100
164
Q

what is deviation IQ?

A
  • intelligence score that is derived from determining where one’s performance sits in age-based distribution of test scores
  • corrects problems with original IQ calculation
  • compared to others in your age range
  • average = 100
165
Q

where do most people fall on IQ scale?

166
Q

what constitutes an intellectual disability?

A

IQ below 70 and deficits in daily living abilities

167
Q

what qualifies someone as being gifted?

A

IQ of 130 or higher

168
Q

what is a savant?

A
  • limited intellectual or social ability but tremendous ability in one domain
  • more common in men and often associated with autism
  • ex: talented sculptor who cannot read/write or communicate well
169
Q

what is tacit knowledge?

A

unspoken practical knowledge about how to perform well on the job

170
Q

what is the Flynn Effect?

A

IQ test scores have been rising over time with each generation

171
Q

what is motivation?

A

set of factors that initiate and direct behavior (usually towards a goal)

172
Q

what are emotions?

A
  • psychological events involving:
    1. physiological reaction (bodily response)
    2. expressive reaction (facial expression)
    3. subjective experience (conscious feeling)
173
Q

what are the internal factors of motivation?

A
  1. instincts
  2. drive
174
Q

what are instincts?

A

unlearned characteristic patterns of responding that are controlled by specific triggering stimuli in the world

175
Q

what is drive?

A
  • psychological state that arises in response to an internal physiological need
  • body seeks homeostasis (stable internal conditions)
176
Q

what are the external factors of motivation?

A
  1. incentive motivation
  2. achievement motivation
177
Q

what is incentive motivation?

A
  • external factors in environment that have pulling effect on behavior
  • goal-directed
178
Q

what is achievement motivation?

A
  • internal need/drive to succeed that is possessed by all individuals to a certain degree
  • how much someone values a task and how confident they are in succeeding influence behavior!
179
Q

how do people who want to obtain a skill differ from people who want to be better than others?

A
  • obtain skill: retain info, engage in learning, seek out challenges
  • outperform: overly concerned about errors and miss valuable learning opportunities
180
Q

what is intrinsic motivation?

A
  • goal-directed behavior that is entirely self-motivated
  • doing something because we want to (not a reward or a return to homeostasis)
181
Q

what happens when you introduce rewards for behavior?

A

behavior is reduced because it is no longer intrinsic motivation

182
Q

what are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A
  1. immediate physiological needs (bottom)
  2. safety
  3. love (affection/belonging)
  4. esteem (respect)
  5. self-actualization (peak)
183
Q

what internal factors can influence hunger?

A
  • volume/contents of stomach
  • changes in chemical signals
184
Q

what parts of the brain are involved in hunger?

A
  • hypothalamus - chemical signals
  • hindbrain - relay of info/initiation of eating
  • hippocampus - memory of tastes/what makes us sick/etc.
185
Q

what are the external factors that control hunger?

A
  • culture
  • food cues
186
Q

what is a set point?

A

a natural body weight that body seeks to maintain

187
Q

what is metabolic rate?

A

how quickly one burns calories

188
Q

what factors contribute to obesity? (review more than memorize)

A
  • genetics
  • metabolic rate
  • set point
  • number of fat cells
  • learned eating habits
  • cultural role modeling
  • level of stress
  • lack of access to nutritious food
  • eating disorders
  • sleep
189
Q

what is anorexia nervosa?

A

restriction of food intake and fear of weight gain

190
Q

what is bulimia nervosa?

A

cycles of binge eating and purging

191
Q

what is binge eating disorder?

A

binge eating without purging

192
Q

who are the scientists who research the sexual response cycle?

A

Masters and Johnson

193
Q

what are the 4 stages of the sexual response cycle?

A
  1. excitement
  2. plateau
  3. orgasmic
  4. resolution
194
Q

what occurs during the excitement stage of the sexual response cycle?

A
  • changes in muscle tension
  • increased heart rate and blood pressure
  • rushing of blood to genital organs
195
Q

what occurs during the plateau stage of the sexual response cycle?

A
  • arousal increases more slowly toward preorgasm maximum point
  • lubrication increases
  • testicals rise
  • uterus lifts and changes shape to make space in vaginal canal
196
Q

what occurs during the orgasmic stage of the sexual response cycle?

A
  • rhythmic contractions of sex organs
  • ejaculation for those with penis
  • different subject experiences of pleasure
197
Q

what occurs during the resolution stage of the sexual response cycle?

A
  • arousal returns to normal levels
  • refractory period for those with a penis
  • release of oxytocin
198
Q

what are sexual scripts?

A

learned cognitive programs that instruct us how, why, and what to do in interactions with sexual partners

199
Q

how do cis-men and cis-women select sexual partners?

A
  • cis-men: brief interactions, younger partners, variety, attractiveness
  • cis-women: financial stability
200
Q

what external factors influence sexual behavior?

A
  • explicit visual stimuli
  • physical touch
  • good body odor
201
Q

what are the 3 components of emotions?

A
  1. communicate to ourselves
  2. communicate to others
  3. call us to action (motivate)
202
Q

what are the 6 basic emotions?

A
  1. happiness
  2. sadness
  3. fear
  4. disgust
  5. anger
  6. surprise
203
Q

what causes anger?

A
  • violated expectations
  • unpleasant events
  • major social stresses
204
Q

what is disgust?

A

aversion towards something distasteful

205
Q

why isn’t happiness a productive life goal?

A
  • subjective
  • ever changing
  • fleeting
  • achieved by social comparison
206
Q

what are the 4 theories of emotions?

A
  1. common sense
  2. James-Lange
  3. Cannon-Bard
  4. two-factor
207
Q

what is the common sense theory of emotions?

A
  • stimulus → subjective experience → body response
  • ex: My heart is pounding because I feel afraid (bodily response caused by subjective experience)
208
Q

what is the James-Lange theory of emotions?

A
  • stimulus → body response → subjective experience
  • ex: I feel afraid because my heart is pounding (subject experience derived from bodily response)
209
Q

what is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions?

A
  • stimulus → body response and subjective experience occur simultaneously
  • ex: The dog makes me feel afraid and makes my heart pound (stimulus causes both)
210
Q

what is the two-factor theory of emotions?

A
  • stimulus → body response → interpretation → subjective experience
  • ex: My pounding heart means I’m afraid because I interpret the situation as dangerous (interpretation of body response leads to subject experience)

PSYC 100 (3 decks)

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