Exam #3 (final!) Flashcards
5 major dairy breeds
Holstein, jersey, guernsey, brown swiss, ayrshire
Total milk production has ____, but the amount of milk per cow has ______
stayed the same, increased
There has been a reduction of _____, and an increase of ____
liquid milk, cheese
Lactation curve
-calves
-peak production of milk
-dry period
-calves again
What is essential for milk production?
-pregnancy
-appropriate management (nutrition, comfort, health)
Pasteurized milk ordinance/antibiotics
-milk must be pasteurized
-sale of some raw milks is illegal
-all milk is tested for antibiotics
Early cow-calf separation
-reduced risk of disease transmission
-better control of colostrum feeding
-more milk to sell
-reduces stress
Prolong cow-calf contact
-positive long-term effects on calves (social behavior)
-decreased amount of milk to sell
-increased calf weight gain
-increased stress when separated
Composition of milk
-87.7% water
-4.9% lactose
-3-4% fat
-3.5% protein
-0.7% minerals
What is milk?
-white liquid that consists of small fat globules
-secreted by mammary gland
-provides nutrition for young
What milk is most similar to human milk?
cow’s milk
what breed of cow produces the most milk?
holstein
what cow has yellow milk?
guernsey
what are the 2 milk proteins?
caseins and whey proteins
Caseins
-80% of milk protein
-chain of amino acids
-major component of cheese
Whey protein
-20% of milk protein
-biological function (used for transport and immunity)
-“by-product” of cheese production
lactose
-milk sugar (provides energy from carbs)
-regulates milk volume
Milk lipids (triglycerides)
-cream part
-fatty acid chain
UHT milk
ultra-high temp milk
Butter
- solid fat-based product
- buttermilk-used for baking
composition of butter
80% milk fat, 16% water, 1.2% protein
Jersey cows are good for
cheese and butter (no 1 in fat and protein)
Holstein is dominant in
milk production
Holstein characteristics
-black and white
-large framed
-dominant breed of dairy cattle in US
-lowest percentage butterfat
Ayrshire characteristics
-dark red and white
-do well in pasture conditions
Brown swiss characteristics
-brow to gray with light around the muzzle and light dorsal stripe
-docile
-very large
Guernsey
-isle of guernsey
-light red and white spotted
-gold milk
-2nd percentage in butterfat
Jersey
-isle of jersey
-tan with dark pigments
-highest butter
-used in crossbreeding
-male calves with low value
“Beef on dairy” system
beef semen- bull x heifer (worst females)
sexed semen-expensive, dies quickly (milk production)
Veal consumption has
gone down
Veal production is mostly in
big cities (Pennsylvania, new york, cali)
What is the most highly domesticated food animal species?
Sheep!
-herding instinct
-least smart
Breeding ewes are a mostly
western industry
Sheep specialty industry
-supplemental farm income
-youth livestock
-“ethic” markets
Today’s sheep industry
-minor industry
-little on wool production
-more hair sheep
-use of sheep for weed/grass control
Sheep inventory
- Texas
- California
- Colorado
Use for sheep inventory
- meat
- wool
- milk
Blackface ram
-growthy
-muscular
-male
White faced ewe
-motherly
-female
Crossing a blackface ram and a whiteface ewe
terminal-crossing (heterosis)
Spring lambs
-lambs less than a year of age
-born in spring
-slaughter in late fall and winter
Lambs
-older than “spring lambs”
-less than a year of age at slaughter
“Hot house” lambs
-xmas to easter
-born in the fall
Lamb is less than
one year of age
Mutton is more than
one year of age
Extensive
-not a lot of ppl involved
-southwestern and northwestern range operations
Intensive
-lots of ppl involved
-farm flock operation and lamb feedlot industry
Southwestern range operations
-use fine-wool ewes
-rain, predators affect profits
Northwestern range operations
-more feed provided
-goal: fast growing
-heavier fleeced ewes
Farm flock operations
-intensive management
-2 lambs=1 ewe
Lamb feeding operations
-high concentrate grain diet
-goal: max average daily gain
Reproductive characteristics of sheep
age at puberty: 5-12 months
estrous cycle: 16 days
length of estrus: 30 hrs
gestation: 147 days
When do lambs lamb?
march/april
When do lambs wean?
july
When do lambs breed?
sept/oct/nov
Ewes generally breed ____ per year
once
Individual lambing:
Barn or shed:
Preferred lambing:
east
east
west
Pros of “range lambing”
-low cost
-no buildings
-lower amt of feed required
-lower labor requirements
Cons of “range lambing”
-higher death loss
-difficult health treatment
-high predation
Pros of “shed lambing”
-higher lamb crop percent
-avoid lamb losses
-health problems are easy to address
Cons of “shed lambing”
-needs lots of buildings
-high cost
-feed required is higher
-water source needed
-more labor
-increased disease transmission
Weight changes expected during a year
-weight loss at lambing
-lactation
-weaning
-dry ewe
-breeding
-increase weight
flushing
increasing energy before breeding
Primary cause of lamb deaths
- predators
- weather-related
- disease
Sheep are ______ day breeders
short
how do sheep sense day length
pineal gland
what hormone is released that controls pineal gland
melatonin
Long season breeds
dorset, rambouillet, merino (pregnant in may)
Short season breeds
southdown, cheviot, shropshire (pregnant during fall/winter)
Range
extensively managed range operations
Shed
intensively managed “jugs”
crutching
shaving extra wool around vulva
facing
removing wool from face
drenching
removing parasites
working dog
border collie
age determination by teeth
every 1 then 0.5 years
correct
lower incisors align with dental pad
overshot jaw
(parrot mouth) hinders feed intake
undershot jaw
(monkey mouth)hinders feed intake
Goat meat inventory
texas
Goat dairy inventory
wisconsin
goat fiber inventory
texas
number of goats slaughtered has
increased
Goat repro characteristics
age at puberty: 4-12 months
estrous cycle duration: 16 days
length of estrus: 48 hrs
gestation length: 150 days
how many teats do goats have
2
Sheep products ranked
- wool
- meat
- milk
wool characteristics
-moisture absorption and retention
-insulation
-less likely to burn
-performance fiber
the number of sheep are
declining
Wool quality factors
- yield
- fiber diameter
- veggie matter
- staple length
- strength
- color
- crimp
the more fine the wool
the more it’s worth
maternal sheep breed characteristics
-prolific (multiple babies)
-mothering ability
-moderate size
-higher quality wool
paternal sheep breed characteristics
-muscular
-fast growing
-lean
-later maturing
ewe breeds
-white faced
-excel in: wool production, milk production, fertility
ram breeds
-black faced
-excel in: carcass traits, growth rate
dual purpose breeds
used for either or both maternal and paternal traits
Merino
-white faced
-very fine fleeces
-lots of skin
rambouillet
-white faced
-most numerous sheep breed in the us
-high quality fleece
hampshire
-black face
-wool cap
-terminal sire
-muscular
-shaun the sheep
suffolk
-full black face and black legs
-terminal sire
-bell ears
Dorset
-white faced
-can breed out of season
-more prolific
Southdown
-light brown face
-medium to small
-can mature early
-hot house lambs
Finnsheep
-white faced
-small
-VERY prolific
Lincoln
-white faced
-long, coarse, heavy fleece
-used in the formation of other breeds
Columbia
-white faced
-lincoln rams x ramb. ewes
-medium wool
Katahdin
-white faced
-maternal
-does not require shearing
-hair sheep
Angora
-mohair
-TEXAS
-finest hair comes from kids
Angora goats use
- meat production
- mohair production
- brush control
South African boer goat
-white with red head
-muscular
-increased ability to deposit fat
Spanish goat
-small
-hardy
-prolific
Lamancha
-no ears
-dairy
Nubian
-long ears
-highest butterfat content
-butter, cheese
Saanen
-white
-heaviest milking dairy goat breed
-erect ears
swine in post WWI
swine became distributed around the us
swine in 50s-60s
technology expanded rapidly
swine in 1970s
more emphasis on meat production, barns
swine in 1980s-90s
-vertical integration (1 company)
-specialization
-concentration (only a few companies control)
U.S produces how much of the worlds total pork
13% (china is 1st)
number of pigs have _______, number of hog operations have __________
stayed the same, gone down
Majority of hogs are
in the corn belt
top 3 producing hog states
- iowa
- north carolina
- minnesota
Farrow to finish
-1 location
-not specialized
nursery/feeder pig production
-only feeder pigs
-specialized
grower/finisher
-take piglets and finish them for slaughter
purebred/seedstock production
-improve genetics
-specialized
integrated corporate production
-huge companies
what is the number one cost in the swine industry
feed
high tech makes things_____, operations that are more ______ go out of business
cheaper, expensive
gestation length of swine
114 days (3, 3, 3)
liter size (born, alive and weaned)
11, 10, 9
how litters per sow per year (industry target)
2.3 (national average is about 2
Disease prevention
-antibiotic feed additives
-vaccines
-biosecurity
minimize disease transmission by
-limited intro of new animals (AI)
-shower in–> shower out
main reasons for piglet deaths
-crushing
-starvation
preferred injection site for a pig is
in the neck muscle
Swine challenges
-environment
-capture more market share
-foreign competition
crossbreds are
20%-30% more efficient in production
breed complementation
utilize different breeds with strength in traits of interest
Maternal swine breeds
-white
-excel in litter size
-fertility
-milk production
Paternal swine breeds
-colored
-excel in leanness
-muscling
-growth rate
Nucleus heard is the
best of the best
Landrace
-large drooping ears
-most prolific
-large, long
-extra vertebrae
Yorkshire
-erect ears
-large litters
Duroc
-red
-fast growing
-muscular
-high amount of meat from carcass
Hampshire
-erect ears
-black with white belt
-less maternal than others
Berkshire
-erect ears
-black with 6 white points
-excellent meat quality (marbling)
Pietrain
-erect ears
-off white with black spots
-very lean
-heavy muscled
-stress prone
HCW
hot carcass weight
LEA
loin eye area
BF
back fat (at 10th rib)
PSE
-pale, soft, exudative (releases water)
-stress gene (napole gene)
PSE quality
-not appealing
-affect profit
-associated with stress syndrome
-can be avoided through genetics, nutrition and management
Broliers
meat production
layers
egg production
turkeys
-meat production
-north america
poultry industry provides
-provides inexpensive protein
-2nd highest farm cash receipts in ag
3 major segments of poultry industry
-broiler- 64%
-egg-20%
-turkeys-13%
management of poultry
-uses little forage
-automated vaccines
-the bigger you are the, cheaper you can buy things
poultry consumption
keeps increasing
chicken is the cheapest to
purchase and produce
What place has the most chickens
china
top egg producer country
china
top chicken producer country
USA
top turkey producer country
USA
top egg producer state
iowa
top broiler producer state
georgia
top turkey producer state
minnasota
strain
families within a breed
Leghorn
-1- single comb white
-white eggs production
Cornish
-dark
-broiler production
-muscular
Plymouth rock
-white
-broiler production
-not a laying bird
white cornish x white plymouth rock
-helps with health and growth
Broilers breeding
-mainly “outcrossing” between breeds or strains
Layers breeding
-concentrate traits
-inbred lines
inbreeding depression
smaller, don’t grow well
quantitative traits of interest in broilers
-growth rate
-disease resistance
-muscling
-feed efficiency
-structural soundness
Layers (quantitative/qualitative)
-feed/egg weight
-egg weight
-egg shape/color
-total egg production
-shell quality
Vertical integration
-one owner from producer to processor
Contractors provide
facilities and labor
Broiler companies
tyson, purdue, pilgrim
where are broilers located in the U.S
southeastern u.s, favorable climate, low cost labor, close to population centers
Grade A of turkey
-no deformities
-free of feathers, exposed flesh, broken or disjointed bones
Grade B of turkey
accepts some of above
Grade C of turkey
accepts any level of exposed flesh
turkey production has
increased
price of turkey has
gone up, peak during thanksgiving
Shell
calcium carbonate, protective
Membranes
air cell
Albumen
3 layers, clear/white–> protein
Yolk
-fat
-germinal disc is site where embryo development begins
Incubation period of chickens
21 days
LOOK AT EGG STRUCTURE
GO LOOK
Chalazae
holds yolk in the middle
Egg structure: yolk
-yellow portion of egg
-30% of liquid of total liquid weight
-fatty
egg structure: albumin
- chalaziferous layer (3%)
- inner thin (17%), contains chalazae
- thick albumin (57%) major source of protein
- thin albumin (23%)
egg structure: shell membranes
-2 shell membranes
-inner membrane thicker than outer
-keratin
egg structure: shell
-12% egg weight
-2 layers (spongy, cuticle)
Spongy layer
-mostly calcium carbonate
-lots of pores
cuticle layer
-protective covering
what structure takes the longest to form
shell
how long does an egg take to form
25 hours
whole egg composition
-75% water
-12-14% protein
-10-12% lipids
-minerals
-carbs
Egg white (albumen) composition
-mostly water
Egg yolk composition
-50% water
-17% protein
-33% lipids
eggs are only a
small part of the poultry industry
30% of eggs are
further processed
54% of eggs are
sold to retail as whole eggs
Laying hens start laying at about
22 weeks of age
the average hen produces how many eggs in a year?
275
molt
lose feathers (then regrow), build up energy and pause laying
